Love Scale Research Articles

The Effect of Sports Club Employees' Levels of Emotional Intelligence and Compassionate Love on Mobbing Perceptions

This research aims to reveal the effect of sports club employees' emotional intelligence and compassionate love levels on mobbing perceptions. The research study group consists of 184 personnel working in sports clubs in Izmir. The survey method was used as the data collection technique of the research. A personal information form to gather personal information of the participants, "Negative Behaviours Scale" developed by Einarsen & Raknes (1997) and adapted into Turkish by Cemaloğlu (2007) to measure mobbing perception of the participants, "Emotional Intelligence Scale" developed by Schutte et al. (1998) and adapted into Turkish by Şahin (2006), and the " Compassionate Love Scale" developed by Sprecher & Fehr (2005) and adapted into Turkish by Akın & Eker (2012) were used as data collection tools. The data gathered were analysed by using a statistical program. While the emotional intelligence levels of sports club employees were found to be a significant predictor of their perceptions of mobbing, their levels of compassionate love were found to have no significant effect.

Compassionate Love for a Romantic Partner among Brazilian College Students

Compassionate love (CL) is a recent subject of close relationships. CL is focused on enlarging beneficence to another. The present study approaches the test of the psychometric characteristics of the shortened form of the Compassionate Love Scale for a partner (CLS-P-SF) for Brazilian college students and its relationships with background and well-being variables. The sample included 217 young adults, 46.1% women and 53.9% men. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the single latent factor of the CLS-P-SF is good and has satisfactory reliability. Subsequent analysis indicated that religious involvement and love status impacted the CLS-P-SF scores. CLS-P-SF scores were significantly related to the measurement of eros and agape love styles, commitment, life satisfaction, love satisfaction, and romantic loneliness. Satisfaction with love life mediated the relationship of CL for a partner and romantic loneliness. Current findings give an insight into the mechanism underlying the relation of CL with romantic loneliness.

Servant leadership, brand love, and work ethic: important predictors of general health in workers in the education sector.

Building a path aimed at the wellbeing of workers in the education sector is the fundamental basis to encourage quality education. To fill the gap in knowledge and address this aspect by understanding the behavior of the study population, it was proposed as with the objective of determining if servant leadership, brand love and work ethic predict the general health in workers. A non-probability sampling was applied for convenience. For this purpose, a sample of 509 workers from Peru was submitted to study, who completed a questionnaire consisting of: scale of servant leadership, work ethic, GHQ-12 and brand love. By applying a quantitative method using a structural equation modeling partial least squares approach. The present study demonstrated that the three constructs (servant leadership, brand love, and work ethic) predict the general health of workers in a positive and significant way, in a sample of Peruvian workers in the education sector. Furthermore, the results suggest that these factors can be used to improve the health of employees in educational institutions in Peru and possibly in other contexts as well. Given these results and after knowing the solidity of the predictions, the importance of promoting general health in workers in the education sector.

Love addiction and sexual satisfaction within the attachment perspective: an empirical contribution

ABSTRACT This study aims to test the predictive capacity of the attachment theory in delineating the line between normal and pathological love as well as testing the moderating role of gender in the link between insecure attachment and sexual satisfaction. We administered to a sample of 307 adults the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), the Love Addiction Inventory (LAI), the Passionate Love Scale (PLS), and the New Sexual Satisfaction Scale (NSSS). We found that some subscales of the ASQ predict LAI scores and that the relationship between passionate love and love addiction was positively moderated by insecure styles of attachment (i.e. discomfort for closeness, preoccupation for relationships, and need for approval). In addition, insecure attachment was negatively related to sexual satisfaction. However, moderation analyses evidenced that the relationship between attachment avoidance and low sexual satisfaction was positive only among males. The study confirmed the utility of the attachment perspective in the understanding of the processes underlying romantic relationships. Results also suggest that the quality of attachment style may be a key factor in differentiating normal from pathological love and that the impact of avoidant attachment style on sexual satisfaction may follow different pathways according to gender.

Measurement invariance of the short form compassionate love scale for a romantic partner and sexuality

Compassionate love (CL), a particular kind of love, is centred on enlarging beneficence to another. A short form to assess CL for a romantic partner (CLS-P-SF) was recently developed. The CLS-P-SF is a one-dimensional measure. In this study, we examined CLS-P-SF’s measurement invariance (MI) across gender and age, and the relationship of the CL with sexuality measures. There were 1184 Portuguese participants, 48% women and 52% men, aged between 18 to 79 (M = 37.36; SD = 16.89). Confirmatory factor analyses evidenced that the one latent dimension of the CLS-P-SF confirmed an acceptable fit to the data. MI, and internal consistency were adequate. This invariance permitted to perform meaningful latent average comparisons. The effect of gender and age were not significant. CLS-P-SF was positively associated with sexual desire, love is most important, sex demonstrates love, love comes before sex and satisfaction with sex life, and negatively associated with sex is declining and sociosexuality. Findings are discussed in their relationship with existent literature. The CLS-P-SF’s brevity makes it a promising tool for researchers and practitioners.

Customer Connections: A Cross-Cultural Investigation of Brand Experience and Brand Love in the Retail Landscape

Brand experience, brand love, and brand behavior outcomes hold significant importance in management research. Their relevance extends to shaping strategic decision-making, fostering a customer-centric approach, and providing insights into the competitive landscape. These concepts are pivotal in understanding the complex dynamics of consumer-brand relationships, enabling organizations to make informed decisions, prioritize customer satisfaction, and stay competitive in the market. The present study aims to authenticate and assess the consistency of the Brand Experience (BE) scale and Brand Love (BL) scale in relation to the LIDL brand, comparing Portugal and the Czech Republic. Additionally, it delves into the connections between Brand Experience, Brand Love, and Brand Behaviour Outcomes (BBO): Positive Word of Mouth (+WOM), Brand Loyalty (BLYT), (Re)purchase Intention (RI), Affective Commitment (AC), Active Engagement (AE), and Perceptions of Attitudes Towards a Brand (PATB). The results demonstrated that the measurement tools used to gauge the variables under scrutiny are dependable and valid. Achieving measurement invariance across countries, convergence, and discriminant validity further validated the study. Positive correlations were identified among all the variables explored. The conceptual model tested exhibited a good fit and remained consistent across both countries. These findings hold significant implications for both academics and practitioners in the field of brand management.

Borderline Kişilik Özellikleri, Aşk Mitleri ve Aşk Biçimleri

Individuals who show borderline personality traits but have not yet experienced these traits at the level of personality disorder patients might still have more destructive relationships compared to others in relation to their attitudes towards love (“passionate love (eros),” “altruistic love (agape)”, “possessive love (mania)”, “game playing love (ludus),” “friendly love (storge)”, “pragmatic love (pragma)”). It is predicted that the destructive relationships that individuals with borderline personality traits establish in line with their attitudes towards love may be related to some love myths (for example, "people who are in love can hurt the ones they love," "love forgives everything"). The purpose of this study was to determine whether romantic love myths play a mediating role in the attitudes toward love held by people who exhibit a high degree of borderline personality traits (BPT). Therefore, 492 participants, 220 males (44.7%) and 272 females (55.3%) aged 18-45 years, living in Istanbul and voluntarily participated in the research, were given the Borderline Personality Scale, Romantic Love Myths Scale, Attitudes Towards Love Scale and a form with personal information created by researchers was submitted. The obtained data were analyzed by applying Pearson Correlation analysis and hierarchical regression analysis. As a result of the findings, it was seen that the relationship between BPT and attitudes towards love was mediated by romantic love myths. The results of the study are important in showing that a change can be achieved in romantic relationship styles by targeting unrealistic beliefs in psychotherapy processes in the field of romantic relationships, which is one of the areas where individuals with borderline personality traits have difficulty.

Love as a protective buffer against existential anxiety

Introduction and objective: This study attempts to provide insights into the relationship between love and existential anxiety among adult Poles. It has been frequently pointed out in the literature that love is crucial for human well-being and quality of life. Positive relationships, closeness, and love can have a protective effect against existential emptiness. Based on the literature, existential anxiety is thought to be inversely related to passion, intimacy, and commitment in love. Materials and methods: A sample of 274 adult participants from the general population (142 women and 132 men) was examined. The mean age of the subjects was 33.45 (standard deviation, SD = 15.89). The subjects completed two questionnaires, one focused on love (Triangular Love Scale by Sternberg), and the other one on existential anxiety (Existential Anxiety Questionnaire by Weems and associates). Results: The results of multiple regressions analyses indicate that passion and intimacy are significant predictors of existential anxiety, while commitment in love is not related to existential fear. Higher intimacy and passion levels are associated with lower existential anxiety. Conclusions: Our results provide evidence for the importance of love, close relationships, intimacy, and passion in the process of alleviating existential anxiety. Happy persons, who create positive bonds with others, perceive their lives as valuable, and meaningful. They do not feel lonely and they do not experience intense existential anxiety. Closeness and positive feelings thus seem to have a protective effect against an “existential vacuum”. Our research can guide therapists working with patients who suffer existential anxiety.

Situational assessment of empathy and compassion: Predicting prosociality using a video-based task.

Classical psychometric approaches in social science measure individuals' tendency to experience empathy and compassion. Using abstract questionnaire items, they place high demand on subjects' capacity to introspect, memorize, and generalize the corresponding emotions. We employed a Socio-affective Video Task (SoVT)-an alternative approach that measures situationally elicited emotions-and assessed its predictive power over prosocial behavior against classical questionnaires in a sample of Israeli university students. We characterized the conceptual embedding of the SoVT concerning other measures of prosocial affect and cognition, and tested group identification as an alternative precursor to prosocial behavior. Eighty participants rated their reactions to videos that presented the suffering of others or everyday scenes on scales of negative affect (providing a proxy for elicited empathy) and compassion. We then administered classical questionnaires that target empathy (the Interpersonal Reactivity Index) and compassion (the Compassionate Love Scale), as well as measures of hypothetical and real-life helping and prosocial attitudes-including conflict attitudes and intergroup bias. While compassion ratings in the SoVT failed to predict prosociality more accurately than classical questionnaires, the SoVT empathy index succeeded and correlated strongly with other precursors of prosociality. These results support video-based situational assessment as an implicit and robust alternative in the measurement of empathy-related processes.

Validation of the Short Version (TLS-15) of the Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45) across 37 Languages

Love is a phenomenon that occurs across the world and affects many aspects of human life, including the choice of, and process of bonding with, a romantic partner. Thus, developing a reliable and valid measure of love experiences is crucial. One of the most popular tools to quantify love is Sternberg’s 45-item Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45), which measures three love components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. However, our literature review reveals that most studies (64%) use a broad variety of shortened versions of the TLS-45. Here, aiming to achieve scientific consensus and improve the reliability, comparability, and generalizability of results across studies, we developed a short version of the scale—the TLS-15—comprised of 15 items with 5-point, rather than 9-point, response scales. In Study 1 (N = 7,332), we re-analyzed secondary data from a large-scale multinational study that validated the original TLS-45 to establish whether the scale could be truncated. In Study 2 (N = 307), we provided evidence for the three-factor structure of the TLS-15 and its reliability. Study 3 (N = 413) confirmed convergent validity and test–retest stability of the TLS-15. Study 4 (N = 60,311) presented a large-scale validation across 37 linguistic versions of the TLS-15 on a cross-cultural sample spanning every continent of the globe. The overall results provide support for the reliability, validity, and cross-cultural invariance of the TLS-15, which can be used as a measure of love components—either separately or jointly as a three-factor measure.

Temporal changes of compassion in accounting and business students in an English course: a longitudinal study in higher education

PurposeTo measure the dynamic features of compassion as an emotional and behavioral construct, the present research used a univariate latent growth modeling (LGM) approach within the structural equation modeling (SEM) framework. The aim was to trace the dynamic development of compassion longitudinally in accounting and business students during a three-credit English course at university.Design/methodology/approachThe suggested method ensures the measurement invariance over time, deals with the first order latent variable, traces its growth and takes into account the measurement errors. This longitudinal analytical method was used to explore the initial state and the growth of compassion in four points of time during a language course. The data were collected from 60 adult accounting and business students in four time phases using Sprecher and Fehr's Compassionate Love Scale and were analyzed in Mplus 8.4 with univariate LGM.FindingsThe model fit was accepted and the invariance of the latent factor was confirmed over time. The negative covariance between intercept and slope (second-order latent variables) suggested that lower initial scores in L2 learners' compassion show a faster increase in compassion over time as the mean of slope is larger than that of the intercept. L2 learners who started off at a higher level of compassion showed a slower change in compassion over time. This can be at least partly explained by the teacher's motivating role or learners' compassion but needs to be further explored in complementary qualitative phases for deeper insights.Originality/valueIn the present research, awareness was raised of the developmental nature of compassion as an emotional and behavioral construct essential to the accounting and business profession. The great strength of this research lies in the dynamic approach to the compassion construct and the LGM used to capture the temporal growth of compassion and how it evolved through the L2 course.

All is fair in love and hypomania

BackgroundMany studies have found increased hypomanic scores in people in love. However, none controlled for the presence of cyclothymic or hyperthymic temperaments. Our primary objective was to test the hypothesis postulating that passionate love is similar to a hypomanic state while controlling for the presence of a susceptible underlying temperament. Our secondary objective was to look for an association between hypomanic symptoms and love intensity as measured by the Passionate Love Scale. MethodsAn online survey including the hypomanic check list-32 (HCL-32) and the passionate love scale (PLS) was administered to university students. ResultsTwo-hundred and eighty-two responses were retained. The mean age of the participants was 21.1 years (SD 2.8) and 62.1% (n=175) were females. 74.6% of participants in love were found to have a positive HCL-32 result as compared to 63.1% of participants who were not in love (p=0.038). The association remained significant and the difference more prominent after excluding people in whom a hyperthymic or cyclothymic temperament was suspected (70.3% vs 45%; p= =0.025). A statistically significant but weak correlation was found between the HCL-32 and PLS scores (Pearson correlation coefficient r=0.239; P=0.005). The latter association was lost after excluding participants in whom a hyperthymic or cyclothymic temperament was suspected. ConclusionsLove seems similar to hypomania, at least phenomenologically. It also seems that hypomanic symptoms are linked to the state of love per se, rather than to its intensity. The positive association between love and hypomania is also discussed from psychiatric, neurobiological, and anthropological perspectives.

Trademark Influence and Brand Experience on Consumer's Loyalty to Fast Fashion Brands

This work investigates the relationship between Brand love and Brand Experience with Brand Loyalty in fast fashion consumers in the ZMG. A quantitative instrument was built from whose answers it is intended to know if there is a positive relationship between the concepts of Love and Brand Experience and Brand Loyalty. From the results obtained, it sought to know the characteristics of the market, as well as the purchasing behavior and which of the brands studied is a favorite. The ANOVA was used to check whether the hypotheses were approved or rejected and to know the most critical consumer dimensions when developing loyalty to a fast fashion brand. The results reveal a positive relationship between the Brand Loyalty and Brand Experience and Brand Love scales. Therefore, the 2 Hypotheses presented for this study were accepted.

Paternal and maternal love for married and unmarried sons and daughters

Parental love has been studied in relation to infants and younger children. The adult sons and daughters who marry and become parents constitute another category of ‘children’. As the earlier literature did not explore parental love in relation to these ‘adult married sons and daughters’ earlier, the current study was the first-ever effort in this regard. The study was conducted in two phases and involved 982 purposely selected participants. A new scale to measure love was also developed and validated during the two phases of the study. The findings revealed significant differences in paternal and maternal love between married and unmarried sons and daughters. The findings of the study would serve as a novel contribution to the existing literature on parental love. The newly developed ‘Love Scale’ would facilitate future researchers in exploring love in a general way that could be applied to all possible relationships.

LOVE AMONG PEOPLE WITH CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS OF DEPRESSION

The study aimed to analyze the existing differences between the level of depression and the experience of love. The article presents an analysis of the results of studies carried out among patients from the Provincial Neuropsychiatric Hospital in Poland. In total 60 people fulfilled the study questionnaires. The study used Sternberg’s Triangular Love Scale and the Aaron Beck’s Depression Scale. The results showed that in the research group the level of depression is not correlating significantly with any of the components of love. On the other hand, in the control group, the level of depression significantly correlates negatively and strongly with all the components of love: passion, intimacy, and commitment.

SUSTAINING LONG-DISTANCE RELATIONSHIP THROUGH LOVE, TRUST, AND DEDICATION AMONG MARRIED COUPLES

Today’s socio-economic aspects often shape the diverse family dynamics in which couples opt for long-distance marriages that require them to live separately and apart to earn better incomes. Living separately and away are certainly a challenge that requires appropriate action between the long-distance marriage couples. This study examines how love, trust, and commitment help married couples maintain their long-distance relationships. The importance of those three feelings in determining the continuation of marriages was the focus of the long-distance relationship factor. A total of 110 married couples living apart were the subject of the study in which intimacy, passion, and commitment comprised the three love-related dimensions that were measured. While commitment included the intention to persist, a sense of attachment, and a long-term perspective, trust was scored on a single domain. The Triangular Love Scale measured the love variable, the Dyadic Trust Scale gauged trust, the Investment Model Scale (IMS) measured commitment (Rusbult, Martz, & Agnew, 1998), and the Relationship Maintenance Scale evaluated marital maintenance. Passion (r =.294**, k.002) and trust (r =.249**, k.001) were found to have significant positive relationships with marital maintenance while only the commitment domain for long-term orientation had a similar relationship with marital maintenance (r =.199*, k.002). Therefore, the findings suggest that long-term commitment orientation, passion, and trust are likely to promote distance-separated married couples preserve their marriages. The implication is that those three facets are key drivers in preserving and enhancing long-distance marriage bonds among such couples.

THE MEDIATING ROLES OF TRIANGULAR LOVE COMPONENTS IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIP BELIEFS AND MARRIAGE ATTITUDES

This study examined the mediating roles of triangular love components (intimacy, passion, and commitment) in the relationship between university students’ romantic relationship beliefs and marriage attitudes. The research sample consisted of 376 undergraduate students, 289 of whom were female and 87 were male, studying at a public university. In addition to the Personal Information Form, four measurement tools, namely the Inönü Marriage Attitude Scale, the Sternberg Triangular Love Scale (STLS and STLS-M forms), and the Romantic Relationship Beliefs Scale, were employed in this study. According to the resultant findings, of the triangular love components, intimacy had a partial mediating role, while passion and commitment had full mediating roles in the relationship between romantic relationship beliefs and marriage attitudes. All the adjustments regarding the collected data were conducted in the R programming environment. The findings were discussed based on the existing literature, followed by suggestions for various practices in the field and future studies.

Loving in Consensual Non-Monogamies: Challenging the Validity of Sternberg’s Triangular Love Scale

In recent decades, Consensual Non-Monogamies—and polyamory, in particular—have increased in popularity, diversifying the panorama of intimacies stretching far beyond the monogamous heterosexual couple. Today, CNMs constitute an interesting subject of study, worthy of attention both theoretically and empirically. However, most of the psychometric tools developed to study the concept of love were not developed specifically for this type of relationships. One of the most commonly used of these tools is Sternberg’s Triangular Love Scale (STLS), which measures love as a function of three main components: Intimacy, Passion, and Decision/Commitment. Although STLS is widely used in social and psychological research and has been applied to various populations, it has never been used to measure love in CNMs. This article discusses the results of a questionnaire based on STLS administered to 558 individuals from 33 different countries. At the time of completing the questionnaire, each respondent had at least two sexual and/or romantic relationships with the consent of all of those involved. While STLS is validated in studies of people in monogamous relationships, confirmatory factor analysis suggests that it is not an appropriate tool for our sample of consensually non-monogamous individuals. This article seeks to explain this finding using qualitative data from an earlier study exploring how people who engage in forms of consensual non-monogamy define love and relationships.

Love, jealousy, satisfaction and violence in young couples: A network analysis.

In recent years, couples have been affected by health measures related to COVID-19, a circumstance that forces us to examine couple interactions in terms of crucial variables of their functioning. In this sense, the present study aimed to examine the association between love, jealousy, satisfaction, and violence in young couples through network analysis. A total of 834 young people and adults between 18 and 38 years of age (Mean = 20.97, SD = 2.39) participated; 646 women (77.50%) and 188 men (22.50%), who completed the Sternberg's love scale (STLS-R), Brief Jealousy Scale (BJS), Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) and Woman Abuse Screening Tool (WAST-2). A partial unregularized network was estimated using the ggmModSelect function. The Bridge Strength index was calculated because the aim was to identify the bridge nodes between the variables under study. The results reveal that two nodes of the love variable, Commitment, and Intimacy, had a direct and moderate relationship with the Satisfaction node. The latter is the central node in the network. However, in the male group, the most intense associations are in Satisfaction-Intimacy, Violence-Passion, Jealousy-Commitment. It is concluded that there are relevant connections between the nodes of the network, which invite further research on couple relationships after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Supporting living together: Group work on animal rights for children

AbstractWith this group work, which includes activities for animal rights, it is aimed that children can raise awareness about animal rights and interact with animals. The research was carried out as a pretest‐posttest experimental study in order to evaluate the effect of group work on children receiving counselling and training from a Guidance and Research Center in Istanbul. The study group of the research between May 2022 and June 2022 consists of 20 children (10 in the experimental group, 10 in the control group) between the ages of 11–12 and continuing their education in Istanbul. In addition to the Personal Information Form, which included questions such as gender, age, education status, number of siblings, socio‐economic levels, and status of living with pets, the Oney Animal Love Scale and Scale of Behaviour for Animals were administered to the study group as pretest‐posttest. The group work was held on Saturdays at 13:00, consisted of six sessions, and in each session, activities for socialization, animal rights and child–animal interaction were carried out. The collected data were analysed in the SPSS 22.0 package program. At the end of the group work, it was observed that there was a positive significant difference in the total scores of the Oney Animal Love and Scale of Behaviour for Animals of the children in the experimental group.