Loss Plateau Research Articles

Effects of Energy and Macronutrient Cycling on Weight Loss, Body Composition, and Markers of Health in Obese Women Participating in a Resistance-Based Exercise Program

Purpose: To determine whether adherence to a repeating 30-d non-linear diet intervention while participating in a supervised exercise program that includes resistance-exercise would promote weight and fat loss without weight loss plateau and whether alterations in carbohydrate and protein intake may influence results. Methods: Fifty sedentary and obese pre-menopausal females (35.2±7.6 years; 88.7±18 kg, 32.6±6 kg/m2, 42.5±4.2% fat) were randomly assigned to an exercise-only (EX) or EX plus diets containing higher proportions of carbohydrate or protein. Diets were hypoenergetic for 30-d (7-d at 1,200 kcals/d, 21-d at 1,500 kcal/d), more isoenergetic for 30-d (2,200 kcals/d), and repeated three times during a 24-wk intervention. Diets were either 45:30:24 (HCD) or 30:45:25 (HPD) carbohydate:protein:fat. All participants performed 30-min resistance exercise (3 d/wk) and a brisk walking program (3 d/wk). Data were analyzed by general linear model (GLM) statistics with repeated measures and presented as mean changes from baseline (mean [UL, LL]). Results: Participants experienced a significant and reduction in body weight (EX -2.24 [-6.5, 2.0], EX+HCD -6.99 [-9.4, -4.5], EX+HPD -4.49 [-7.1, -1.8] %), fat mass (EX -3.45 [-10.9, 4.03], EX+HCD -12.15 [-16.4, -7.9], EX+HPD -8.54 [-13.2, -3.9] %), and percent body fat (EX -1.30 [-5.6, 3.0], EX+HCD -5.91 [-8.3, -3.5], EX+HPD -4.31 [-7.0, -1.6] %) with those in the EX+HCD experiencing a more linear response. Participants in the EX and EX+HCD groups maintained fat-free mass to a better degree (EX -0.89 [-4.0, 2.2], EX+HCD -3.21 [-5.0, -1.2], EX+HPD -1.92 [-3.8, 0.002] %). Participants dieting generally experiencing greater benefit with some evidence that those in the EX+HPD experienced greater changes in blood lipids. Conclusion: A 30-day repeated non-linear diet can promote fat and weight loss without a plateau. Consuming a HPD may help maintain fat-free mass during weight loss and improve some markers of health compared to HCD interventions.

Influence of Check Dams on Flood and Erosion Dynamic Processes of a Small Watershed in the Loss Plateau

As an important soil and water conservation engineering measure, check dams have been constructed on a large scale in the Loess Plateau of China. However, their effects on runoff and sediment processes in the basin are still unclear. In this study, the hydrodynamic processes of the Wangmaogou watershed located in the Loess Plateau were simulated, and the influence of check dams on the flood and erosion dynamic processes in this watershed were also evaluated. The results showed that the check dams obviously reduced the flood peak and flood volume and mitigated the flood process. After the dam system was completed, the flood peak and flood volume were reduced by 65.34% and 58.67%, respectively. The erosion dynamic distribution of the main channel in the small watershed was changed to different extents by the different dam type combinations, and the erosion dynamic parameters of the channel decreased most after the dam system was completed, when the velocity and runoff shear stress of the outlet section were reduced by 10.69% and 31.08%, respectively. Additionally, the benefits of sediment reduction were most obvious after the check dam system was completed, with the sediment discharge in the watershed being reduced by 83.92%. The results of this study would provide specific implications for construction and management of check dams in the Loess plateau.

Ammonia volatilization under different nitrogen and water treatments of tomato-watermelon rotation system in solar greenhouse in Losses Plateau, China

To understand the characteristics of ammonia volatilization in Losses Plateau, an experiment was conducted in a typical solar greenhouse involving four treatments. Intermittent ventilation chamber method was used to measure NH3 volatilization over the period of tomato-watermelon rotation. The results showed that nitrogen transformation was rapid in solar greenhouse system. The peak NH3 volatilization rate appeared one to two days after fertilization with the range from 0.26 to 2.02 kg N·hm-2·d-1. The NH3 volatilization lasted for about one week in all treatments. No significant differences were recorded in terms of cumulative NH3 volatilization among all nitrogen fertilizer input treatments. The cumulative NH3 losses further increased about 46.7% in two seasons under the same nitrogen application rate, however when irrigation application was decreased. The average NH3 vola-tilization rate and cumulative NH3 losses in watermelon season were higher compared to tomato season, which might be attributed to high temperature during watermelon season. Soil NH4+-N content, water filled pore space, soil temperature of 0-5 cm layer and air temperature all had extremely significant effect on NH3 volatilization rate, while a negative correlation was observed between soil pH and NH3 volatilization rate. Between the different cropping seasons, the rate of NH3 volatilization and cumulative NH3 losses were different, and decreased with decreases in nitrogen input, while reduced irrigation volume increased NH3 volatilization under the same nitrogen application rate.

Spatz3 Adjustable Balloon: Weight Loss and Response Rates in Brazil

Background: The degree of efficacy and duration of effect of Intragastric Balloons (IGBs) can be variable and unpredictable. The Spatz Adjustable Intragastric Balloon (AIGB) was developed to address these issues by extending implantation to 1 year, decreasing balloon volume for intolerance and increasing volume for decreased balloon effect.Aims: To determine the efficacy and response rate of the Spatz3 AIGB.Methods: Results of 379 consecutive patients (pts) implanted with the Spatz3 AIGB were retrospectively reviewed (3 lost to follow up). Mean BMI 35.5; mean weight (wt) 97.5 kg; mean excess wt 29.1 kg; mean balloon volume 600ml. Balloon volume adjustments were offered: Down adjustments for intolerance and up adjustments for decreased balloon effect.Results: The mean implantation time of 376 pts was 10.6 months yielding mean wt loss 14.9 kg; mean 15.1% Total Body Wt Loss (%TBL) and 58% Excess Wt Loss(%EWL). Response rate (> 25%EWL) was achieved in 79% (297/376) of pts. Down adjustments in 95 pts (mean 2.4 months; mean -152.4 ml) allowed 76/95 (80%) to continue IGB therapy for at least 6 months (mean 9.1 months). Up adjustments in 205/376 (54.5%) pts (mean 5.8 months; mean + 179.2 ml) yielded additional mean wt loss of 6.5 kg. There was 1 gastric ulcer (0.27%). One balloon deflated at 7.4 months and 4 others deflated after 1 year (13-23 months).Conclusions: In this retrospective review of 376 Spatz3 AIGB patients, up adjustments yielded a mean 6.5kg extra wt loss for those with wt loss plateau, and down adjustments alleviated early intolerance. These two adjustment functions may be instrumental in yielding a successful outcome (> 25% EWL) in 79% of pts.

Weight Loss Medications in Young Adults after Bariatric Surgery for Weight Regain or Inadequate Weight Loss: A Multi-Center Study.

This paper presents a retrospective cohort study of weight loss medications in young adults aged 21 to 30 following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) between November 2000 and June 2014. Data were collected from patients who used topiramate, phentermine, and/or metformin postoperatively. Percentage of patients achieving ≥5%, ≥10%, or ≥15% weight loss on medications was determined and percent weight change on each medication was compared to percent weight change of the rest of the cohort. Our results showed that 54.1% of study patients lost ≥5% of their postsurgical weight; 34.3% and 22.9% lost ≥10% and ≥15%, respectively. RYGB had higher median percent weight loss (−8.1%) than SG (−3.3%) (p = 0.0515). No difference was found in median percent weight loss with medications started at weight plateau (−6.0%) versus after weight regain (−5.4%) (p = 0.5304). Patients taking medications at weight loss plateau lost 41.2% of total body weight from before surgery versus 27.1% after weight regain (p = 0.076). Median percent weight change on metformin was −2.9% compared to the rest of the cohort at −7.7% (p = 0.0241). No difference from the rest of the cohort was found for phentermine (p = 0.2018) or topiramate (p = 0.3187). Topiramate, phentermine, and metformin are promising weight loss medications for 21 to 30 year olds. RYGB patients achieve more weight loss on medications but both RYGB and SG benefit. Median total body weight loss from pre-surgical weight may be higher in patients that start medication at postsurgical nadir weight. Participants on metformin lost significantly smaller percentages of weight on medications, which could be the result of underlying medical conditions.

Spatial-temporal consistency between gross primary productivity and solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence of vegetation in China during 2007–2014

Accurately estimating spatial-temporal patterns of gross primary production (GPP) is important for the global carbon cycle. Satellite-based light use efficiency (LUE) models are regarded as an efficient tool in simulating spatial-temporal dynamics of GPP. However, the accuracy assessment of GPP simulations from LUE models at both spatial and temporal scales remains a challenge. In this study, we simulated GPP of vegetation in China during 2007–2014 using a LUE model (Vegetation Photosynthesis Model, VPM) based on MODIS (moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) images with 8-day temporal and 500-m spatial resolutions and NCEP (National Center for Environmental Prediction) climate data. Global Ozone Monitoring Instrument 2 (GOME-2) solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) data were used to compare with VPM simulated GPP (GPPVPM) temporally and spatially using linear correlation analysis. Significant positive linear correlations exist between monthly GPPVPM and SIF data over a single year (2010) and multiple years (2007–2014) in most areas of China. GPPVPM is also significantly positive correlated with GOME-2 SIF (R2 > 0.43) spatially for seasonal scales. However, poor consistency was detected between GPPVPM and SIF data at yearly scale. GPP dynamic trends have high spatial-temporal variation in China during 2007–2014. Temperature, leaf area index (LAI), and precipitation are the most important factors influence GPPVPM in the regions of East Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Loss Plateau, and Southwestern China, respectively. The results of this study indicate that GPPVPM is temporally and spatially in line with GOME-2 SIF data, and space-borne SIF data have great potential for evaluating LUE-based GPP models.

The diagnostic criteria of "weight loss plateau" phenomenon in the treatment of obesity

Background. The phenomenon of "weight loss plateau" is not fully understood, and because of this practitioners may reasonably have difficulties in determining its truth or falsity; there is no clear boarders to identify this condition.
 Aims. To generate diagnostic criteria of "weight loss plateau" phenomenon useful for estimating the rate of weight gain dynamics in the treatment of obesity.
 Materials and methods. Statistical analysis of basal metabolism (BM) calculated level (the sample mean and sample standard deviation) on the basis of potential mathematically matched anthropometric data with subsequent determination of the proportion of these BM values difference in overweight and obesity patients, and numbers of the desired weight.
 Results. Formation of a numeric array on theoretically inherent output, obtained the average proportion of the difference between present BM values and recommended indicators that are proposed to be guided to determine the phenomenon of "weight loss plateau" in the process of diet therapy of obesity.
 Conclusions. Authors offer available for using algorithm, which allows establish the potential availability of "weight loss plateau" phenomenon and its truth or falsity on different stages of weight loss process in obesity. These arguments need further scientific dialogue and research.

Evaluation of soil loss change after Grain for Green Project in the Loss Plateau: a case study of Yulin, China

Soil erosion is one of the serious and urgent issues in the Loss Plateau of China. Chinese government has implemented Grain for Green Project to restore the ecological environment since 1999. In order to explore the spatiotemporal evolution of erosion and sediment yield before and after Grain for Green Project in the Loss Plateau, annual soil loss of Yulin from 2000 to 2013 is estimated by Chinese Water Erosion on Hillslope Prediction Model in conjunction with Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems. This model has the characteristics of a simple algorithm and can be applied to predict erosion in the Loss Plateau. The result shows that vegetation cover increased significantly after Grain for Green Project, and the annual average value of NDVI increased from 0.20 to 0.33. The spatiotemporal variations of soil erosion are largely related to rainfall erosion distribution, slope, and land use type. The overall soil erosion categories in the south region are higher than those of the northwest. Mid slopes and valleys are the major topographic contributors to soil erosion. With the growth of slope gradient, soil erosion significantly increased. The soil loss has a decreasing tendency after Grain for Green Project. Although the rainfall of 2002 and 2013 is similar, the soil loss decreased from 5192.86 to 3598.94 t/(km2 a), decreasing by 30.33%. It is also expressed that soil loss appears a reducing trend in the same degree of slope and elevation in 2002, 2007, and 2013. Under the simulation of the maximum and the minimum rainfall, soil erosion amount in 2013 decreased by 29.16 and 30.88%. The study proved that GFG has already achieved conservation of water and soil. The results indicate that the vegetation restoration as part of the Grain for Green Project on the Loss Plateau is effective.

Loss Generation in Transonic Turbine Blading

The measured loss characteristic in a high-speed cascade tunnel of two turbine blades of different designs showed distinctly different trends with exit Mach number ranging from 0.8 to 1.4. Assessments using steady Reynolds-averaged Navier--Stokes equations (RANS) computation of the flow in the two turbine blades, complemented with control volume analyses and loss modeling, elucidate why the measured loss characteristic looks the way it is. The loss model categorizes the total loss in terms of boundary layer loss, trailing edge (TE) loss, and shock loss; it yields results in good agreement with the experimental data as well as steady RANS computed results. Thus, RANS is an adequate tool for determining the loss variations with exit isentropic Mach number and the loss model serves as an effective tool to interpret both the computational and the experimental data. The measured loss plateau in blade 1 for exit Mach number of 1–1.4 is due to a balance between a decrease of blade surface boundary layer loss and an increase in the attendant shock loss with Mach number; this plateau is absent in blade 2 due to a greater rate in shock loss increase than the corresponding decrease in boundary layer loss. For exit Mach number from 0.85 to 1, the higher loss associated with shock system in blade 1 is due to the larger divergent angle downstream of the throat than that in blade 2. However, when exit Mach number is between 1.00 and 1.30, blade 2 has higher shock loss. For exit Mach number above an approximate value of 1.4, the shock loss for the two blades is similar as the flow downstream of the throat is completely supersonic. In the transonic to supersonic flow regime, the turbine design can be tailored to yield a shock pattern the loss of which can be mitigated in near equal amount of that from the boundary layer with increasing exit Mach number, hence yielding a loss plateau in transonic-supersonic regime.

Effects of green manures during fallow on moisture and nutrients of soil and winter wheat yield on the Loss Plateau of China

The application of catch crops as a green manure can enhance soil fertility owing to improving soil nutrients. We conducted one year field experiment to evaluate the effect of catch crops [Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under different sowing rates and Soy bean (Glycine max L.)] with biological organic fertilizer 1,500 kg/ha on wheat yield and soil nutrients. The green manures were sown on 3th July 2015 during summer fallow. At the beginning, there were five treatments as follows: R1 (Rapeseed and sowing rate was 7.5 kg/ha); R2 (Rapeseed and sowing rate was 15 kg/ha); R3 (Rapeseed and sowing rate was 22.5 kg/ha); S (Soy bean and sowing rate was 105 kg/ha); C (Control was bare field). Every green manure treatment was split into two treatments on 27th September 2015. One treatment we turned the above ground biomass of green manure into the soil. And another treatment we harvested the above ground biomass of green manure. The above ground biomass turned into soil treatments were G1, G3, G5 and G7. The above ground biomass harvested treatments were G2, G4, G6 and G8. The treatment C was still the bare field. Soil samples were taken twice to measure soil moisture and nutrients at two stages. One stage was in autumn before winter wheat sowing and another stage was in next year summer after wheat harvest. The significantly highest 1,000-grain weight and grain yield belonged to the treatment C, which were 10.69%-36.87% and 16.86%-72.5% higher than that of the green manures treatments. After wheat harvest, the 0-20 cm soil available N and total N of G7 were 51.40%-20.45% and 95.12%-125.35% significantly better than that of other treatments. The significantly highest soil total P of 0-20 cm belonged to G3 after wheat harvest, which was 25%-45.83% better than other treatments. Before wheat sowing, the treatment C kept the significantly lowest soil available K of five layers. The 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil organic matter of the treatment S was 40.28%-71.12% and 53.92%-122.67% significantly higher than other treatments before wheat sowing. Therefore, growing rapeseed and soy bean during summer fallow in this region significantly reduced 1,000-grain weight and grain yield of subsequent winter wheat. But the incorporation of green manures improved the soil nutrients to some extent.

Spatially explicit assessment of ecosystem services in China's Loess Plateau: Patterns, interactions, drivers, and implications

Abstract Human demands for natural resources have significantly changed the natural landscape and induced ecological degradation and associated ecosystem services. An understanding of the patterns, interactions, and drivers of ecosystem services is essential for the ecosystem management and guiding targeted land use policy-making. The Losses Plateau (LP) provides ecosystem services including the carbon sequestration and soil retention, and exerts tremendous impacts on the midstream and downstream of the Yellow River. Three dominant ecosystem services between 2000 and 2012 within the LP were presented based on multiple source datasets and biophysical models. In addition, paired ecosystem services interactions were quantified using the correlation analysis and constraint line approach. The main conclusions are as follows. It was observed that the warming and wetting climate and ecological program jointly promoted the vegetation growth and carbon sequestration. The increasing precipitation throughout 2000–2012 was related to the soil retention and hydrological regulation fluctuations. The vegetation restoration played a positive role in the soil retention enhancement, thus substantially reduced water and sediment yields. The relationships between ecosystem services were not only correlations (tradeoffs or synergies), but rather constraint effects. The constraint effects between the three paired ecosystem services could be classified as the negative convex (carbon sequestration vs. hydrological regulation) and hump-shaped (soil retention vs. carbon sequestration and soil retention vs. hydrological regulation), and the coefficients of determination for the entire LP were 0.78, 0.84, and 0.65, respectively. In the LP, the rainfall (water availability) was the key constraint factor that affected the relationships between the paired ecosystem services. The spatially explicit mapping of ecosystem services and interaction analyses utilizing constraint line approach enriched the understanding of connections between ecosystem services and the potential drivers, which had important implications for the land use planning and landscapes services optimizing.

Soil erosion assessment in the core area of the Loss Plateau

In order to explore the spatiotemporal evolution of erosion and sediment yield before and after Grain for Green Project in the Loss Plateau. The soil loss of Yulin is estimated by Chinese Water Erosion on Hill Slope Prediction Model. The result shows that the spatiotemporal variations of soil erosion are largely related to rainfall erosion distribution, slope, and land use type. The overall soil erosion categories in the south region are higher than that of the northwest. Mid slopes and valleys are the major topographical contributors to soil erosion. With the growth of slope gradient, soil erosion significantly increased. The soil loss has a decreasing tendency after Grain for Green Project. The results indicate that the vegetation restoration as part of the Grain for Green Project on the Loess Plateau is effective.

Response Rates with the Spatz3 Adjustable Balloon

Intragastric balloons (IGBs) have demonstrated efficacy; however, the percent of "responders" (>25% estimated weight loss (EWL) or >10% total body weight loss (TBWL)-as suggested by FDA) have been less reported. The Spatz3 adjustable intragastric balloon (AIGB) extends implantation to 1year, decreases balloon volume for intolerance, and increases volume for diminishing effect. The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy/responder rate of the Spatz3 AIGB. Implantations of Spatz3 in 165 consecutive patients (pts) in 2 centers were retrospectively reviewed. Mean BMI is 35.7, mean weight (wt) 99.1kg, and mean balloon volume 495ml (400-600ml). Balloon volume adjustments were offered for intolerance and for wt loss plateau. In total, 165 pts were implanted yielding mean wt loss of 16.3kg, 16.4% TBWL, and 67.4% EWL. Response (>25% EWL; 10% TBWL) was achieved in 146/165 (88.5%) of patients. Response rates differed for 136 pts with BMI <40 (91.2%) and 29 pts with BMI >40 (69%). Down adjustments in 20 patients (mean -150ml) allowed 16/20 (80%) to continue IGB therapy. Up adjustments in 64 patients (mean 5.4months; mean +260ml) yielded additional mean wt loss of 5.7kg. One gastric perforation (0.6%) occurred in a patient who experienced abdominal pain for 2weeks. Five patients with small ulcers did not require balloon extraction. (1) Within the limitations of a retrospective review, the Spatz3 balloon appears to be an effective wt loss balloon with better response rates in BMI <40. (2) Up adjustments yielded a mean 5.7kg extra wt loss. (3) Down adjustments alleviated early intolerance in 80% of patients. (4) These two adjustment functions may be instrumental in yielding a responder rate of 88.5%.

Proportional Feedback Control of Energy Intake During Obesity Pharmacotherapy

ObjectiveObesity pharmacotherapies result in an exponential time course for energy intake whereby large early decreases dissipate over time. This pattern of declining drug efficacy to decrease energy intake results in a weight loss plateau within approximately one year. We aimed to elucidate the physiology underlying the exponential decay of drug effects on energy intake.MethodsWe examined the placebo-subtracted energy intake time courses during long-term obesity pharmacotherapy trials for 14 different drugs or drug combinations within the theoretical framework of a proportional feedback control system regulating human body weight.ResultsAssuming each obesity drug had a relatively constant effect on average energy intake and did not affect other model parameters, our model correctly predicted that long-term placebo-subtracted energy intake was linearly related to early reductions in energy intake according to a pre-specified equation with no free parameters. The simple model explained about 70% of the variance between drug studies with respect to the long-term effects on energy intake, although a significant proportional bias was evident.ConclusionsThe exponential decay over time of obesity pharmacotherapies to suppress energy intake can be interpreted as a relatively constant effect of each drug superimposed on a physiological feedback control system regulating body weight.

Impacts of topography on sediment discharge in Loess Plateau, China

Geomorphologic characteristics of a basin affect mass movement, water and sediment transport. The purpose of this study is to examine coupling relationship between topography and soil erosion in Loess Plateau during past 50 years (1960–2011). We firstly describe the distribution patterns of topographic characteristics and sediment discharge in specific river basins. By using mathematical methods (PCA method, linear regression and ANOVA analysis) and topographic variables, we build a comprehensive index – Erosion Topography Index (ETI). According to the research, the following findings are obtained. Firstly, average sediment discharge varies from 0.13 × 108 t to 7.56 × 108 t along the Yellow River from the upper-stream to down-stream. The sediment discharge of this region decreased 60%–90% since the year of 1980, and decrease tendency is more obvious after the year 2000 compared to the period of 1980–2011. Secondly, topographic characteristics and the Erosion Topography Index has similar distribution pattern. Thirdly, there is no significant linear correlation between ETI and all four sediment discharge variables (average sediment, total sediment, sediment of 1980–2011, and sediment of 2000–2011), but there are significant positive linear correlations (p < 0.05) between ETI and each sediment discharge variable. Furthermore, the correlation between ETI and sediment of 2000–2011 is stronger (p = 0.035) than other variables, and the gradient coefficient of them is higher (k = 0.667) than other variables too. Except the topographic characteristics, the vegetation coverage and human activities should be other factors that can influence the variations of sediment discharge in Loss Plateau.

Effects of water and fertilizer coupling on photosynthetic characteristics of maize leaves in ear position at filling stage in an apple-maize intercropping system in Losses Plateau of west Shanxi Province, China.

Taking a typical apple×maize intercropping system in the loess region of Shanxi Pro-vince, China as test object, the current study analyzed the photosynthetic characteristics of maize leaves of ear position at filling stage under different irrigation and fertilization regimes. There were three irrigation levels [low (W1), 50% field capacity (Fc); medium (W2), 65% Fc; and high (W3), 85% Fc], three fertilizer levels {F1 [N (289 kg·hm-2) + P2O5 (118 kg·hm-2) + K2O (118 kg·hm-2)]; F2 [N (412.4 kg·hm-2) + P2O5 (168.8 kg·hm-2) + K2O (168.8 kg·hm-2)], F3 [N (537 kg·hm-2) + P2O5 (219 kg·hm-2) + K2O (219 kg·hm-2)]}, and a control (CK, no irrigation and fertilization throughout the growing season). The nine irrigation and fertilization treatment combinations were W1F1, W2F1, W3F1, W1F2, W2F2, W3F2, W1F3, W2F3, and W3F3, respectively. The results indicated that different water and fertilizer regimes had no significant effect on the variation in diurnal photosynthetic indexes. However, the application of water and fertilizers considerably increased the peak value of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), exten-ded the stomatal opening period, influenced the lowest value of intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and reduced the maximum value of water use efficiency (WUE) during the day. The limiting factors affecting photosynthesis were nonstomatal factors. Stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) were both significantly negatively correlated with the distance from tree line (P<0.01). WUE were significantly positively correlated with the distance from the tree line (P<0.05). gs decreased by 0.028-0.093 mol·m-2·s-1, Tr decreased by 0.56-1.41 mmol·m-2·s-1, WUE increased by 0.08-1.00 μmol·mmol-1, as the average distance from the tree line increased by 1 m. Thus, irrigation and fertilizers significantly increased the mean value of Pn, Tr, and gs, but decreased the mean value of WUE during the day. The W3F1 treatment had the highest mean values of Pn(10.64 μmol·m-2·s-1), gs(0.295 mol·m-2·s-1), WUE (3.05 μmol·mmol-1), but a lower mean value of Tr(4.32 mmol·m-2·s-1) compared with the other treatment combinations during the day. When the total irrigation rate was 1300 m3·hm-2, the total fertilization rate was 525 kg·hm-2, Pn was at its maximum, and the theoretical maximum value was 10.32 μmol·m-2·s-1. Therefore, the W3F1 treatment was the irrigation and fertilizer regime that was most likely to improve the photosynthetic efficiency of the apple-maize intercropping system.

Pharmacotherapy in Conjunction with a Diet and Exercise Program for the Treatment of Weight Recidivism or Weight Loss Plateau Post-bariatric Surgery: a Retrospective Review.

Bariatric surgery is an effective therapeutic option for management of obesity. However, weight recidivism (WR) and weight loss plateau (WLP) are common problems. We present our experience with the use of two pharmacotherapies in conjunction with our standard diet and exercise program in those patients who experienced WR or WLP. From June 2010 to April 2014, bariatric surgery patients who experienced WR or WLP after undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), and who were treated with phentermine (Ph) or phentermine-topiramate (PhT), were reviewed retrospectively. Generalized estimating equations were used to compare patient weights through 90 days between initial surgery type and medication type. Patient weights, medication side effect, and co-morbidities were collected during the first 90 days of therapy. Fifty-two patients received Ph while 13 patients received PhT. Overall, patients in both groups lost weight. Among those whose weights were recorded at 90 days, patients on Ph lost 6.35 kg (12.8% excess weight loss (EWL); 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.25, 8.44) and those prescribed PhT lost 3.81 kg (12.9% EWL; CI 1.08, 6.54). Adjusting for baseline weight, time since surgery, and visit through 90 days, patients treated with Ph weighed significantly less than those on PhT throughout the course of this study (1.35 kg lighter; 95% CI 0.17, 2.53; p = 0.025). There were no serious side effects reported. Phentermine and phentermine-topirimate in addition to diet and exercise appear to be viable options for weight loss in post-RYGB and LAGB patients who experience WR or WLP.

Tu1467 Spatz Adjustable Balloons: Results of Adjustment for Intolerance and for Weight Loss Plateau

Tu1467 Spatz Adjustable Balloons: Results of Adjustment for Intolerance and for Weight Loss Plateau

山西平陆黄河湿地植物分类学多样性研究

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 山西平陆黄河湿地植物分类学多样性 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201312032872 作者: 作者单位: 山西大学 生命科学学院 太原,山西大学 生命科学学院 太原,山西大学黄土高原研究所 太原;山西大学 生命科学学院 太原 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 山西省回国留学人员科研项目(20100012); 山西省自然科学基金项目(2013011037-1); 科技部科技基础性工作专项资助(2011FY110300) Plant taxonomic diversity in Yellow River Wetland in Pinglu, Shanxi Author: Affiliation: School of Life Science,Shanxi University,,Institute of Loss Plateau,School of Life Science,Shanxi University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:传统的物种多样性通常使用物种数量指标α和β等多样性指数进行测度,由于其对取样和样本大小有依赖关系且极其敏感,因此取样方法的不同会对多样性的结果产生显著影响。分类学多样性方法基于分类学系统关系测量物种多样性,弥补了传统方法的不足,同时面对各种变量和不受控制的取样具有稳健性,同时也考虑了集合的分类学均匀度。不仅能反映植物群落多样性,还能间接反映环境与扰动间的关系,用于识别生态系统或生境是否处于退化阶段。为了探究平陆黄河湿地的物种多样性,检验分类学多样性方法在植物生态学方面的应用,选取了16个样地进行植物调查,并结合历史资料整理了种子植物名录,结果表明平陆黄河湿地共有植物368种,隶属于36目67科213属。含种最多的科为菊科和禾本科,分别为54种和45种。应用平均分类学差异指数(Δ+)和分类学差异变异指数(Λ+)研究了各样地的植物物种多样性:Δ+和Λ+的理论平均值分别为74.24和480;位于三门峡大坝上游和下游的样地和不同群落类型的分类学多样性均没有显著差异(P>0.05)。受人类干扰较大的车村和鳖干平均分类学差异指数值显著较低, Δ+分别为62.28和67.41,位于95%的置信漏斗外;而水分条件较好且人为干扰较少的南沟渡口和三湾湖平均分类学差异指数值最高为分别81.30和79.94。车村的分类差异变异指数值最高为814.44,其物种在不同分类阶元分布最不均一,涧北的分类差异变异指数值最低为423.31,其物种分布相对较均一。传统的多样性方法难以全面的反映某个区域的物种组成、分布和多样性,此外分类学多样性的高低与物种数量的多少没有一定的相关关系, Δ+与S、Λ+与S的相关关系分别为-0.257和-0.187(P > 0.05)。耕作、生态旅游、日常活动等人为干扰因素可能是造成平陆黄河湿地分类学多样性降低及物种在不同分类等级间分布不均匀的主要原因。 Abstract:A study of traditional diversity study focuses on the number of species in a given ecosystem. Traditional indices are extremely sensitive to the sampling method and sample size; changes in sampling efforts often significantly impact on the level of diversity in an ecosystem, and it is difficult to compare data sets collected at different times and regions. Taxonomic diversity is used to measure species diversity, and not only species abundances and distribution but also taxonomic relatedness are considered. Furthermore, this method is robust and minimally influenced by variables or uncontrolled sampling efforts. On the other hand, taxonomic evenness of an assemblage should also be considered. It not only reflects community diversity; but also provides information on the relationship between environmental factors and indirect disturbance, which are often applied to identify whether the ecological system or environment is undergoing degradation. To explore the species diversity in Yellow River Wetlands, Pinglu,Shanxi, and to test the application of taxonomic diversity in plant ecology, 16 sites were chosen around the Sanmenxia Dam, Pinglu and a species list was established. In the present study, 368 species belonging to 213 genera, 67 families and 36 orders were recorded in this region. Most of the species belonged to the families Compositae (54 species) and Poaceae (45 species). Plant species diversity was studied using average taxonomic distinctness (Δ+) and variation in taxonomic distinctness (Λ+) and a confidence funnel was obtained. The expected value of Δ+ and Λ+ were 74.24 and 480, respectively. No significant difference were observed among the different stands both upstream and downstream of Sanmenxia Dam and various community types (P>0.05). The average taxonomic distinctness values of Checun (62.28) and Biegan (67.41), which severely disturbed by human activities, were lower and below the confidence limit. The average taxonomic distinctness values for Nangou Ferry and Sanwan Lake, which were sites with better water availability and less disturbance, were higher, (81.30 and 79.94,respectively). The value of Λ+in Checun (814.44) was the highest, suggesting that the species distribution in this site was less homogeneous. The value of Λ+ in Jianbei (423.31) was the lowest, with species distribution being homogeneous. Traditional diversity methods hardly reflect species composition, distribution and diversity; and there is no certain correlations between taxonomic diversity and species number. The correlation coefficient between Δ+ and S was 0.257(P > 0.05), and that between Λ+ and S was -0.187(P > 0.05). Anthropogenic activites such as cultivation and tourism are dominant factors that have caused the significant decrease in taxonomic diversity and non-uniform sapatial distribution of species of different taxa in Yellow River Wetlands. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

One year adjustable intragastric balloon: safety and efficacy of the Spatz3 adjustable balloons

Background: The Spatz3 Adjustable balloon system is approved for 1 year implantation and allows multiple changes in the balloon volume during the course of implantation.Other intragastric balloons are currently approved for 6 months and their balloon volumes cannot be adjusted after implantation.Aim: To determine the efficacy and safety of the Spatz3 adjustable balloon system.Methods: Seventy seven consecutive patients (66 females and 11 males) in two medical centers were implanted with the Spatz3 adjustable balloon device and were followed prospectively. The patients’ mean BMI was 37.2; the mean weight was 108.7 kg; the mean age was 41 (16-68); the mean balloon volume was 469 ml (450-500 ml). Adjustments were made for intolerance or weight loss plateau.Results: The mean weight loss at 1 year was 17.2 kg with 15.9 % weight loss and 42.9 % Excess Weight Loss (%EWL). Eighteen patients underwent balloon volume adjustments: three downward adjustments of 100 -150 cc which alleviated early intolerance; 15 upward adjustments (mean 320 ml; range 200-500) at a mean 4.1 months (range 2-5 months) yielded additional mean wt loss of 8.2 kg (range 0-25 kg) after the adjustment. Three balloons were removed before the 1 year completion date due to intolerance and three others were removed for other reasons (pregnancy, gall bladder surgery, and alcoholism). There was one episode of gastric ulceration which required endoscopic therapy and balloon removal. There were no deflations or perforations. Conclusions: The Spatz3 adjustable balloon is a safe and effective treatment for weight loss. The adjustability function can yield greater weight loss for those who show weight loss plateau and can mitigate intolerance.