Lossy Mode Resonance Sensors Research Articles

High-sensitivity lossy mode resonance sensor by deposition of perovskite nanofilms on the eccentric core quasi D-shaped photonic quasi-crystal fiber

High-sensitivity lossy mode resonance sensor by deposition of perovskite nanofilms on the eccentric core quasi D-shaped photonic quasi-crystal fiber

Lossy Mode Resonance Optical Fiber Enhanced by Electrochemical-Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Glucose Detection.

Noninvasive glucose sensors are emergent intelligent sensors for analyzing glucose concentration in body fluids within invasion-free conditions. Conventional glucose sensors are often limited by a number of issues such as invasive and real-time detection, creating challenges in continuously characterizing biomarkers or subtle binding dynamics. In this study, we introduce an efficient lossy mode resonance (LMR) optical fiber sensor incorporating the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) to amplify glucose molecules. A molecularly imprinted recognition platform is created on an LMR sensor surface through a convenient one-step electrochemical (EC) polymerization method, in which 3-Aminophenylboric acid and glucose serve as the functional monomer and template molecule, respectively. LMR resonance wavelength shift induced by the coupling of the optical lossy mode and the fiber core mode is employed as the parameter to characterize biomolecules. Due to its high sensitivity to surrounding environment changes, a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.62 × 10-2 μmol/L for glucose can be achieved by this optical fiber sensor. Additionally, the prepared EC-MIPs LMR sensor is capable of detecting glucose molecules in human saliva samples with high accuracy, endowing its potential for practical applications.

Lossy Mode Resonance Sensors Based on Anisotropic Few-Layer Black Phosphorus.

Lossy mode resonance (LMR) sensors offer a promising avenue to surpass the constraints of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors by delivering enhanced label-free detection capabilities. A notable edge of LMR over SPR is its excitation potential by both transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarized light. Yet this merit remains underexplored due to challenges to achieving high sensing performance under both TM and TE polarization within a singular LMR model. This study introduces a theoretical model for an LMR prism refractive index sensor based on a MgF2-few layer black phosphorus-MgF2 configuration, which can achieve angular sensitivity nearing 90° refractive index unit-1 (RIU-1) for both polarizations. Leveraging the distinct anisotropic nature of black phosphorus, the figure of merit (FOM) values along its two principal crystal axes (zigzag and armchair) show great difference, achieving an impressive FOM of 1.178 × 106 RIU-1 along the zigzag direction under TE polarized light and 1.231 × 104 RIU-1 along the armchair direction under TM polarized light. We also provide an analysis of the electric field distribution for each configuration at its respective resonant conditions. The proposed structure paves the way for innovative applications of anisotropic-material-based LMR sensors in various applications.

LMR: A software for modeling and reverse optimization of straight-core lossy mode resonance (LMR) based sensors

Lossy mode resonance (LMR) is a physical phenomenon recently exploited for fiber optic sensing. LMR-based devices are widely used for detecting refractive index variation, humidity, pH (acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution), chemical or biological species, gases, or even voltage. Two main types of geometries can be distinguished: prism-based and waveguide-based. In both cases, however, the manufacture and prototype development of the sensor require exact and expensive technology. Therefore, reliable and fast modeling of these devices is desired to reduce the costs of their investigation, design, and production. LMR is an R-toolbox for simulating LMR sensors of straight-core geometry (the most common waveguide-based type). The mathematical model is based mainly on geometrical optics, while the equations of classical electromagnetism and the transfer matrix method were used to determine the reflection coefficients from stratified media. This combined approach is why we call this model hybrid. It may seem simple, but it is perfectly sufficient to predict the most important parameters of the sensor. The results of calculations were experimentally verified in many works. The package allows one to load up to 8 layers in the sensing region and provides access to the material database. The researcher can use the dependencies contained therein to describe the complex refractive index as a function of the wavelength of a given material or use his own data. Another essential feature of the package is reverse optimization capability. The applied genetic algorithm (GA) allows the design of a sensor with a given transmission spectral characteristics. Using the program is facilitated by an intuitive graphical interface. The final result is the transmission of the optical fiber in decibels versus the wavelength.

Performance Comparison of Lossy Mode Resonance Refractive Index Sensors on Structures Based on Graphene and MoS2

Abstract 2D materials such as graphene and MoS2 have a crucial role in improving the performance of optical sensors. In this work, we investigated a lossy mode resonance (LMR) sensor composed of MgF2 and 2D materials. The transfer matrix method has been chosen to determine the reflectance curve of the sensor with different thicknesses of MgF2 and 2D materials. The computational results show that the LMR sensor generated with s-polarized light has a better resonance. The existence of exciton in MoS2 also has a very dominant contribution to the resulting resonance. There are two absorption peaks around the wavelengths of 610 and 652 nm which are caused by the presence of excitons A and B in MoS2. When graphene- and MoS2-based chips are compared, MoS2-based chips display a wider detection range with better signal stability. A sensitivity of 70.37°/RIU can be achieved with MgF2 (200 nm)/MoS2 (5 layers). In addition, the proposed LMR sensor has a penetration depth that is two times higher than conventional SPR sensors, making it possible to replace SPR sensors which rely heavily on gold as their transducer.

Molybdenum Disulfide‐based Lossy Mode Resonance Sensors: Uncovering Wider Dynamic Range and High Sensitivity Through Computational Approaches

AbstractUntil now, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) biosensors still rely on gold as their transducer element, and this makes cheap analytical devices difficult to achieve. On the other hand, lossy mode resonance (LMR) sensors offer transducers with more alternative materials due to their flexibility, which can be excited in p‐ and s‐polarized light. In this research it is carried out a numerical investigation using the transfer matrix method on LMR sensor composed of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as lossy layer and Cytop as matching layer. The reflectance curves for different thicknesses of MoS2 and Cytop are numerically investigated. The results obtained show that the chip consisting of 250 nm Cytop and 4 layers of MoS2 has a penetration depth 3 times higher than conventional SPR chips. If sensors with two types of polarization are compared, sensors with s‐polarized light have shown higher sensitivity reaching 72.13°/RIU with a wider dynamic range starting from a refractive index of 1.331 to 1.401. In this refractive index range, this sensor has displayed good signal stability where the reduction in resonance dip depth is only ≈6%. These computational results make the proposed structure very promising to be applied in the quantification of biological materials.

Lossy Mode Resonance Sensors Based on Planar Waveguides: Theoretical and Experimental Comparison

Lossy Mode Resonance Sensors Based on Planar Waveguides: Theoretical and Experimental Comparison

Lossy Mode Resonance Sensors in Uncoated Optical Fiber

Lossy Mode Resonance Sensors in Uncoated Optical Fiber

Various Types of Light Guides for Use in Lossy Mode Resonance-Based Sensors

A comparative study of figure-of-merit fiber sensors of the mass concentration of NaCl solutions based on single-mode and multi-mode fibers was carried out. Lossy mode resonance is realized on chemically thinned sections of optical fibers to various diameters (from 26 to 100 μm) coated with ZnTe. Thin-film coatings were applied using the method of metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). Samples of single-mode and multi-mode fiber sensors were created in such a way that the depth and spectral position of resonances in aqueous NaCl solutions coincided. Sensors implemented on a single-mode fiber have a higher sensitivity (5930 nm/refractive index unit (RIU)) compared to those on a multi-mode fiber (4860 nm/RIU) and a smaller half-width of the resonance in the transmission spectrum. According to the results of experiments, figure-of-merit sensors are in the range of refractive indices of 1.33–1.35 for: multi-mode fiber—25 RIU−1, single-mode fiber—75 RIU−1. The sensitivity of the resulting sensors depends on the surface roughness of the ZnTe coating. The roughness of films synthesized on a single-mode fiber is four times higher than this parameter for a coating on a multi-mode fiber. For the first time, in the transmission spectrum during the synthesis of a thin-film coating on a multi-mode fiber, the possibility of separating the first nine orders of resonances into electric and magnetic transverse components has been demonstrated. The characteristics of sensors with the operating wavelength range in the visible (500–750 nm) and infrared (1350–1550 nm) regions of the spectrum are compared. The characteristics of multi-mode lossy mode resonance sensors are demonstrated, which make them more promising for use in applied devices than for laboratory research.

Design Considerations of an ITO-Coated U-Shaped Fiber Optic LMR Biosensor for the Detection of Antibiotic Ciprofloxacin

The extensive use of antibiotics has become a serious concern due to certain deficiencies in wastewater facilities, their resistance to removal, and their toxic effects on the natural environment. Therefore, substantial attention has been given to the detection of antibiotics because of their potential detriment to the ecosystem and human health. In the present study, a novel design of indium tin oxide (ITO) coated U-shaped fiber optic lossy mode resonance (LMR) biosensor is presented for the sensitive detection of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP). The performance of the designed U-shaped LMR sensor is characterized in terms of its sensitivity, full width at half maximum (FWHM), the figure of merit (FOM), and the limit of detection (LOD). For the proposed U-shaped LMR sensing probe, the various crucial factors such as the thickness (d) of the ITO layer, sensing region length (L), and bending radius (R) are optimized. The thickness of the ITO layer is optimized in such a way that two LMR curves are observed in the transmission spectrum and, thereafter, the performance parameters are evaluated for each LMR. It is observed that the designed U-shaped LMR sensor with optimized parameters shows an approximately seven-fold enhancement in sensitivity compared to the straight-core fiber optic LMR sensor. The numerical results revealed that the designed U-shaped fiber optic LMR biosensor can provide a maximum sensitivity of 17,209.9 nm/RIU with the highest FOM of 91.42 RIU-1, and LOD of 6.3 × 10-5 RIU for the detection of CIP hydrochloride in the concentration range of 0.001 to 0.029 mol∙dm-3. Thus, it is believed that the designed LMR biosensor can practically explore its potential use in environmental monitoring and biomedical applications and hence, opens a new window of opportunity for the researchers working in the field of U-shaped fiber optic LMR biosensing.

Lossy mode resonance fiber-optic sensor based on ZnO particles fabricated by chemical bath deposition.

We present a lossy mode resonance (LMR) sensor fabricated by chemical bath deposition (CBD) using a U-shaped optical fiber with an exposed core. The ZnO particles that generate LMR were prepared by a very costly method in three steps via permanganate activation and the deposition of ZnO on the fiber core using CBD. The process of deposition was monitored in real time through the optical fiber, and a clear absorption spectrum with an LMR peak was obtained. The surface of the sensor with absorbance reaching 1.0 was covered with nano- to submicron particles of ZnO. The refractive index (RI) sensitivity of the sensor was measured using sucrose solution and was found to increase as the amounts of ZnO on the sensor increased, reaching 23 Abs/RI unit (RIU). The RI resolutions of the sensors with absorbance reaching 0.40, 0.65, and 1.0 during CBD were determined as ΔRI = 0.000060, 0.00017, and 0.00018, respectively, with a 99.7% confidence interval for the RI. Pretreatment during CBD was found to dramatically affect the fabrication of LMR sensors owing to their size and occupancy of deposited ZnO particles, the effects of which can be observed in real time using fiber optics.

Theoretical Development of Polymer-Based Integrated Lossy-Mode Resonance Sensor for Photonic Integrated Circuits

A promising phenomenon such as lossy-mode resonance (LMR) is of great interest in sensor applications. Until now, this phenomenon has been shown only in fibers or planar waveguides; however, given the rapid development of such an important technological area as photonic integrated circuits (PICs), it is important to transfer LMR technology specifically to PICs. In this article, we propose the theoretical development of an integrated polymer-based LMR sensor that will also contribute to the development of hybrid organic–inorganic PICs. This work theoretically shows that LMR can be achieved using polymer SU-8 waveguides on a glass substrate, on top of which TiO2 is deposited. In addition, the paper shows that multiple resonances can be achieved in the developed integrated sensor. The highest sensor sensitivity (about 1400 nm/RIU) was achieved with 40 nm of TiO2. The effect of the waveguide and coating geometries, as well as the polarizations of propagating modes, is studied in this paper.

Perovskite-based Lossy-mode resonance sensor in visible light spectrum: Comparison and optimization of optical enhancements

This work considered a two-dimensional hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite thin film with various thicknesses within a sandwiched structure of P3HT: PC61BM and PEDOT: PSS (the top and bottom sides). The optical absorption based on the method of attenuated total reflection was calculated. Then, a detailed primeval study on the lossy mode resonance (LMR) behavior of perovskite thin film as a refractive index sensor was theoretically investigated by defining surrounding media with various refractive indices ranging from 1.33 to 1.44. Since one of the efficient ways to improve the performance of the LMR sensor is optimizing the thickness of the lossy layer, herein, both polarization absorption spectra were studied. The results revealed that the transverse magnetic (TM) mode experienced more loss variation with exhibiting higher red-shift versus rather than transverse electric (TE) mode. The highest sensitivity of 3400 refractive index unit (RIU−1) was achieved; with such high sensitivity to the surrounding environment variations, the proposed structure indicates a versatile prospect. We believe that the perovskite-based LMR sensor can play an influential role in signal detection in biochemical sensors.

A high sensitivity lossy mode resonance refractive index sensor based on SBS structure

This paper presents a theoretical model of lossy mode resonance (LMR) prism refractive index sensor based on the SBS (sensing medium/black phosphorus/sensing medium) structure. By using the sensing medium as the matching layer and the black phosphorus (BP) as the lossy layer, the sensor’s performance under angular interrogation is effectively improved. In addition, the implications on the reflectance of changes in the sensor structure are investigated in detail and the principles for the design of the device are summarized in this paper. Results show that the device has a refractive index detection range of 1.33–1.49, with different sensing properties under TE and TM polarized light. This LMR sensor has a high sensitivity under TE polarized light with a sensitivity range of 83–420 °/RIU and a maximum quality factor of 9.9×105 RIU−1 under TM polarized light. We believe that the proposed structure can be broadly applied to chemical biomolecular detection, environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis, and other fields.

Perovskite-Based Lossy-Mode Resonance Sensor in Visible Light Spectrum: Comparison and Optimization of Optical Enhancements

Perovskite-Based Lossy-Mode Resonance Sensor in Visible Light Spectrum: Comparison and Optimization of Optical Enhancements

Lossy mode resonance sensor modified with TiO2/PSS&Au-nanoparticles bilayers for highly sensitive refractive index sensing

A novel lossy mode resonance (LMR) based sensor modified with TiO2/PSS&Au-nanoparticles (Au-NPs) bilayers is proposed for refractive index (RI) sensing. Three significant parameters of Au-NPs, including the shape, the interval between each other and the distance from the surface of LMR, are optimized using finite element method. Meanwhile, the resonance spectra of sensors with different amounts of bilayers are recorded and discussed. And then the sensitivity is studied and compared. Results indicate that Au-NPs significantly enhance the electric field strength (EFS) around sensors. In order to maximize EFS, the shape of Au-NPs is set as pyramid, the interval between each other is set as 0.1° and the distance from the surface of LMR is set as 5 nm. Meanwhile, as the number of bilayers increase, the valley in resonance spectra becomes more obvious. Because of the modification of bilayers, the sensitivity of the sensor we proposed reaches 6,405 nm/RIU when surrounding RI is from 1.3667 to 1.4140, which is 1.4 times higher than that of the sensor which only modified with TiO2/PSS.

Angular Interrogation-Based Self-Referenced LMR Sensor With High Sensitivity and High Figure of Merit

In this letter, we present the first report on self-referenced lossy mode resonance (LMR) based refractive index (RI) sensor, which operates in angular interrogation scheme. The proposed design consists of a coating of ITO over a silica prism which is further coated by Teflon and ITO films. The proposed design was optimized for the best performance of the sensor and therefore the thickness of the ITO and Teflon layers were optimized for TE and TM polarization of light. For the TM polarization, the highest sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM) are 93.01°/RIU and 845.50 RIU <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup> respectively and for TE mode, the highest sensitivity and FOM are 83.74°/RIU and 322.10 RIU <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup> , respectively around 1.38 RI of analyte medium. To explain the sensing and self-referenced mechanisms, the electromagnetic (EM) field profiles were plotted using COMSOL which helps one understand the working of the sensor.

Lossy-mode-resonance sensor based on perovskite nanomaterial with high sensitivity.

Lossy-mode-resonance (LMR) is a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-analogue optical phenomenon, which is sensitive to the surrounding environment variations and can be considered as an important detection signal in biochemical sensors. Compared with the SPR sensor which can only operate under transverse magnetic (TM)-polarized light, the LMR sensor shows a more excellent application prospect and can operate in both TM- and transverse electric (TE)-polarized light. In this work, a CH3NH3PbBr3-based LMR configuration is proposed to apply in optical sensors. When the incident light is in TM mode, the preferred way to improve the performance of the LMR sensor is optimizing the thickness of the matching layer, and the highest sensitivity of 11382 refractive index unit (RIU-1) is achieved, which is more than 200 times larger than that of the conventional Au-based SPR sensor; when the incident light is in TE mode, it is more advantageous to improve the properties of LMR sensor by optimizing the thickness of CH3NH3PbBr3 layer, and a high sensitivity of 21697 RIU-1 is obtained. With such high sensitivity, we believe that the CH3NH3PbBr3-based LMR sensor will find potential applications in biology, medicine, chemistry and other fields.

Lossy mode resonance sensor assisted by dual long-period fiber gratings with core-mode blocker

A novel sensor configuration consisting of TiO2 film and dual long-period fiber gratings (LPFG) with an in-between core-mode blocker (CMB) is proposed and numerically investigated. TiO2 film is on the cladding surface of separation fiber between two identical LPFGs and lossy mode resonance (LMR) is induced by a single cladding mode which is coupled from core mode by the first grating. Afterwards, the cladding mode influenced by LMR is recoupled into core mode by the second grating. As a result, the output spectrum is characterized as a dip in the top of a bandpass spectrum curve. The central wavelength of this dip is sensitive to surrounding refractive index and the numerical analysis reveals that the sensitivity reaches 5075 nm/RIU with excellent linearity. In this configuration, the bandwidth of attenuation dip is reduced in a great manner since LMR is induced by a single cladding mode. Moreover, this sensor configuration synthesizes the advantages of both LMR and LPFG, which offers additional degrees of freedom in the sensor design.

Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides-Based High Sensitivity Lossy Mode Refractive Index Sensor

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have very potential properties for sensing applications. Hence, a lossy-mode resonance (LMR) refractive index (RI) sensor based on TMDs- indium-tin-oxide (ITO) configuration is proposed for high imaging sensitivity. A significant advantage of the proposed LMR sensor is that can achieve sharp resonance curves for both the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarizations while the traditional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor can only support TM polarizations. Through theoretical analysis, we found that the imaging sensitivity can be improved to 6438 RIU−1 ( $\text{n}_{s}=1$ .330) and 6695 RIU−1 ( $\text{n}_{s}=1$ .340) for TE and TM polarizations, respectively. It is an existing improvement of about 85.84 times and 11.5 times correspond to the single ITO-based LMR sensor without TMDs, respectively. This article reveals the design rules of the LMR sensor after system research, which provides guidance for further research and applied in environmental monitoring, biomolecules inspection, and so on.