Low Back Pain Disability Index Research Articles

Intraoperative Endplate Injury Following Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion

To investigate the incidence, distribution characteristics, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of intraoperative endplate injury (EI) following transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Patients who underwent single-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion from January 2018 to December 2020 were included. The patients were separated into EI and non-EI groups based on computed tomography obtained immediately postoperatively. Demographic, clinical, and radiographic parameters of all patients were analyzed. Clinical outcomes were evaluated by visual analog scale for low back pain and Oswestry Disability Index. This study enrolled 576 patients. Rates of EI were 19.6% (113/576) of patients and 9.9% (114/1152) of endplates. The rate of superior EI was significantly higher than that of inferior EI. The results showed that older age, lower disc height index, and taller cage height were independent risk factors for intraoperative EI. Postoperative drain output, total blood loss, postoperative duration of drainage tube, and postoperative hospital stay in the EI group were significantly greater than in the non-EI group. There were no statistical differences in Oswestry Disability Index and visual analog scale scores at the same time point between the groups. Rates of EI were 19.6% of patients and 9.9% of endplates. Superior endplates were more susceptible to injury than inferior endplates. Older age, lower disc height index, and taller cage height were independent risk factors for intraoperative EI. Clinical outcomes were not affected by intraoperative EI during early postoperative follow-up.

Analysis of Chronic Low Back Pain Caused by Lumbar Microinstability After Percutaneous Endoscopic Transforaminal Discectomy: A Retrospective Study.

ObjectiveChronic low back pain (CLBP) after percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal discectomy (PTED) surgery may be caused by preoperative lumbar microinstability (MI). However, there is a paucity of research on the relationship between lumbar microinstability and chronic low back pain. The purpose of this article is to assess the preoperative radiographic characteristics of patients and evaluate the effects of lumbar microinstability on patient-reported outcomes among single-level lumbar disc herniation (LDH) patients who underwent PTED.MethodsThis study retrospectively reviewed the radiographic characteristics of a consecutive series of 127 patients with low back pain and leg pain caused by single-level LDH underwent PTED from August 2018 to March 2021. They were divided into three groups according to the radiographic parameters: the stable group (Group S), the dysfunctional group (Group D), and the microinstability group (Group M). The visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for leg and low back pain and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for CLBP.ResultsCompared with Group D and Group S, Group M had the highest ODI scores (P < 0.01) and VAS scores (low back pain) (P < 0.01) after 1 year, while there were no significant differences in the VAS scores for leg pain at different time points after surgery (P > 0.05). In addition, the logistic regression analysis results regarding CLBP revealed that muscle fatty degeneration on MRI (95% CI, 1.20–8.51, P = 0.02), and facet tropism (95% CI, 1.39 −11.37, P = 0.01) may be independent risk factors.ConclusionPatients with lumbar microinstability may have CLBP after PTED, so patients with lumbar microinstability may need to take internal fixation surgery to solve their symptoms.

Long-term outcome of patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis seeking nonoperative treatment after a mean follow-up of 42 years

PurposeAdolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) affects up to 3% of otherwise healthy adolescents. The extreme long-term outcomes of nonoperative treatment are underreported. This study aimed to investigate the long-term outcome of nonoperative-treated AIS patients. Comparison between a bracing and an observation approach were performed.MethodsIn a retrospective cohort study, 20 nonoperatively treated AIS patients were observed concerning patient-related outcome measures (PROM) (visual analog scale (VAS), Short Form Health Survey 36 item (SF 36), Scoliosis Research Society (SRS 24), Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index (ODI), Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWBI)), radiological curve progression and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Baseline characteristics and radiological imaging were collected. At follow-up, anteroposterior and lateral X-rays as well as questionnaires were analyzed.ResultsTwenty patients (16 females, mean age: 14.6 ± 3.2 years) with a follow-up time of 42 ± 9 years were included. Nine patients (initial Cobb 35° ± 19°) were treated with bracing for a mean time of 26 ± 9 months, while the other 11 patients (initial Cobb 29° ± 11°) were observed. The primary curve progressed from 32° ± 15° to 52° ± 25° in average with no significant difference between the cohorts (p = 0.371). At final follow-up, a mean ODI score of 7 ± 7.9 points with no difference depending on the treatment (p = 0.668) was seen. No significant differences were observed for PROMs. Curve magnitude correlated neither at diagnosis (p = 0.617) nor at follow-up (p = 0.535) with the ODI score at final follow-up.ConclusionAfter a mean of 42 years, patients with nonoperative treatment of moderate AIS demonstrated a good clinical outcome despite progression of the deformity.Level of evidenceLevel IV, therapeutic study.

Evaluation of the correlation between the Istanbul Low Back Pain Disability Index, Back Pain Functional Scale and other back pain disability scales in Turkish patients with low back pain.

Low back pain is an important health problem that may cause functional loss. Several back pain disability scales have been developed in different languages. The present study evaluates the correlation between the Istanbul Low Back Pain Disability Index (ILBPDI) the Back Pain Functional Scale (BPFS) and other back pain disability scales in patients with mechanical low back pain. Included in the study were 105 patients who presented to our outpatient clinics and who were diagnosed with mechanical low back pain. The ILBPDI, BPFS, Quebec back pain disability scale (QBPDS) and Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire (ODI) were administered to all participants, and Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores were recorded. A strongly negative correlation was identified between ILBPDI and BPFS (p< 0.05), and a strongly positive correlation was noted between ILBPDI and QBPDS, ODI and VAS. A strong correlation exists between ILBPDI and BPFS, and a further strong correlation between ILBPDI ODI and QBPDS. These questionnaires can be used interchangeably to evaluate disability associated with chronic mechanical low back pain.

Percutaneous Cement-Augmented Screws Short Fixation for the Treatment of Severe Osteoporotic Vertebral Burst Fractures

This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic reliability of posterior percutaneous cement-augmented screws short fixation (PASF) in patients with severe osteoporotic vertebral burst fractures (OVBFs). Single-level OVBFs with an anterior vertebral body height reduction ≥60% were included. A Frailty Index was used for preoperative frailty assessment. Back pain and related disability were assessed through the visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index (ODI), administered at injury time, preoperatively, postoperatively, at 12 months and at last patient follow-up evaluation. The main radiologic outcomes were represented by Cobb angle (CA) and anterior vertebral body compression percentage, measured at injury time, preoperative, postoperatively and at 12-month examination. In addition, the incidence of cement leakages and hardware failures was assessed. Thirty-three patients met the inclusion criteria. All patients were frail (76%) or semi-frail (24%). Significant vertebral body height restoration and segmental kyphosis improvement after PASF were documented (anterior vertebral body compression percentage, -40 [-43 to -37] vs. -67 [-70 to -65], P= 0.0001; CA, 10 [8-12] vs.24 [23-26], P= 0.0001). The mean VAS and ODI scores documented optimal and long-enduring pain relief and related disability reduction after PASF (VAS score, 2 [2-3] vs. 8 [7-8], P= 0.0001; ODI, 22 [17-26] vs. 64 [60-69], P=0.0001). Only 1 cement leakage (3%), asymptomatic, occurred. After a mean follow-up of 33 months, no early/late hardware failures were reported. The clinical and radiologic results of this study suggest that PASF could be a safe and effective treatment option for severe OVBFs when conservative treatments have failed.

Single oblique lumbar interbody fusion with robot-assisted posterior internal fixation for lumbar degenerative diseases

To investigate the efficacy of single oblique lumbar interbody fusion(OLIF) with robot-assisted posterior internal fixation for the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases. The clinical data of 67 patients with lumbar degenerative diseases treated from September 2019 to December 2020 was retrospectively analyzed. According to different surgical methods, the patients were divided into traditional group and robot group. The traditional group received traditional OLIF with posterior fluoroscopy percutaneous nail fixation, and the robot group received OLIF with robot-assisted posterior internal fixation. There were 33 patients in traditional group, including 13 males and 20 females, aged from 44 to 82 years old with an average of (59.7±9.1) years; and 34 cases in robot group, including 7 males and 27 females, aged from 45 to 81 years old with an average of(61.6±8.8) years. The operation time, fluoroscopy time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative out of bed time and hospital stay were recorded. The visual analogue scale (VAS) of low back pain and Oswestry Disability Index(ODI) were compared before operation and 3 days, 3 months after operation between two groups. The accuracy of nail placement was evaluated by postoperative CT scan. Both groups of patients successfully completed the operation and were followed up for more than 3 months. The operation time, fluoroscopy time, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative out of bed time and hospital stay in traditional group were(299.85±15.79) min, (62.58±10.83) min, (118.33±10.80) ml, (2.5±0.7) d, (9.67±2.13) d;and robot group was(248.53±14.22) min, (19.47±3.51) min, (115.74±9.86) ml, (2.3±0.6) d, (9.44±1.93) d, respectively. The symptoms of postoperative low back pain, lower limb pain and numbness were significantly improved in all patients. The operation time and fluoroscopy time in robot group were significantly less than those of traditional group. There was no significant difference in intraoperative blood loss, postoperative out of bed time, hospital stay, VAS and ODI before and after operation (P>0.05). The accuracy of nail placement in robot group was 98.8% (2/160), which was higher than 89.9% (16/158) in traditional group. Treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases with single body position OLIF with robot-assisted posterior minimally invasive internal fixation has less operation time and fluoroscopy time, high nail placement accuracy and accurate surgical effect, which is worthy to be popularized in clinic.

Chronic Low Back Pain and its Sustainable Management by Using Core Strengthening Exercise and Mechanical Traction

This experimental study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of neural mobilization and conventional physiotherapy technique in patients with chronic low back pain with a sample of 100. The study reveals that the mean age of the core muscle strengthening group was 33.88+(or)-10.77 years whereas mechanical traction group was 42.46+(or)-9.51 years of age. Study shows that mean BMI of core muscle strengthening group and mechanical traction group was 24.05+(or)-4.329 and 25.28+(or)-4.562. Study found that the mean severity of pain before treatment was 6.380+0.725 and after treatment was 2.74+(or)-0.921 of core muscle strengthening and the mean severity of pain before treatment was 7.100+(or)-0.839 and after treatment was 3.64+(or)-1.173. Study shows that mean score Oswestry low back pain disability index of core muscle strengthening before treatment was 20.54+3.7 and after treatment was 7.94+(or)-3.419, compare to mechanical traction before treatment was 22.88+(or)-3.127 and after treatment was 11.92+(or)-4.004. There was statistically highly significant findings of core muscle strengthening and mechanical traction where t-value was 35.665 and 26.938 which was measured by Universal pain Assessment Tool, another statistically highly significant finding of core muscle strengthening and mechanical traction where t-value were 21.995 and 19.039 which was measured by Oswestry low back pain disability index.

Implication of online learning on the physical and mental well-being of students

All universities and colleges worldwide had been closed due to the coronavirus outbreak. Due to the unexpected growth of online education, many teachers now conduct classes remotely using electronic devices like laptops and mobile phones to deliver instruction on digital platforms. Numerous studies have linked excessive or extended screen time to negative psychological and physiological outcomes. Stress, sadness, sleep difficulties, effects on eyesight, posture pain, hand limitations, and musculoskeletal issues are all mental and physical ailments. This research aims to examine how the COVID-19 epidemic has affected students' attendance and performance in online courses. The survey was administered online using Google forms. Undergraduates of both sexes between the ages of 18 and 25 who were enrolled in online courses for at least one month were considered for participation. In contrast, their physical health was evaluated using the Neck disability index and the Oswestry low back pain disability index. Statistical Methods Understood Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between the duration of an online course and feelings of anxiety, depression, and pain in the neck, shoulders, and back. Researchers showed that online learning harmed students' mental and physical health, with 57.3% of the student body reporting high levels of stress, 32.5% reporting mild depression, 48.5% reporting mild neck aches, and 41.3% reporting moderate back pain. Students' emotional and physical well-being has suffered due to the increased time they spend online for completing their work on computers and smartphones.

Back2Action: effectiveness of physiotherapy blended with eHealth consisting of pain education and behavioural activation versus physiotherapy alone—protocol for a pragmatic randomised clinical trial for people with subacute or persistent spinal pain

IntroductionPsychosocial factors predict recovery in patients with spinal pain. Several of these factors are modifiable, such as depression and anxiety. However, primary care physiotherapists who typically manage these patients indicate...

Physical Activity and Low Back Pain in Medical Student

Low back pain (LBP) is a disease that can negatively affect all people with the prevalence of 38% per year. Risk factors of LBP are lifestyle and physical activities, incorrect sitting and lifting position, age, and psychological factors such as stress. Medical students become one of the risk groups of LBP due to limited time of physical activity that leads to inactivity. This research is aiming to understand the correlation between physical activity and LBP in medical students. This is an analytical observational research with cross sectional study design. The subject was 100 medical students of Sebelas Maret University who fulfill the criteria of sampling. Sampling was done using purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using IPAQ-SF (International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form) and Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index questionnaire. Data was then analyzed with Rank Spearman Correlation Test. As a result of this research, 57 medical students of Sebelas Maret University do moderate physical activity and 91 medical students have LBP with minimal disability. Results showed there was no significant correlation between physical activity and LBP with p = 0,064 (p&gt;0,05) and there was also no significant correlation between gender and LBP with p = 0,176 (p&gt;0,05) in medical students of Sebelas Maret University.In conclusion, there was no significant correlation between physical activity, gender, and LBP in medical students of Sebelas Maret University.

Pengaruh Posisi Duduk dan Lama Kerja Terhadap Nyeri Punggung Bawah Pada Pengemudi Ojek Online (GO-JEK)

Lower back pain is a phenomenon that is often encountered at every job. Lower back pain is a condition that is uncomfortable or chronic pain and with limited motion when performing activities of daily living.Online motorcycle taxi driver working for 8 to 12 hours of dropping off and pick up passengers, and waiting passengers are often less ergonomic position. According If this situation occurs continuously it will cause health problems such as lower back pain.The purpose of this study to find out the effect of sitting position and length of employment to lower back pain in the online motorcycle taxi driver.This study using purposive sampling method with cross sectional study design. Because in this study, the independent variables and the dependent variable is measured at the same time. Samples were taken from the online motorcycle taxi driver in the area of Surakarta, amounting to 50 people. The instrument used was a questionnaireOswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index and REBA. Statistical analysis of test results by the Chi-square test.Based on the research that has researchers did, the result that a sitting position against the influences of lower back pain. Unknown value p-value of 0.000 &lt;0.05 and p-value for the duration of work on the lower back pain is equal to 0.042 &lt;0.05 means there is influence between long working on the incidence of low back pain on a motorcycle taxi driver onlineThe final conclusion is that there is the effect of sitting position against lower back pain, and there is a long effect on pain down on the backs of online motorcycle taxi driver

Functional outcome in operated patients of multilevel lumbar canal stenosis and use of HRQoL role in depicting the anxiety and its correlation with the pain

BackgroundLumbar canal stenosis (LCS) is a degenerative spinal disease of elderly people, and it not only impairs the mechanical activity but also alters the economic and mental status of the patients indirectly.This is single-center observational prospective study conducted for 2 years and included 30 consecutive operated patients of multilevel LCS patients and excluded the patients with single-level LCS, with primary LCS or with grade II subluxation. We analyzed the various measurement indices used for the surgical outcome assessment as ED-5D 5L and OLBPDI (Oswestry low back pain disability index). Statistical analysis was done using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Version 21.0 statistical Analysis Software. The independent t test, post hoc analysis, Wilcoxon signed rank statistic test and RM-ANOVA test were also applied.ResultMost patients have improvement in pain and all the components of HRQoL (health-related quality of life) after surgery, which was further improved in mean follow-up of 1 year. Our study also suggested that the patients with higher anxiety/depression have higher pain intensity and low HRQoL, which was persistent in postoperative period (p < .001).ConclusionED-5D 5L and OLBPD are good indices to assess all the components of quality of life and give valuable information overall. Anxiety has shown important correlation with the pain component in both preoperative and postoperative phase.

The effects of a new seat suspension system on whole body vibration exposure and driver low back pain and disability: Results from a randomized controlled trial in truck drivers

Through a randomized controlled trial, we evaluated the effects of an electro-magnetic active seat suspension that reduces exposure of a long-haul truck driver to whole body vibration (WBV) on low back pain (LBP) and disability. Among 276 drivers recruited from six trucking terminals of a major US trucking company, 135 eligible drivers were assigned to either having an Active Seat (Intervention: n = 70) – the BoseRide® electro-magnetic active seat – or Passive Seat (reference: n = 65) – a new version of their current seat (passive air suspension seat) – installed in their truck via block (terminal) randomization. Low back pain (LBP) severity, on a 0–10 scale and the Oswestry LBP Disability Index were collected before and 3-, 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-months post seat installation. LBP severity and LBP disability scores were significantly lower post seat installation in both groups. At 3 months, LBP severity decreased -1.4 [95% CI: -2.1 to -0.7: n = 46] for drivers in the Active Seat arm, and −1.5 [95% CI: -2.3 to -0.8: n = 41] for drivers in the Passive Seat arm. In a subset of drivers, WBV exposures were collected before and after the seat installation. WBV exposures significantly decreased post seat installation for Active Seat (p < 0.01) but not for Passive Seat (p = 0.15). While the new seat-suspension technology reduced WBV exposures, LBP appeared to be improved by multiple factors. These results were limited by the secondary prevention approach and the longer-term loss to follow up due to large rates of driver turnover typical for the industry.

THE EFFECT OF CRYOABLATION ON FUNCTIONING AND GAIT IN PATIENTS WITH LOW BACK PAIN

Introduction Low back pain and comorbid afflictions negatively influence the quality of life, postural control and gait. Facet joint syndrome is one of the causes of low back pain. Cryoablation is a minimal invasive percutaneuous technique for zygapophysial joint syndrome. Aim The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of the cryoablation in patients with chronic low back pain on pain, disability and spatiotemporal gait parameters in the course of facet joint syndrome. Material and methods The study included 19 patients (13 women, 7 men) with chronic low back and facet arthropathic changes in MRI, and with failure in conservative treatment. The evaluation was performed before and with one-month follow-up after cryoablation and included pain assessment (Numeric Rating Scale), the evaluation of functional state and disability (Revised Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire) and analysis of spatiotemporal gait parameters (treadmill). Results A significant improvement in pain, functioning and spatiotemporal gait parameters such as distance and the number of steps were found. Conclusions Cryoablation is an effective method for pain reduction in facet joint syndrome, which improves functioning and gait. Cryoanalgesia is a safe procedure for the treatment of low back pain related to facet joint syndrome if earlier conservative management failed. Keywords: cryoablation, low back pain, functional assessment, gait

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN URODYNAMIC PARAMETERS AND LEVEL OF SPINAL CORD INJURY

Introduction Low back pain and comorbid afflictions influence negatively on the quality of life, postural control and gait. Facet joint syndrome is one of the causes of low back pain. Cryoablation is a minimal invasive percutaneuous technique for zygapophysial joint syndrome. Aim The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of the cryoablation in patients with chronic low back pain on pain, disability and spatiotemporal gait parameters in the course of facet joint syndrome. Material and methods The study included 19 patients (13 women, 7 men) with chronic low back and facet arthropathic changes in MRI, and with failure in conservative treatment. The evaluation was performed before and with one-month follow-up after cryoablation and included pain assessment (Numeric Rating Scale), the evaluation of functional state and disability (Revised Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index, Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire) and an analysis of spatiotemporal gait parameters (treadmill). Results A significant improvement in pain, functioning and spatiotemporal gait parameters such as distance and the number of steps were found. Conclusions Cryoablation is an effective method for pain reduction in facet joint syndrome, which improves functioning and gait. Cryoanalgesia is a safe procedure for the treatment of low back pain related to facet joint syndrome if earlier conservative management failed. Keywords: cryoablation, low back pain, functional assessment, gait

Implementation of An Adapted Physical Activity Therapy Protocol for Patients with Low Back Pain

This study set out to investigate the usefulness of an adapted physical activity protocol to improve pain and functional capacity through structured adapted exercises to muscular capacity on patients in a Functional Restoration program. Material and methods: 83 patients, aged between 19-63, who accepted to be included in this study and diagnosed as chronic low back pain. The patients were treated for a total of 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The level of pain severity of the participants was determined by Visual Pain Scale (VAS). Oswestry Disability Index for functional evaluation; Low Back Pain Disability Index (LBPDI). These assessments were performed at the beginning and end of the 12- week treatment program. In line with our study results, we anticipate that the planned physiotherapy and adapted physical activity (APA) protocol will reduce the health expenditures by finding a solution option for chronic low back pain commonly seen in societies.

Effect of Online Classes on Physical and Mental Well-Being of Students During Covid-19

Context: The coronavirus has shut down all schools and universities over the globe. With idiosyncratic upsurge of online learning, nowadays, teaching is undertaken remotely on digital platforms by the use of laptops and mobile phones. Many researches have shown that the excessive or prolonged use of screens can impact mental and physical health. The mental and physical affections include stress, depression, sleep disorders, impact on eyesight, postural pain, hand disabilities, and musculoskeletal disorders. Aims: The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of online classes on the mental and physical well-being of students due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Settings and Design: The survey was conducted on an online mode through Google forms. All gender college-going students within the age group of 18–25 years undergoing online classes for a minimum of 1 month were included in the study. Subjects and Methods: The assessment of mental health was done using the Perceived Mental Stress Test Scale (Psychological Stress Test) and the Patient Health Questionnaire, whereas for the assessment of the physical health, the Neck disability index, and the Oswestry low back pain disability index was used. Statistical Analysis Used: Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient was applied to find the correlation between the duration of online classes and stress, depression, neck, and back disability. Results: A significant effect of online classes was found on the mental and physical health of students, 57.3% of population had moderate stress, 32% of population had mild depression, 48% of population had mild neck pain, and 41.3% of population moderate back pain. Conclusion: Students' mental and physical health has been affected as a result of longer duration spent online on laptops and phones for classes.

Effects of Sphinx Pose (Salamba Bhujangasana) Yoga on chronic low back pain

Background: Chronic Low back pain (LBP) is among the most prevalent conditions distressing the adult population worldwide. The use of complementary and alternative medicinal (CAM) therapies for the management of LBP have rapidly gained popularity, where Yoga is being widely used as mind-body CAM therapy for relieving back pain. The aim is to assess the effectiveness of Sphinx Yoga Pose (Salamba Bhujangasana), in managing CLBP and to measure the variations in the disability index, quality of life, and stress scores.&#x0D; Methodology: A randomized controlled clinical trial will be conducted including the Nurses and midwives. Numerical Pain Rating (NPR) Scale, Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) will be used for initial screening. Subjects meeting inclusion criteria will be randomly assigned to either of the study group i.e. Group A (Experimental) and Group B (Control). The Group A subjects will be assigned with Sphinx Yoga therapy for 12 weeks while group B subjects will be assigned to usual care. Pre and post samples will be collected for Substance P (SP), Beta Endorphins (β-Endorphin), and Cortisol. Moreover, Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability index, World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) and Sadaf Stress Scale (SSS), will be used at baseline and after 12 weeks follow-up (post-intervention).&#x0D; Discussion: Offering a 12-week Yoga therapy to the subjects with CLBP might give an insight into its application and efficacy. To be precise, the findings of this research will support the wider implementation of Sphinx Yoga as a lifestyle intervention.&#x0D; Trial registration: The trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04721639).

Clinimetrics: Neck Disability Index.

The Neck Disability Index (NDI) is the most widely used assessment tool measuring disability due to acute and chronic neck pain or neck injury. 1 , 2 It has been recommended in both Australian and international guidelines as a suitable tool for the assessment of patients with acute whiplash-associated disorders and other neck pain. 345 It can also be used to monitor the effects of treatments over time and to classify chronic whiplash-associated disorder recovery status. 6The NDI is a modification of the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index, 7 and consists of 10 items: pain intensity, personal care, lifting, reading, headaches, concentration, work, driving, sleeping and recreation. The patient rates the impact of their neck pain by ticking one of six boxes on a Likert scale. The tool takes approximately 5 to 10 minutes for the patient to self-administer and requires no special training. 2 The tool is free to access and can be printed from the Internet.

Relationships among lumbar hip motion angle, perceptual awareness, and low back pain in young adults.

[Purpose] We aimed to examine the relationships among low back pain, lumbar-hip motion angle, and lumbar perceptual awareness in young adults to improve the treatment of low back pain. [Participants and Methods] Data were collected from 36 university students with low back pain. The items included for evaluation were the low back pain intensity (Numeric Rating Scale), disability due to low back pain (Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index), lumbar spine and hip motion angles in test movements, and perceptual awareness (Fremantle Back Awareness Questionnaire). The test movements employed included trunk forward bending, trunk back bending, and prone hip extension. The motion angles of the lumbar spine and hip joints were measured using a wearable sensor. [Results] The Numeric Rating Scale was not correlated with the lumbar hip motion angle and perceptual awareness. The Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index was correlated with lumbar hip motion angles, at the beginning of trunk forward bending and at maximum trunk backward bending, and with perceptual awareness. [Conclusion] There are relationships among disabilities due to low back pain, lumbar hip motion angles, and perceptual awareness in each test movement; however, they vary depending on the type and angle of the test movement conducted.