Lower Levels Of Aggression Research Articles

Touch, martial arts, and embodied knowledge

Touch is essential to normal human development. It communicates a wide variety of things depending on the culture and the context. Through touch the boundary between subject and object becomes blurred and empathy can be cultivated. In the context of martial arts, touch can paradoxically lower levels of aggression,particularly in a traditional setting. This paper explores how touch is managed in martial arts and the embodied experiences that it can cultivate. Positivistic methodologies have revealed some of the benefits of martial arts on both physical and mental health, and studies that take a quantitative and culturally sensitive approach are revealing other dimensions of bodily experience.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ ЕМПІРИЧНОГО ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ ДІЛЬНИЧНИХ ІНСПЕКТОРІВ ПРИКОРДОННОЇ СЛУЖБИ У ПРОФЕСІЙНОМУ СПІЛКУВАННІ

У статті наведено результати емпіричного дослідження компетентності дільничних інспекторів прикордонної служби у професійному спілкуванні. Встановлено, що інспектори мають недостатній рівень знань (когнітивний компонент) та навичок (поведінковий компонент) професійного спілкування, нерозвинені професійно важливі особистісні якості (особистісний компонент), що негативно впливає на ефективність їх професійної діяльності. Виявлено високий рівень негативних комунікативних установок, агресивності та ворожості у спілкуванні, нерозвинена комунікативна толерантність, емпатійність та рефлексивність, неконструктивні стратегії поведінки в конфлікті. Зроблено висновок, що всі компоненти компетентності дільничних інспекторів прикордонної служби у професійному спілкуванні сформовані на рівні нижчому за середній і потребують подальшого розвитку. &nbsp

Social interactions and activity patterns of old Barbary macaques: Further insights into the foundations of social selectivity.

Human aging is accompanied by a decrease in social activity and a narrowing in social networks. Studies in nonhuman primates may provide valuable comparative insights in which way aging impacts social life, in the absence of cultural conventions and an awareness of a limited lifetime. For female Barbary macaques at "La Forêt des Singes" in Rocamadour, France, we previously reported an age-associated decrease in active grooming time and network size. Here, we aimed to extend these findings by investigating in which way physical decline, spatial proximity, and aggression vary with age in female Barbary macaques. We analyzed >1,200 hr of focal observations for 46 females aged 5-29 years. As expected, older females engaged less frequently in challenging locomotor activity, such as climbing or running, than younger ones. The previously reported decrease in grooming time was not due to shorter grooming bout duration. Instead, active grooming bouts lasted even longer, which discounts the idea that manual fatigue explains the shift in grooming pattern. We found that older females tended to be spatially reclusive and that they were less frequently the targets of aggression. Although older females showed aggressive behaviors at similar rates as younger females, the proportion of low-level aggression (i.e., threats) increased with age. We suggest that these threats are not simply a signal of dominance, but also function to deter approaches by others. Overall, these findings are in line with the idea that older females aim to avoid potentially negative interactions, specifically if these are costly. In sum, these findings support the idea that shifts in female Barbary macaques' grooming activity, do not simply result from physical deterioration, but are instead due to a higher selectivity in the choice of social partners.

A Hypothesis and Review of the Relationship between Selection for Improved Production Efficiency, Coping Behavior, and Domestication

Coping styles in response to stressors have been described both in humans and in other animal species. Because coping styles are directly related to individual fitness they are part of the life history strategy. Behavioral styles trade off with other life-history traits through the acquisition and allocation of resources. Domestication and subsequent artificial selection for production traits specifically focused on selection of individuals with energy sparing mechanisms for non-production traits. Domestication resulted in animals with low levels of aggression and activity, and a low hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity. In the present work, we propose that, vice versa, selection for improved production efficiency may to some extent continue to favor docile domesticated phenotypes. It is hypothesized that both domestication and selection for improved production efficiency may result in the selection of reactive style animals. Both domesticated and reactive style animals are characterized by low levels of aggression and activity, and increased serotonin neurotransmitter levels. However, whereas domestication quite consistently results in a decrease in the functional state of the HPA axis, the reactive coping style is often found to be dominated by a high HPA response. This may suggest that fearfulness and coping behavior are two independent underlying dimensions to the coping response. Although it is generally proposed that animal welfare improves with selection for calmer animals that are less fearful and reactive to novelty, animals bred to be less sensitive with fewer desires may be undesirable from an ethical point of view.

Early childhood aggression among child welfare involved children: The interplay between the type of child maltreatment and ecological protective factors

The current study examined four types of maltreatment (i.e., physical, sexual, emotional, neglect) and ecological protective factors (i.e., child prosocial skills, parental warmth, parental well-being, neighborhood safety) as predictors of aggressive behavior among young children in the child welfare system. Further, this study explored interaction effects between maltreatment types and protective factors on early childhood aggression. Ordinary least squares (OLS) hierarchical multiple regression was performed on a sample of 499 children (ages 4–5) drawn from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being (NSCAW-I). Physical abuse was associated with higher levels of early childhood aggression whereas living in a neighborhood with fewer problems was associated with lower levels of aggression. Novel interaction effects also emerged; the protective effects of child prosocial skills and parental well-being on aggression were significantly stronger in emotionally abused children than in children who were not emotionally abused. The findings suggest that interventions that address both the type of maltreatment and ecological protective factors may be effective in reducing early childhood aggression among at-risk children.

The Relationship Between Aggressive Behavior And Empathic Tendency Levels Of Health Workers

Today, as level of education of individuals increases, demand for higher quality health services pushes the health sector to compete more. As a result of health problems, anxiety and worries of patients and their relatives who are beginning to accept their situation, might be replaced by anger. Health personnel’s way of dealing with this anger determines the quality of service provided. Empathic tendency and aggression levels of the personnel gain importance at this point. Empathic communication without aggressive behavior against anger of patient and his/her relatives requires low level of aggression and high empathic tendency. Health workers with high levels of aggressive behavior and low empathic tendencies, are likely to provoke patients and their relatives who are not angry, cause violence in health and reduce satisfaction with the service provided. Research was conducted to determine levels of empathic tendency and aggressiveness of healthcare personnel and their relations with each other. Research's sample group contains 428 healthcare workers working in Konya Numune Hospital, Health Sciences University Konya Education and Research Hospital and Beyhekim State Hospital. While collecting data, personal information form prepared by researcher, Empathic Tendency Scale developed by Dökmen and aggression scale developed by Buss and Perry were used. In the analyzes, results were evaluated at 95% confidence interval, 0,05 (p <0,05) significance level. In this study, Cronbach Alpha coefficient of Empathic Tendency Scale was found as 0,84 and Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of the Aggression Scale was found as 0,92. Cronbach's Alpha coefficient of Aggression Scale sub-dimensions was 0,84 for physical aggression, 0,62 for verbal aggression, 0,77 for hostility and 0,79 for anger. According to research findings, total point average of empathic tendency of health personnel was determined as 66,71 and total point average of aggression was determined as 2,69. It was determined that empathic tendency was related to gender, age, education level and aggression level was related to gender, marital status, duty year. Negative significant relation between empathic tendency and level of aggression was determined. According to this result, as levels of empathic tendency of health personnel increase, aggression levels decrease.

The Impact of Aggression on the Relationship Between Betrayal and Belongingness Among U.S. Military Personnel

The suicide rate among U.S. military personnel, particularly within the Army National Guard, is significantly higher than the rate found among the general population. To better understand why the Army National Guard has elevated rates of suicide, the current study examined how deployment-related moral injury interacts with interpersonal factors to predict suicide risk. Specifically, this study hypothesized that deployment-related betrayal, a facet of the Moral Injury Events Scale, would predict thwarted belongingness and that this relationship would be moderated by several types of aggression (physical aggression, verbal aggression, hostility, and anger). The current sample comprised 562 military personnel who had experienced at least 1 previous deployment. Results revealed that betrayal predicted thwarted belongingness in the presence of high but not low or mean levels of aggression among military personnel. This indicates that aggressive individuals who experience perceived betrayal while deployed may be at high risk for development of thwarted belongingness, an important risk factor for suicide. These results suggest the need for better assessment and treatment of betrayal among military personnel, as well as the need for programs to help soldiers manage aggression.

The influence of optimism, social support and anxiety on aggression in a sample of dermatology patients: an analysis of cross-sectional data.

Individuals with visible skin conditions often experience stigmatization and discrimination. This may trigger maladaptive responses such as feelings of anger and hostility, with negative consequences to social interactions and relationships. To identify psychosocial factors contributing to aggression levels in dermatology patients. Data were obtained from 91 participants recruited from outpatient clinics in the north of England, U.K. This study used dermatology-specific data extracted from a large U.K. database of medical conditions collected by The Appearance Research Collaboration. This study looked at the impact of optimism, perceptions of social support and social acceptance, fear of negative evaluation, appearance concern, appearance discrepancy, social comparison and well-being on aggression levels in a sample of dermatology patients. In order to assess the relationship between variables, a hierarchical regression analysis was performed. Dispositional style (optimism) was shown to have a strong negative relationship with aggression (β = -0·37, t = -2·97, P = 0·004). Higher levels of perceived social support were significantly associated with lower levels of aggression (β = -0·26, t = -2·26, P = 0·02). Anxiety was also found to have a significant positive relationship with aggression (β = 0·36, t = 2·56, P = 0·01). This study provides evidence for the importance of perceived social support and optimism in psychological adjustment to skin conditions. Psychosocial interventions provided to dermatology patients might need to address aggression levels and seek to enhance social support and the ability to be optimistic.

Sequential social experiences interact to modulate aggression but not brain gene expression in the honey bee (Apis mellifera)

BackgroundIn highly structured societies, individuals behave flexibly and cooperatively in order to achieve a particular group-level outcome. However, even in social species, environmental inputs can have long lasting effects on individual behavior, and variable experiences can even result in consistent individual differences and constrained behavioral flexibility. Despite the fact that such constraints on behavior could have implications for behavioral optimization at the social group level, few studies have explored how social experiences accumulate over time, and the mechanistic basis of these effects. In the current study, I evaluate how sequential social experiences affect individual and group level aggressive phenotypes, and individual brain gene expression, in the highly social honey bee (Apis mellifera). To do this, I combine a whole colony chronic predator disturbance treatment with a lab-based manipulation of social group composition.ResultsCompared to the undisturbed control, chronically disturbed individuals show lower aggression levels overall, but also enhanced behavioral flexibility in the second, lab-based social context. Disturbed bees display aggression levels that decline with increasing numbers of more aggressive, undisturbed group members. However, group level aggressive phenotypes are similar regardless of the behavioral tendencies of the individuals that make up the group, suggesting a combination of underlying behavioral tendency and negative social feedback influences the aggressive behaviors displayed, particularly in the case of disturbed individuals. An analysis of brain gene expression showed that aggression related biomarker genes reflect an individual’s disturbance history, but not subsequent social group experience or behavioral outcomes.ConclusionsIn highly social animals with collective behavioral phenotypes, social context may mask underlying variation in individual behavioral tendencies. Moreover, gene expression patterns may reflect behavioral tendency, while behavioral outcomes are further regulated by social cues perceived in real-time.

Aggressive behaviour at regrouping is a poor predictor of chronic aggression in stable social groups

Commercial pigs globally are routinely mixed into new social groups. This results in regrouping aggression predominantly during the first 24h which compromises welfare and productivity. Chronic aggression persists thereafter and is also undesirable. Management strategies are needed that reduce the costs of aggression in both of these contexts. Pigs vary greatly in aggressive behaviour and numbers of skin lesions. This study examined how regrouping behaviour affects immediate and long-term lesion counts with a specific focus on understanding the behaviour of pigs with few lesions in both social contexts. Aggressive behaviour from 1163 growing pigs was observed for 24h post-regrouping and fresh lesions were counted 24h and 3weeks post-regrouping. Similarity between pigs was calculated using all behavioural traits recorded during the 24h post-regrouping. Clusters of pigs were formed using furthest neighbour clustering with a stopping rule of 80% similarity. Five clusters of pigs representing 90% of the population (1047 pigs) were identified. For each regrouping aggressive behaviour trait and for fresh lesion counts 24h post-regrouping the means differed significantly (P<0.0001) between clusters. The most extreme clusters were characterised by extremely high or low levels of aggression with the other three clusters characterised by pigs that were unaggressive losers, selectively aggressive or with long fights. Statistically significant (P<0.05–P<0.001) but numerically small differences between clusters were found in lesion count 3 weeks post-regrouping. Pigs were separately categorised based upon their combination of lesion counts recorded 24h and 3weeks post-regrouping. Pigs showing similar behaviour at regrouping displayed wide ranging combinations of acute and chronic lesion outcomes. Pigs with particularly low lesion counts at both regrouping and 3weeks post-regrouping were found in all 5 clusters. Avoidance of aggressive behaviour at regrouping resulted in few lesions at 24h but more lesions at 3weeks. Increasing the proportion of pigs in the population that receive few lesions from both regrouping and chronic aggression may require management strategies that manipulate behaviour in both contexts. Long-term costs of avoiding regrouping aggression, represented by lesion counts three weeks after re-grouping, show that regrouping aggression may retain an important function in domesticated pigs and potentially in other species.

Moving toward a theory: Testing an integrated model of cyberbullying perpetration, aggression, social skills, and Internet self-efficacy

Research on cyberbullying has been steadily growing among scholars who endeavor to understand when and under what conditions it occurs. This study utilizes general aggression theory to contribute to a better theoretical understanding of the confluence of inputs that goes into decision-making involving cyberbullying perpetration. Young adult college students were surveyed to examine whether person-specific inputs, including trait verbal aggression, Internet self-efficacy, and social skills, contribute to cyberbullying perpetration. Results indicated that verbal aggression was consistently positively associated with cyberbullying perpetration. Further analysis revealed that the interaction between verbal aggressiveness and social skills on cyberbullying perpetration depended on one's level of Internet self-efficacy. At low levels of Internet self-efficacy, trait aggressiveness and social skills do little to inform cyberbullying perpetration; however, participants with high Internet self-efficacy and high trait verbal aggressiveness are less likely to send hurtful or embarrassing messages over the Internet or mobile technologies as their social skills grow. Contributions to theory and practice are discussed.

Do protected areas mitigate the effects of fisheries‐induced evolution on parental care behaviour of a teleost fish?

Abstract While the use of aquatic protected areas that exclude angling might be considered an evolutionarily enlightened management approach to dealing with fisheries‐induced evolution (FIE), there is little empirical data on the effectiveness of this approach at maintaining the diversity of phenotypic traits within protected areas. In species with paternal care, including largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), active nest‐guarding and aggression towards potential brood predators by males may render these individuals particularly vulnerable to capture by angling because of increased propensity to attack fishing lures/bait near their nests. Relative levels of aggression by these males during the parental care period correlates with their vulnerability to angling year round. Selective removal of more aggressive individuals by anglers should drive population‐average phenotypes towards lower levels of aggression. To assess the effectiveness of protected areas at mitigating FIE, the parental care behaviours of wild, free‐swimming male bass were compared during the early nesting period for bass within and outside protected areas in a lake in eastern Ontario. Nesting males within long‐standing aquatic protected areas closed to fishing for &gt;70 years were more aggressive towards bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus), a potential nest predator, and patrolled larger areas around their nests compared with bass outside of sanctuaries. Males within protected areas were also more likely to strike at artificial fishing lures and were more prone to capture during angling events. Collectively, the findings suggest that the establishment of protected areas may promote phenotypic diversity such as more attentive and vigorous parental care, relative to areas open to angling. The extent to which this phenomenon occurs in other species and systems is likely to depend on the reproductive strategies of fish and their spatial ecology compared with protected area boundaries, and habitat quality within protected areas.

Territorial olive frogs display lower aggression towards neighbours than strangers based on individual vocal signatures

Some territorial animals display a form of social recognition in which they direct low levels of aggression towards established neighbours, but maintain greater readiness to respond aggressively towards unfamiliar individuals. In many taxa, such as songbirds, this so-called ‘dear enemy’ effect involves discrimination between neighbours and strangers based on individually distinctive vocal signatures. Although most anuran amphibians (frogs and toads) are highly vocal, and many are also territorial, we know very little about neighbour–stranger discrimination in this group. In the present study of the olive frog, Babina adenopleura (Ranidae), we show that the vocal signals of males are individually distinct, and that territory holders use this information to direct lower levels of aggression towards their nearby neighbours. Analyses of individual variation in advertisement calls revealed many individually distinctive spectral and temporal acoustic properties, with spectral properties contributing most towards statistical discrimination among individuals. In a field playback experiment that simulated territorial intrusions, territorial males had higher thresholds for producing aggressive calls in response to the advertisement calls of their nearby neighbours compared with those of strangers. A simple model based on sound attenuation due to spherical spreading estimated that males responded aggressively to strangers at distances that were approximately twice as far away as for neighbours and that were similar to intermale distances recorded in the field. Together, results from this study indicate that territorial male olive frogs develop vocally mediated dear enemy relationships with their nearby neighbours. These results highlight the potential for convergence in social recognition systems across diverse taxa.

The impact of social macro- and micro-environment on the individual manifestations of aggressiveness

The paper studied the structural components of the social environment as a factor of social interaction between man and environment. The main factors that help the consolidation of patterns of aggressive behavior. Deals with the content of existing scientific philosophical approaches to explaining the social causes of personal aggression. The social environment exists thanks to the many relationships of its members and social institutions. The larger and more diverse palette of components of the social environment, the more intense its development and diverse conditions of life of the individual. The structure of the social environment isolated macro and micro level. Analysis of components of the social environment allows you to assess the state of society as a whole, identify signs of danger in it in the form of social tension, the presence of social conflict, degradation of society, the spread of socially dangerous phenomena and elements. Identify critical characteristics in the social environment is through monitoring processes and phenomena caused by the influence of social factors in different sectors of society. The social nature of aggression noted that in society it arises without specific motives and attitudes, so this phenomenon is more complex than aggression in the animal environment. In society there is aggression and violence results from the social relations prevailing in society, and high or low levels of personal aggression is the result of socialization. Modern studies explain the impact of restructuring society and the formation of new social groups that occur in periods of instability in the relationship of people and aggressive acts together. Fixes the importance of individual psychological states of people arising in periods of instability in society and entail various destructive behaviors

ANALISIS DE LA PERSONALIDAD DEL AGRESOR EN EL ACOSO ESCOLAR.

Abstract:ANALYSIS OF AGGRESSOR PERSONALITY IN BULLYING.At this paper, the big five factors of personality and the aggressor’s profile were analyzed. The sample was composed of 700 secondary students, 43% women, 57% men with an average age of 13,98 years old. We have used the School Coexistence Questionnaire (Defensor del Pueblo, 2006) and the Big Five Questionnaire - Childrens (Barbaranello, Caprara y Rabasca,1998). Through a discriminant analysis we obtained a function that properly classified 49.15 original grouped cases. This discriminant function is determined by the conscientiousness factor (.712), relating the increased presence of this factor in the lower level of aggression and vice versa (Lower Aggression = .575, Media Aggression = - .030 and High Aggression = - .666). Finally, it can be concluded that the conscientiousness factor is the best discriminates profile aggressor in bullying, yielding higher levels of aggression when this factor is less present in the student’s personality.Keywords: BFQ-C, bullying, conscientiousness, personality, secundary school.Resumen:En este estudio se realiza un análisis de los cinco grandes factores de la personalidad y el perfil de agresor en el contexto del acoso escolar. La muestra total estaba formada por 700 estudiantes de secundaria, 43% mujeres y 57% varones con una media de edad de 13,98 años. Para su análisis se utilizó el Cuestionario de Convivencia Escolar (Defensor del Pueblo, 2006) y el cuestionario de personalidad BFQ-NA (Barbaranelli, Caprara, y Rabasca, 1998). Mediante un análisis discriminante se estableció una función que clasificaba correctamente el 49,15 de los casos agrupados originales. Esta función discriminante vino determinada por el factor conciencia (.712), relacionándose una mayor presencia de este factor en el nivel de menor agresión y viceversa (Baja Agresión =.575, Media Agresión= -.030 y para el grupo Alta Agresión = -.666). Finalmente, se puede concluir que el factor conciencia es aquel que discrimina mejor el perfil del agresor en el acoso escolar, obteniéndose mayores niveles de agresión cuando está este factor menos presente en la personalidad del alumno.Palabras claves: BFQ-NA, acoso escolar, conciencia, personalidad, educación secundaria

The socializing effect of classroom aggression on the development of aggression and social rejection: A two-wave multilevel analysis

The current study examined the moderating effect of classroom aggression on the development of individual aggression and on the path from individual aggression to social rejection over time. The study included 1,284 elementary school children and consisted of two data waves 10months apart. At both time points, teachers assessed the children's physical and relational aggression and their social rejection status. Multi-level analyses revealed that the classroom level of relational aggression moderated the link between individual relational aggression at T1 and T2 (b=−0.18, 95% CI [−0.32, −0.05], p<.01) and the link between T1 relational aggression and T2 social rejection (b=−0.12, 95% CI [−0.23, −0.003], p<.01). Being in a classroom where relational aggression was prevalent increased relational aggression among children with a low level of relational aggression at T1. Furthermore, a high individual level of relational aggression predicted greater social rejection in classrooms with a low level of relational aggression. Children were mainly influenced by their same-gender peers. Boys as a group had a greater influence than girls on their peers of either gender in the domain of relational aggression, whereas girls as a group had a greater influence in the domain of physical aggression. The contributions of analyzing cross-level interaction to understanding the developmental patterns of aggression and social rejection in middle childhood are discussed.

Aggression and Social Anxiety Are Associated with Sexual Offending Against Children

ABSTRACTThe current study examined a number of risk factors that are thought to be related to sexual offending. More specifically, we investigated differences in self-reported aggression, anger, hostility, social anxiety, and social skills between child sexual abusers (n = 28), rapists (n = 36), and nonsexual violent offenders (n = 59) who were detained under hospital order. In addition, differences between inpatient (n = 28) and outpatient child sexual abusers (n = 61) on the pertinent constructs were evaluated. Consistent with our expectations, we found that child sexual abusers reported themselves as lower on the aggression-related measures and higher on social anxiety than nonsexual violent offenders. In contrast with our hypotheses, however, the results also indicated that the inpatient child sexual abusers reported lower levels of aggression, anger, hostility, and social anxiety than the outpatient child sexual abusers. The observed differences between child sexual abusers, rapists, and nonsexual violent offenders are generally consistent with theories about the etiology of sexual abuse. The differences between the inpatient and outpatient child sexual abusers were not in the expected direction, but may be due to a number of methodological limitations of this research.

Influence of Maternal Attachment on Adolescents’ Adjustment as Perceived by Middle School Students: The Moderation Effect of Paternal Attachment

Objective: This study examined the influence of maternal attachment on adjustment in adolescence and investigated whether paternal attachment had any moderating effects on the relationship between maternal attachment and adjustment in adolescence. Methods: The participants of this study were 300 second graders from two middle schools in Seoul. We measured paternal and maternal attachment as perceived by the participants, adjustment in adolescence through school life adjustment, depression, and relational aggression. The study applied correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis suggested by Baron and Kenny (1986). Results: First, participants with high parental attachment showed high levels of school life adjustment, low level of depression, and low levels of relational aggression, demonstrating healthy psycho-social adjustment in adolescence. Second, paternal attachment played a facilitating role in the process of high maternal attachment's positive influence on school life adjustment. Third, paternal attachment mitigated the process of low maternal attachment's negative influence on depression. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the importance of emotional communication, support, and intimacy between parents and children in middle school. Furthermore, it emphasized the importance of the paternal role and involvement in the mother-child relationship. Keywords: maternal attachment, paternal attachment, school life adjustment, depression, relational aggression

Social Structure and Genetic Distance Mediate Nestmate Recognition and Aggressiveness in the Facultative Polygynous Ant Pheidole pallidula.

In social insects, the evolutionary stability of cooperation depends on the privileged relationships between individuals of the social group, which is facilitated by the recognition of relatives. Nestmate recognition is based on genetically determined cues and/or environmentally derived chemical components present on the cuticle of individuals. Here, we studied nestmate recognition in the ant Pheidole pallidula, a species where both single-queen (monogyne) and multiple-queen (polygyne) colonies co-occur in the same population. We combined geographical, genetic and chemical analyses to disentangle the factors influencing the level of intraspecific aggressiveness. We show that encounters between workers from neighbouring colonies (i.e., nests less than 5 m away) are on average less aggressive than those between workers from more distant colonies. Aggressive behaviour is associated with the level of genetic difference: workers from monogyne colonies are more aggressive than workers from polygyne colonies, and the intensity of aggressiveness is positively associated with the genetic distance between colonies. Since the genetic distance is correlated with the spatial distance between pairs of colonies, the lower level of aggression toward neighbours may result from their higher relatedness. In contrast, the analysis of overall cuticular hydrocarbon profiles shows that aggressive behaviour is associated neither with the chemical diversity of colonies, nor with the chemical distances between them. When considering methyl-branched alkanes only, however, chemical distances differed between monogyne and polygyne colonies and were significantly associated with aggressiveness. Altogether, these results show that the social structure of colonies and the genetic distances between colonies are two major factors influencing the intensity of agonistic behaviours in the ant P. pallidula.

Aggression And Life Satisfaction In Adult Children Of Alcoholics

Aim: to verify hypotheses about differences in the level of satisfaction with life and its aspects, as well as aggression in the ACoA and the control group, and the relationship between satisfaction and aggression in these groups. Method: The sample consisted of 100 people living in Warsaw. Among the respondents were 58 men and 42 women. Everyone involved in the study was over 18 years of age, the oldest tested was 25 years old. The average age was 23.3. The study used The Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (KZZ), to examine the level of aggression Inventory of Psychological Aggression Syndrome (IPSA) and to explore the emergence of the group of ACoA - Questionnaire for Research Place in the Family. Results: ACoA show lower life satisfaction and higher levels of aggression than the control group.