Low Affinity For CO2 Research Articles

The carbamate equilibrium of alpha- and epsilon-amino groups of human hemoglobin at 37 degrees C.

We have investigated the carbamate equilibrium of human adult hemoglobin, human cord blood hemoglobin, methemoglobin, and carbamylated hemoglobin using a stopped flow, rapid reaction pH apparatus described previously. The carbamate formation of human adult hemoglobin at 37 degrees C and ionic strength 0.15 was measured at pH values ranging from 6.2 to 8.8 and at CO2 partial pressures between 15 and 140 Torr. From experiments with unmodified hemoglobin as well as with hemoglobin specifically carbamylated at the four NH2 termini, it was found that already at pH 8, the epsilon-amino groups contribute significantly to carbamate formation in addition to the alpha-amino groups. At pH 8.5, about 70% of the total carbamate is due to epsilon-amino groups. The carbamate formation of alpha- and epsilon-amino groups can be suppressed by complete carbamylation of the hemoglobin. The results obtained from human adult deoxy- and oxyhemoglobin were used to calculate the equilibrium constants governing carbamate formation of these hemoglobins: Kc, the carbamate equilibrium constant, Kz, the R-NH2 ionization constant, and n, the number of binding sites per hemoglobin tetramer. Accordingly, two types of alpha-amino groups, each comprising two groups per tetramer, participate in carbamate formation of deoxyhemoglobin, one of low CO2 affinity (pKc = 5.2; pKz = 7.1; n = 2) and one of high CO2 affinity (pKc = 4.4; pKz = 6.1; n = 2). The pKz values derived from carbamate measurements agree within experimental error with figures obtained by difference titration of unmodified and specifically carbamylated hemoglobin. In addition to the alpha-amino groups, 15 epsilon-amino groups with pKc = 5.0 and pKz = 9.8 form carbamate in deoxyhemoglobin. In oxyhemoglobin, the carbamate data could be fitted with only two similar alpha-amino groups per tetramer in addition to 15 epsilon-amino groups, the latter with pKc = 4.7 and pKz = 10.2. The difference titration of the alpha-amino groups of oxyhemoglobin showed abnormal titration behavior of the beta-chain alpha-NH2. The pKc and pKz values obtained for the epsilon-amino groups of unmodified hemoglobin also provide a good description of the carbamate formed by hemoglobin specifically carbamylated at the four alpha-amino groups. The oxylabile carbamate, according to these results and in agreement with earlier reports, is only formed by alpha-amino groups; it amounts to 0.18 mol/mol of hemoglobin monomer at physiological conditions of pH 7.2 and pCO2 = 40 Torr. The amount of CO2 bound by methemoglobin equals that of oxyhemoglobin. Experiments carried out in the presence of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate provided evidence for competitive binding of CO2 and diphosphoglycerate to adult and cord blood oxy- as well as deoxyhemoglobin, the sites of competition probably being alpha-amino groups.