Low Bar Research Articles

Novo 2-D matematičko modeliranje za određivanje LHP za zaštitu industrijskog prolaznog toplotnog tretmana kaljeni niskougljenični čelici bar

2-dimensional mathematical model of axisymmetric transient industrial quenched low carbon steel bar, to examine the influence of process history on metallurgical and material characteristics, a water-cooled model based on the finite element technique was adopted. A 2-dimensional axisymmetric mathematical model was utilized to predict temperature history and, as a result, the hardness of the quenched steel bar at any node (point). The LHP (lowest hardness point) is evaluated. In this paper, specimen points hardness was evaluated by the transformation of determined characteristic cooling time for phase conversion t8/5 to hardness. The model can be used as a guideline to design cooling approach to attain the desired microstructure and mechanical properties, for example, hardness. The mathematical model was verified and validated by comparing its hardness results to the results of commercial finite element software. The comparison demonstrates that the proposed model is reliable.

Self-employment phenomenon: to five-year anniversary of a legal regime

The article considers economic and social conditions, as well as the process of establishing a legal regime of self-employment. The positive intermediate results of its functioning are indicated, the content is disclosed, including legislative novels. Based on the analysis of law enforcement practice, problem places were identified (ambiguous qualifications of the activities of self-employed citizens; uncertainty with the choice of a court competent to resolve disputes involving new economic entities; low income bar; "loss" of individual sources from the subject of taxation; "false identity," etc.), proposals were made to eliminate them.

Bypass discharge, approach velocities and bar spacing: the three key-parameters to efficiently protect silver eels with inclined racks

Hydropower energy can contribute to achieve the carbon neutrality goals, but also needs to reach environmental sustainability. Hydropower plants (HPP) constitute barriers to fish migrations that are essential for accomplishing their complete biological cycle. Fish downstream passage solutions (FDPS) have to be implemented to maximize their survival, guiding them away from the turbine intakes towards a safe passage alternative. Recent telemetry studies confirmed the efficiency of 26° inclined low bar spacing (20 mm) rack associated to surface bypasses, installed upstream HPPs, to protect downstream migrating Atlantic salmon smolts. Here we tested the efficiency of such FDPS for eel protection using radiotelemetry at four successive HPPs (with intake capacities from 28 to 45 m3.s−1) in the Ariège River (southern France). Between 52 and 74 eels, longer than 550 mm, entered the HPP intakes and 100% of them were protected from turbine passage. All eels crossed the HPP water intake using the surface bypasses, and the great majority in few minutes from their first presentation in front of the rack. These results showed that in such rack configuration, it is not necessary to add a specific bottom bypass, usually recommended for eels. We also showed the importance of optimal hydraulic conditions, mainly tangential (parallel to the rack) velocity and bypass discharge, to efficiently guide the eels towards the surface bypasses, reducing their passage time. Overall, our study provided key elements to water managers for designing an efficient FDPS for eels.

Inventorship Standards, Joint Inventorship and Procedures in Inventorship Disputes in U.S. Patent Law and German Patent Law

Abstract This article deals with the standard for assessing joint inventorship in German and U.S. patent law, which is of great importance given the strong legal position that is assigned to each joint inventor as co-owner of a patent issued as a result. The article explains the criteria used by German and U.S. courts to determine whether a person is to be viewed as a joint inventor. It also deals with the remedies available to affected parties who want to defend themselves against an incorrect determination of joint inventorship. Both jurisdictions have established a similar approach to determine joint inventorship by examining the quality of the respective contributions to the invention of each possible joint inventor. The German and U.S. courts have established a low bar for granting joint inventorship status that risks assigning far-reaching legal powers to a large number of persons. In contrast to the similarities in substantive law, the remedies available are rather different in the two jurisdictions. The article concludes with a proposal for limiting the excessively broad joint inventorship standard by redefining the criterion of collaboration, which is considered an essential element of joint inventorship in both jurisdictions but has received little attention in judicial practice.

Corrigendum: Visualizing uncertainty for non-expert end users: The challenge of the deterministic construal error

Users: The Challenge of the Deterministic Construal Error.Front. Comput. Sci. 2:590232. doi: 10.3389/fcomp.2020.590232 In the published article, there was an error in Figure 1b and Figure 1f as published. The definition in Figure 1b read "There is an 80% chance that the daytime high will be equal to or greater than 44F and equal to or less than or equal to 38F." The definition was partly in error and should have read, "80% chance that the daytime high will be between 44F and 38F." The nighttime low temperature bar was colored yellow. It should have been blue.The definition in Figure 1f was a frequency version reading, "On 8 out of 10 days like this, the observed temperature will fall between these two values". It should have been a probabilistic version, "80% chance that the daytime high will be between 44F and 38F" to align to the other probabilistic versions used in this figure.In addition, we added a Note to the caption to inform readers that small changes in font and figure sizes were made to the versions published here to conform to journal requirements.The corrected Figure 1 and its caption [Figure 1. Predictive intervals, each accompanied by a key (shown in a) describing "41°F" as the "best forecast." Note: Font and figure sizes are slightly smaller than they were in the original experiments to conform to journal requirements] appear below.

Synergistic tensile response of reinforced ultra high performance concrete with low fiber contents

From the perspectives of ductility, economic and construction, reinforced ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) structures with low fiber contents have a significant potential in applications. This paper studied the tensile behaviors and damage mechanisms of reinforced UHPC with low fiber contents based on the direct tensile tests accompanied with acoustic emission (AE) detection system. The test results show that the high strength steel bar can prolong the tensile multiple-cracking stage of reinforced UHPC with low fiber contents in some extent at the serviceability stage and further improve its tensile ductility via inducing additional longitudinal cracks at the failure stage. It is found that the low fiber contents and steel bar grades have marginal effect on the tension stiffening at the first cracking of reinforced UHPC. Non-negligible tension stiffening effect still remains at yielding of steel bar and it is more obvious for normal strength steel bar and UHPC with a higher fiber content. The AE weighted peak frequency can identify the tensile damage model of reinforced UHPC with low fiber contents: no internal damage occurs during stage Ⅰ; matrix cracking occurs accompanied by marginal fiber pull-out during stage Ⅱ; matrix cracking and fiber pull-out are dominated during stage III and stage IV, respectively.

Influence of Loads and Loading Position on the Muscle Activity of the Trunk and Lower Extremity during Squat Exercise.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the load and bar position on trunk and lower extremity muscle activity during squat exercise. High bar back squats (HBBS) and low bar back squats (LBBS) were performed in random order at 50%, 60%, and 70% loads of one repetition maximum by 28 experienced healthy adult men who had been performing squats for at least one year. Before the experiment, the maximal voluntary contraction of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, biceps femoris, rectus abdominis, transverse abdominis, external oblique, and erector spinae muscles was measured by means of surface electromyography. In addition, eccentric and concentric exercises were performed for 3 s each to measure the muscle activity. There was a significant difference in muscle activity according to the load for all muscles in the eccentric and concentric phases (p < 0.05), indicating that muscle activity increased as the load increased. In addition, in the comparison between HBBS and LBBS, significant differences were shown in all lower extremity muscles and all trunk muscles except for the external oblique in the concentric phase according to the bar position (p < 0.05). HBBS showed a higher muscle activity of the lower extremity in the eccentric and concentric phases than in LBBS, while LBBS showed a higher muscle activity of the trunk muscle in the eccentric and concentric phases than in HBBS (p < 0.05). HBBS requires more force in the lower extremity than LBBS and is particularly advantageous in strengthening the muscular strength of the quadriceps. In contrast, LBBS requires more muscle activity in the trunk than HBBS and is more effective in carrying heavier loads because of the advantage of body stability. This study suggests that rehabilitation experts apply the bar position and load as important variables affecting the intensity and method of training for target muscle strengthening of the lower extremities and trunk.

Simulating Ecological Effects of a Waterway Project in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Based on Hydraulic Indicators on the Spawning Habitats of Four Major Chinese Carp Species

The adaptability of fish to their habitats is closely related to river hydraulics. While navigation channel projects aim to improve the navigation conditions by adjusting the hydrodynamic force of local river sections, the impacts of these projects on the hydraulic indicators of habitats of the four major Chinese carp species (FMCCs) remain unclear. Taking the Daijiazhou reach in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River as a case study, a mathematical model for spawning suitability was established to simulate changes in these hydraulic indicators before and after the implementation of a navigation channel project. The optimal flow rate interval for the spawning of the FMCCs was 17,500–22,000 m3·s−1. After the navigation channel project was implemented, the habitat suitability index (HSI) and weighted useable area (WUA) increased across the spawning habitats of all FMCCs, indicating that the project implementation created more habitat space. The central bar (Chihugang central bar) became exposed during the dry season, with the HSI and WUA decreasing under low water flow but increasing under medium-low or higher water flow levels. At the Daijiazhou bar head floodplain, which remained unexposed during the dry season, the HSI and WUA increased after project implementation, providing more space for spawning and habitation for the FMCCs. For the low point bar with bank gullies (Lejiawan point bar), the implementation of the bar protection zone project restricted gully development, with the HSI and WUA decreasing for all FMCCs. Based on the above impacts of navigation channel projects on the hydrodynamic environment of fish habitats, this paper provides a reference for the optimization of navigation channel arrangement as well as for the restoration of fish habitats.

Pattern Recognition: Features of Motor Fitness of 9-Year-Old Schoolchildren

The purpose of the study was to identify the gender-related features of motor fitness of 9-year-old schoolchildren.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study involved 83 9-year-old schoolchildren (35 girls, 48 boys). The children and their parents were informed about all the features of the study and gave their consent to participate in the experiment. The study used the following research methods: analysis of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical observations, testing of motor fitness, probabilistic approach to assessing the learning process, methods of mathematical statistics. In the experiment, the study controlled the level of proficiency in the following exercises: Rope climbing in 2 steps, Rope climbing in 3 steps, One leg swing upward circle.&#x0D; Results. In the girls and boys, the differences in the level of development of movement coordination between individual parts of the body and vestibular stability are not statistically significant. The 9-year-old boys have a statistically significantly higher level of development of strength, speed strength, speed, endurance, and a higher level of proficiency in gymnastic exercises and rope climbing than the girls. The obtained canonical function explains 100% of the variation of results and is informative for classifying 8-year-old schoolchildren’s motor fitness (r = 0.937).&#x0D; The analysis of the canonical function indicates its statistical significance (λ = 0.122; p = 0.001).&#x0D; Conclusions. The canonical discriminant function can be used to classify the gender-relatedfeatures of motor fitness of 9-year-old schoolchildren. The discriminant analysis revealed the indicators that have the greatest weight in assessing the gender-related features of motor fitness of 9-year-old schoolchildren. They include the level of relative strength of the shoulder flexors, speed strength, agility, and the level of proficiency in the One leg swing upward circle on a low bar.

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF KIP ON THE LOW BAR OF UNEVEN BARS

Kip is a basic skill widely used in artistic gymnastics. Despite its importance, there is some difficulty in understanding the features underlying its correct performance, due to the lack of didactic information. This study proposes a qualitative biomechanical analysis of kip on the low bar of uneven bars, through an integrative review. Experi-mental and non-experimental studies were located in SciELO, Lilacs, and Google Scholar databases. The following aspects were reviewed: Kip overview; movement phases; and execution errors. This review aimed to integrate the knowledge of biome-chanics and artistic gymnastics, to offer an example of how biomechanics may be used as a pedagogical tool to assist Physical Education teachers and students in the teach-ing-learning process.

Hollywood Harmony: Musical Wonder and the Sound of Cinema

Hollywood Harmony: Musical Wonder and the Sound of Cinema

ASSESSMENT OF STUDENTS' READINESS TO FULFILL THE STANDARDS OF THE RLD COMPLEX BASED ON THE RESULTS OF TRIAL TESTING DURING PHYSICAL EDUCATION LESSONS

The article substantiates the necessity and effectiveness of trial testing of students' physical fitness during training sessions in compliance with all recommendations and rules for conducting tests within the RLD complex. The study involved 2125 1st-3rd year students of the Udmurt State University aged 18-20 (men - 705; women - 1420; average age of the students - 19 years). Physical fitness was assessed according to the tests of the RLD complex for men: running at 100 and 3000 m; pulling up from a hang on a high bar and flexion and extension of the arms in an emphasis lying on the floor; bending forward from a standing position on a gymnastic bench; for women: running 100 and 2000 m; pulling up from a hang while lying on a low bar and flexion and extension of the arms in an emphasis while lying on the floor; bending forward from a standing position on a gymnastic bench. Then the results of the tests were mathematically processed and compared with the RLD standards. The results of the study showed a high readiness of students to fulfill the RLD standards for the golden badge of excellence in running 100 m (16.4 %) and pulling up on a high bar (20.65 %) in men and in running 100 m (24.4 %) and 2000 m (19.5 %) for women. Conclusions and recommendations are made on the use of trial testing in the process of preparing students to fulfill the state requirements of the RLD complex.

Predictive Value of Blood Urea Nitrogen to Albumin Ratio in Long-Term Mortality in Intensive Care Unit Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis.

BackgroundBlood urea nitrogen to albumin ratio (BAR) has been implicated in predicting outcomes of various inflammatory-related diseases. However, the predictive value of BAR in long-term mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has not yet been evaluated.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, the patients were recruited from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC III) database and categorized into two groups by a cutoff value of BAR. Kaplan–Meier (K-M) analysis and Cox proportional hazard model were performed to determine the predictive value of BAR in long-term mortality following AMI. In order to adjust the baseline differences, a 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) was carried out and the results were further validated.ResultsA total of 1827 eligible patients were enrolled. The optimal cutoff value of BAR for four-year mortality was 7.83 mg/g. Patients in the high BAR group tended to have a longer intensive care unit (ICU) stay and a higher rate of one-, two-, three- and four-year mortality (all p<0.001) compared with those in the low BAR group. K-M curves indicated a significant difference in four-year survival (p<0.001) between low and high BAR groups. The Cox proportional hazards model showed that higher BAR (>7.83) was independently associated with increased four-year mortality in the entire cohort, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.478 [95% CI (1.254–1.740), p<0.001]. After PSM, the baseline characteristics of 312 pairs of patients in the high and low BAR groups were well balanced, and similar results were observed in K-M curve (p=0.003).ConclusionA higher BAR (>7.83) was associated with four-year mortality in patients with AMI. As an easily available biomarker, BAR can predict the long-term mortality in AMI patients independently.

The NewHorizon simulation – to bar or not to bar

ABSTRACT We use the NewHorizon simulation to study the redshift evolution of bar properties and fractions within galaxies in the stellar masses range M⋆ = 107.25–1011.4$\, \rm {M}_\odot$ over the redshift range of z = 0.25–1.3. We select disc galaxies using stellar kinematics as a proxy for galaxy morphology. We employ two different automated bar detection methods, coupled with visual inspection, resulting in observable bar fractions of fbar = 0.070$_{{-0.012}}^{{+0.018}}$ at z ∼ 1.3, decreasing to fbar = 0.011$_{{-0.003}}^{{+0.014}}$ at z ∼ 0.25. Only one galaxy is visually confirmed as strongly barred in our sample. This bar is hosted by the most massive disc and only survives from z = 1.3 down to z = 0.7. Such a low bar fraction, in particular amongst Milky Way-like progenitors, highlights a missing bars problem, shared by literally all cosmological simulations with spatial resolution &amp;lt;100 pc to date. The analysis of linear growth rates, rotation curves, and derived summary statistics of the stellar, gas and dark matter components suggest that galaxies with stellar masses below 109.5−1010$\, \rm {M}_\odot$ in NewHorizon appear to be too dominated by dark matter relative to stellar content to form a bar, while more massive galaxies typically have formed large bulges that prevent bar persistence at low redshift. This investigation confirms that the evolution of the bar fraction puts stringent constraints on the assembly history of baryons and dark matter on to galaxies.

Flexural Behavior of Two-Span Continuous CFRP RC Beams.

This paper investigates the feasibility of replacing steel bars with carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars in continuous reinforced concrete (RC) beams. A numerical model is introduced. Model predictions are compared with the experimental results that are available in the literature. A comprehensive numerical investigation is then performed on two-span CFRP/steel RC beams with ρb2 = 0.61–3.03% and ρb1/ρb2 = 1.5, where ρb1 and ρb2 are tensile bar ratios (ratios of tensile bar area to effective cross-sectional area of beams) over positive and negative moment regions, respectively. The study shows that replacing steel bars with CFRP bars greatly improves the crack mode at a low bar ratio. The ultimate load of CFRP RC beams is 89% higher at ρb2 = 0.61% but 7.2% lower at ρb2 = 3.03% than that of steel RC beams. In addition, CFRP RC beams exhibit around 13% greater ultimate deflection compared to steel RC beams. The difference of moment redistribution between CFRP and steel RC beams diminishes as ρb2 increases. ACI 318-19 appears to be conservative, and it leads to more accurate predictions of moment redistribution in CFRP RC beams than that in steel RC beams.

Re-examining models of shallow-water deltas: Insights from tank experiments and field examples

Shallow-water deltas remain enigmatic in terms of placing the observed facies within a coherent process-based depositional model. Here we report tank experiments on mouth-bar formation from shallow water pure and stratified jets that, combined with recent flume experiments on bedforms, suggest new interpretations of field observations from shallow-water delta outcrops.Our experiments imply that the height, geometry and bedforms of the mouth bars depend on the jet properties and grain size of the supplied sediment. Pure jets with very coarse-grained sediment formed a high and steep mouth bar that is characterised by steep angle-of-repose cross bedding with related avalanche processes (grain flows) on the lee side. The experiments with stratified jets imply that mouth-bar deposition and growth are dominated by supercritical density flows that evolve from the initial jets on the lee side of the growing mouth bar. In stratified jets with very coarse-grained sediment, deposition on the mouth-bar lee side was both from grain-flow avalanches and density flows. While deposition on the upper lee slope was dominated by grain flows, a concentric field of low relief, asymmetric, downflow-migrating bedforms evolved on the lower slope and beyond the mouth bar. In the stratified jet with medium-grained sediment a very low relief mouth bar formed within a concentric field of low, asymmetric, downflow-migrating bedforms covering the entire lee slope and the area beyond.Many previous field studies show that mouth bars deposited from dense stratified jets (hyperpycnal flows) are characterised by a distinct facies assemblage of coarse-grained cross-stratified or low-angle cross-stratified sandstone passing downslope into finer-grained plane-parallel, or “quasi-parallel” laminated sand and into climbing-ripple cross-laminated sandstone. Comparison to flume and tank experiments suggests that the proximal coarse-grained planar and trough cross-stratified sandstones could represent deposition by supercritical dunes that pass downslope into antidunes, characterised by sinusoidal stratification and/or low-angle cross stratification. The repeated vertical transition between antidune deposits and climbing-ripple cross-laminated sandstone may indicate the superposition of ripples onto antidunes in finer-grained sediments, indicating ripple formation under supercritical flow conditions. Similar bedforms/sedimentary structures have previously been interpreted as hummocky cross-stratification or swaley cross-stratification and attributed to combined flows in storm-dominated settings, which probably in some cases must be revised.

Blowing in the wind: Using ‘North Wind and the Sun’ texts to sample phoneme inventories

Language documentation faces a persistent and pervasive problem: How much material is enough to represent a language fully? How much text would we need to sample the full phoneme inventory of a language? In the phonetic/phonemic domain, what proportion of the phoneme inventory can we expect to sample in a text of a given length? Answering these questions in a quantifiable way is tricky, but asking them is necessary. The cumulative collection of Illustrative Texts published in the Illustration series in this journal over more than four decades (mostly renditions of the ‘North Wind and the Sun’) gives us an ideal dataset for pursuing these questions. Here we investigate a tractable subset of the above questions, namely: What proportion of a language’s phoneme inventory do these texts enable us to recover, in the minimal sense of having at least one allophone of each phoneme? We find that, even with this low bar, only three languages (Modern Greek, Shipibo and the Treger dialect of Breton) attest all phonemes in these texts. Unsurprisingly, these languages sit at the low end of phoneme inventory sizes (respectively 23, 24 and 36 phonemes). We then estimate the rate at which phonemes are sampled in the Illustrative Texts and extrapolate to see how much text it might take to display a language’s full inventory. Finally, we discuss the implications of these findings for linguistics in its quest to represent the world’s phonetic diversity, and forJIPAin its design requirements for Illustrations and in particular whether supplementary panphonic texts should be included.

Effect of fibrous macrostructure on mechanical properties, anisotropy and fracture mechanism of roller bearing ring

The fabrication of bearing ring with reasonable fibrous macrostructure is necessary to enable long-service period in aero-engine. This investigation demonstrates a forging method to improve fibrous macrostructure distribution via a low height-diameter ratio (HDR) bar and sufficient lubrication to control radial flow of metal during forging process. Furthermore, a combination of electron microscope and three-dimensional X-ray computed tomography (3D-XCT) technology was performed to analyze and compare the microstructure evolution after stress relief annealing (SRA) and spheroidizing annealing (SA) and tensile test. Results show that the angle between the fibrous macrostructure and the working surface decreased to 2–5°, compared to 45° under the same conditions without low HRD bar. An inhomogeneous deformation was developed during hot ring rolling (HRR), characterized by the elongated grains parallel to the circumferential direction (CD). The SA treatment imparted the required properties such as uniform microstructure and appropriate tensile properties into the hot forged 8Cr4Mo4V bearing ring. 3D-XCT studies have confirmed that the plate-shaped primary carbides distributed along the axial direction (AD) in the two-dimensional (2D) observation were partially irregularly connected morphologies in the 3D view. In the three relevant directions, the tensile strength and elongation increased with the order of radial direction (RD) <AD < CD. The aspect ratio and orientation of grain and plate martensite were the key factor for determining the strength of SRA samples. For SA samples, the orientation and proportion of primary carbides band (PCB) cause plastic anisotropy. The crack propagation model of SAR and SA samples along three directions was discussed.

Mars moon ephemerides after 14 years of Mars Express data

The Mars Express (MEX) mission has been successfully operated around Mars since 2004. Among many results, MEX has provided some of the most accurate astrometric data of the two Mars moons, Phobos and Deimos. We present new ephemerides of the Mars moons benefitting from all previously published astrometric data to the most recent MEX SRC data. Observations from 1877 until 2018 and including spacecraft measurements from Mariner 9 to MEX were included. Assuming a homogeneous interior, we fitted the forced libration amplitude of Phobos simultaneously with the Martian tidal k2∕Q ratio and the initial state of the moons. Our solution of the physical libration 1.09 ± 0.01 degrees deviates notably from the homogeneous solution. Considering the very low error bar, however, this may essentially suggest the necessity to consider higher order harmonics with an improved rotation model in the future. While most data could be successfully fitted, we found a disagreement between the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and the Mars Express astrometric data at the kilometer level, probably associated with a biased phase correction. The current solution precision is expected at the level of a few hundred meters for Phobos and several hundred meters for Deimos for the coming years. The real accuracy of our new ephemerides will have to be confirmed by comparison with independent observational means.

Monsoonal influences on rip current hazards at recreational beaches along Pahang coastline, Malaysia

Rip current is a type of wave-inducing current that forms nearshore and flows towards the sea. It is a major global hazard in the marine environment that had claimed the lives of hundreds of people due to drowning and recorded thousands of rescue missions around the world. In Malaysia, the Pahang coastline recorded over 30 drowning cases due to rip currents from 2006 to 2018. However, studies on rip current especially on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia are very limited. Therefore, this study was conducted to classify the beach morphodynamics associated with rip current formations during the southwest monsoon (SWM) and northeast monsoon (NEM) along the Pahang coastline. Five recreational beaches were selected along the Pahang coastline, namely Balok (B1), Batu Hitam (B2), Teluk Cempedak (B3), Sepat (B4), and Air Leleh (B5) as the study site. Sediment samples and beach profile were collected for both monsoonal seasons. It was found that the Pahang coastline was composed of rip-dominant intermediate beaches with several beaches categorised as barred (B), low tide terrace with rip (LTTR), and low tide bar and rip (LTBR). As intermediate beaches are known as rip current dominated beaches, most beaches at Pahang coastline are found to be composed of different risk level of rip current such as high risk (B3 and B5), moderate risk (B1 and B2) and mixed risk (B4). The findings in this study provide useful insights for coastal management planning along the Pahang coastline and the development of beach safety and rescue missions in the event of an emergency related to rip current.