Loss Processes Research Articles

Experimental and theoretical investigation of benzothiazole oxidation by OH in air and the role of O2.

Benzothiazole (BTH) and its derivatives are amongst a group of emerging contaminants that are widely distributed in the environment due to their extensive use in many different consumer products. In air, reaction with the hydroxyl radical (OH) is expected to be a major loss process for BTH in the gas phase, but the kinetics and mechanisms are unknown. Here, we report a combination of experiments and theory to determine both the rate constant and products of the reaction of OH with the smallest member of the series, benzothiazole, in the gas phase. The mechanism first involves an attack by OH on BTH to produce several OHBTH intermediates. This is followed by O2 reactions with OHBTH, leading to several stable products successfully predicted by theory. Relative rate studies at 1 atm in air and 298 K using benzene as a reference gave a rate constant for the BTH + OH reaction of 2.1 ± 0.1 × 10-12 (1σ) cm3 per molecule per s, which translates to a lifetime in air of 5.5 days at 1 × 106 OH cm-3. Four hydroxybenzothiazole products reflecting attack on different carbon atoms of the benzene ring were measured (n-OHBTH, where n = 4, 5, 6, 7), with the relative product yields well predicted by the calculated formation energies of the pre-reaction OH⋯BTH complex. Attack of OH on the -CH of the thiazole ring leads to the formation of 2-OHBTH, representing a smaller fraction of the overall reaction, and is shown to proceed through a more complex mechanism than attack on the benzene ring. A theoretical approach to predicting chromatographic retention times of the products based on solvation free energies (ΔGsolv) was successful for most of the products. These studies illustrate how the powerful combination of experiment and theory can be used to predict products of atmospheric oxidation of emerging contaminants and ultimately used to assess their impacts on the environment.

A Simple Model of the Radio–Infrared Correlation Depending on Gas Surface Density and Redshift

We introduce a simple parametric model of the radio–infrared correlation (i.e., the ratio between the IR luminosity and the 1.4 GHz radio luminosity, q IR) by considering the energy loss rate of high-energy cosmic-ray (CR) electrons governed by radiative cooling (synchrotron, bremsstrahlung, inverse Compton scattering), ionization, and adiabatic expansion. Each process of CR electron energy loss is explicitly computed and compared to each other. We rewrite the energy loss rate of each process to be dependent on the gas surface density and redshift using the relevant scaling relations. By combining each energy loss rate, the fraction of the synchrotron energy loss rate is computed as a function of gas surface density and redshift and used to extrapolate the well-established “local” radio–infrared correlation to the high-redshift Universe. The locally established q IR is reformulated to be dependent upon the redshift and the gas surface density and applied for understanding the observed distribution of the radio–infrared correlation of high-redshift galaxies in I. Delvecchio et al. Our model predicts that the q IR value is anticorrelated with gas surface density and the redshift dependency of the q IR value changes by the gas surface density of galaxies, which captures the observed trend of q IR values for stellar-mass-selected star-forming galaxies with a minimal impact of radio–infrared selection bias.

Effect of Different Postharvest Pre-Cooling Treatments on Quality of Water Bamboo Shoots (Zizania latifolia) during Refrigerated Storage

Post-harvest pre-cooling of water bamboo shoots (WBS) [Zizania latifolia] can effectively delay its quality deterioration. Six types of pre-cooling treatments were used to pre-cooling post-harvest WBS, including cold slightly acidic electrolytic water pre-cooling (CSAEW), cold water pre-cooling (CWPC), vacuum pre-cooling (VPC), strong wind pre-cooling (SWPC), refrigerator pre-cooling (RPC), and fluid ice pre-cooling (FIPC). The effects of different pre-cooling treatments on the quality of refrigerated WBS were investigated. The results showed that the FIPC treatment was harmful to the storage quality of WBS, while the other five pre-cooling treatments could extend the shelf life of WBS to some extent. These pre-cooling treatments can inhibit the respiration of WBS, slow down its weight loss and lignification process, and maintain its relatively high levels of nutrient content and antioxidant activity. The CSAEW treatment outperformed other treatments in terms of bactericidal action and microbiological content control for WBS during storage. The protective effect of CSAEW treatment on the storage quality of WBS was relatively the best, and extended the shelf life of WBS by 12 days compared to the control group. This study indicated that the CSAEW pre-cooling treatment offers a new choice for pre-cooling root vegetables.

Apparatus for producing single strontium atoms in an optical tweezer array

Abstract We outline an experimental setup for efficiently preparing a tweezer array of $^{88}$Sr atoms. Our setup uses permanent magnets to maintain a steady-state two-dimensional magneto-optical trap (MOT) which results in a loading rate of up to $10^{8}$ s$^{-1}$ at 5 mK for the three-dimensional blue MOT. This enables us to trap $2\times10^{6}$ $^{88}$Sr atoms at 2 $\mu$K in a narrow-line red MOT with the $^{1}$S$_{0}$ $\rightarrow$ $^{3}$P$_{1}$ intercombination transition at 689 nm. With the Sisyphus cooling and pairwise loss processes, single atoms are trapped and imaged in 813 nm optical tweezers, exhibiting a lifetime of 2.5 minutes. We further investigate the survival fraction of a single atom in the tweezers and characterize the optical tweezer array using a release and recapture technique. Our experimental setup serves as an excellent reference for those engaged in experiments involving optical tweezer arrays, cold atom systems, and similar research.

Atomically dispersed Ru on flower-like In2O3 to boost CO2 hydrogenation to methanol

Metal-based catalysts are prevalent in the CO2 hydrogenation to methanol owing to their remarkable catalytic activity. Herein, Ru/In2O3 catalysts with different morphologies obtained by doping Ru into In2O3 with irregular, rod-like, and flower-like morphologies are used for catalytic CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Results indicate that the flower-like Ru/In2O3 (Ru/In2O3-F) exhibits higher catalytic performance than Ru/In2O3 with other morphologies, achieving a 12.9% CO2 conversion, 74.02% methanol selectivity, and 671.36 mgMeOH·h−1·gcat−1 methanol spatiotemporal yield. Furthermore, Ru/In2O3-F maintains its catalytic stability over 200 h at 5 MPa and 290 °C. The promotional effect mainly stems from the fact that electronic structure of Ru can be effectively adjusted by modulating the morphology of In2O3. The strong interaction between atomically dispersed Ru and In2O3-F enhances the structural stability of Ru, inhibiting the agglomeration of the catalyst during the reaction process. Furthermore, density-functional theory calculations reveal that highly dispersed Ru atoms not only perform efficient and rapid electronic gain and loss processes, facilitating the catalytic activation of H2 into H intermediates. It also enables the generated reactive H to rapidly overflow to the surrounding In sites to participate in CO2 reduction. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the development of high-performance catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation.

Modeling Pitch Angle Dependent Electron Precipitation Using Electron Lifetimes

AbstractElectron precipitation, a crucial link between Earth's magnetosphere and atmosphere, profoundly influences the coupled magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐atmosphere system. Existing models of the ring current often rely on electron lifetimes for characterizing the effects of pitch‐angle scattering, thus limiting accurate predictions of loss cone dynamics. This study introduces a method called steady‐state approximation (steady state approximation) utilizing the steady‐state solution of the pitch‐angle diffusion operator to calculate pitch angle resolved flux within the loss cone. The method enables precise comparisons with low‐earth orbit satellite measurements to validate parameterized electron lifetimes. Applying this approach to reevaluate a prior study, we uncover underestimated electron precipitation during geomagnetic storms, particularly in the pre‐midnight sector. This discrepancy reveals a previously overlooked loss process. Our method enhances the fidelity of global magnetospheric simulations, contributing to improved predictions of ionospheric conductance and atmospheric chemistry dynamics.

Conservation with hard borders: Ethiopian wolves are threatened by fragmentation and isolation

Unlike most canids, versatile and capable of navigating vast landscapes, endangered Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis) are endemic to an archipelago of Afroalpine islands. As a habitat specialist, the Ethiopian wolf is ill‐equipped to move across a highly transformed and densely populated agriculture matrix. Hard borders imposed by expanding subsistence agriculture lock Ethiopian wolves into further isolation, with few opportunities for dispersal and recolonisation. We report and evaluate empirical information from long‐term monitoring across the species' range to understand processes of habitat loss, recolonisation and extinction in recent and historical times, and to assess what conservation measures and strategies would ensure their persistence. Ethiopian wolves occurred in six isolated populations, totalling 454 wolves (population sizes ranged between 281 and 24) occupying 2700 km2 of Afroalpine habitat. We describe three population extinctions and three local extinctions within fragmented populations, and present evidence of factors accelerating the extinction process, such as disease (rabies and canine distemper virus), persecution, road kills and poisoning. Of all the suitable habitat available to wolves, 86% was included within nine protected areas, including three new Community Conservation Areas and two national park extensions in the past 10 years. As all Ethiopian wolf populations are small and vulnerable to stochastic events and environmental perturbation, conservation efforts to ensure the long‐term survival of the species need to integrate: 1) support for protected areas to halt agriculture encroachment and to regulate sustainable uses of natural resources; 2) efforts to minimise all causes of mortality, including but not limited to disease; and 3) conservation translocations to overcome fundamental barriers to dispersal in the highlands of Ethiopia.

Older Adult Education in the Context of Psychological Theories of Ageing

In gerontology, the essence of ageing is traditionally equated with decline and degradation, it is considered a purposeful process of loss of the body's adaptive capacity. Psychologists, in particular representatives of behaviorism, deny this position, instead they consider ageing to be an integral part of the general process of human development. Theories of ageing have progressed from focusing on individuals’ declines and losses in later phase of their life course to considering ageing as a continuous process of human development. Psychological theories of ageing are crucial to understanding older adults as learners ‒ their needs, abilities, motivation of learning and expectations from educational activity. They help us to develop comprehensive approaches to building an effective educational environment and improving the learning process of that age and social group aiming to adapt that environment to the needs of older adult learners. The article analyzes the main provisions of psychological theories of ageing, which substantiate the importance and even the necessity of involving older adults in educational activities, because firstly, mental activity contributes to the preservation and even development of a person’s intellectual capabilities until old age; secondly, in older people (compared to young people), changes in the ability to learn are insignificant and relate rather to the sphere of perception, attention, motivation, and the physiological state of the body; and thirdly, older people have a growing need for a sense of security, which has a significant impact on their quality of life and is largely realized through communication and learning activities. Based on the main tenets of psychological theories of ageing, in our research we consider older adults as a resource and human capital. We believe that the approach to the problem of ageing and old age from the resource perspective, which is based on the ideas of theories of activity and lifelong personality development, allows us to justify the need for education of older adults and is the basis of educational gerontology.

Effects of Superthermal Plasmas on Hiss Wave‐Driven Scattering Loss of Radiation Belt Electrons

AbstractPlasmaspheric hiss plays an important role in the loss of radiation belt electrons via cyclotron resonant interactions. The cold plasma approximation is widely used in the evaluation of hiss‐driven electron losses, which however can break down during disturbed periods of geomagnetic storms and substorms. The kappa particle velocity distribution, characterized by a pronounced high‐energy tail, is well‐established to model the profile of superthermal plasma under disturbed geomagnetic conditions. In the present study, by calculating the electron bounce‐averaged pitch angle diffusion coefficients with kappa plasma dispersion relations, we investigate the sensitivity of hiss‐induced cyclotron‐resonant electron scattering loss to the spectral index κ under a variety of superthermal plasma conditions. Our results demonstrate that, with increasing κ, the diffusion coefficients of ∼20–100 keV radiation belt electrons significantly decrease at lower pitch angles and increase at higher pitch angles. In contrast, for electrons at higher energies, the diffusion coefficients tend to increase at lower pitch angles and decrease at relatively higher pitch angles. We also find that decrease of L‐shell and increase of α* and temperature anisotropy tend to weaken the hiss‐driven pitch angle scattering efficiency of electrons at energies from tens to hundreds of keV with a dip at ∼30–50 keV, while the scattering of higher energy electrons can be enhanced. This study confirms the important role of superthermal plasmas in the hiss‐driven electron loss processes and should be carefully incorporated in future modeling of radiation belt electron dynamics.

Spatial-temporal patterns of foliar and bulk soil 15N isotopic signatures across a heterogeneous landscape: Linkages to soil N status, nitrate leaching, and N2O fluxes

The natural abundance of plant and bulk soil 15N isotopic signatures provides valuable insights into the magnitude of nitrogen cycling and loss processes within terrestrial ecosystems. However, 15N isotopic signatures are highly variable in space due to natural and anthropogenic factors affecting N cycling processes and losses. To date, most studies on foliar and bulk soil 15N isotopic signatures have focused on N-limited forest ecosystems at relatively large spatial scales, while similar studies in N-enriched ecosystems at finer spatial scales are lacking. To address this gap and evaluate links between soil 15N isotopic signatures and ecosystem N cycling and loss processes (plant N uptake, N leaching, and gaseous loss), this study quantified foliar and bulk soil 15N isotopic signatures, soil physicochemical parameters, gaseous (N2O), and hydrological (NO3) N losses at 80 sites distributed across a heterogeneous landscape (∼5.8 km2). To account for the spatial-temporal heterogeneity, the measurements were performed in four campaigns (March, June, September 2022, and March 2023) at sites that considered different land uses, soil types, and topography. Results indicated that foliar and bulk soil 15N isotopic signatures were significantly (P < 0.05) more enriched in arable and grassland ecosystems than forests, suggesting a more open N cycle with significant N cycling and losses due to higher N inputs from fertilizers. Similar to soil inorganic N, N2O fluxes, and NO3 leaching rates, landscape-scale foliar and soil 15N isotopic signatures varied widely spatially, particularly at grassland and arable land (−3 to 9.0‰), with bivariate and multivariate analyses also showing significant relationships between landscape-scale soil 15N isotopic signatures and the aforementioned parameters (r2: 0.29 to 0.82). Based on these relationships, our findings suggested that foliar and bulk 15N isotopic signatures may capture fine-scale areas with persistently high and low environmental N losses (N2O fluxes and NO3 leaching) within a heterogeneous landscape.

Spatially Resolved Analysis of the Influence of Three-Dimensional Flow Field Structures on Loss Processes in PEMFCs

This study introduces a novel measurement device and technique to spatially resolve the influence of 3D flow field structures consisting of extended metal meshes on the performance distribution in PEMFCs. The newly designed segmented cell enables not only the measurement of the current distribution but also local electrochemical impedance spectra, subsequently analyzed by the distribution of relaxation times. The 3D flow field structures provide, despite of an increased HFR, an advantage at high current densities. The spatially resolved DRT analysis enabled the identification of polarization processes revealing that the gas diffusion process is greatly reduced compared to a conventional channel-rib design. In particular, the 3D coarse mesh shows promising advantages for application under high current densities. The findings from this study provide valuable insights into the local power and resistance distribution, enabling optimization of the flow field design and improvement of the performance of fuel cells with large active areas.

Spatially Resolved Analysis of the Influence of Three-Dimensional Flow Field Structures on Loss Processes in PEMFCs

This study introduces a novel measurement device and technique to spatially resolve the influence of 3D flow field structures consisting of extended metal meshes on the performance distribution in PEMFCs. The newly designed segmented cell enables not only the measurement of the current distribution but also local electrochemical impedance spectra, subsequently analyzed by the distribution of relaxation times. The 3D flow field structures provide, despite of an increased HFR, an advantage at high current densities. The spatially resolved DRT analysis enabled the identification of polarization processes revealing that the gas diffusion process is greatly reduced compared to a conventional channel-rib design. In particular, the 3D coarse mesh shows promising advantages for application under high current densities. The findings from this study provide valuable insights into the local power and resistance distribution, enabling optimization of the flow field design and improvement of the performance of fuel cells with large active areas.

Predicting biological activity and design of 5-HT6 antagonists through assessment of ANN-QSAR models in the context of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia around the world, totaling about 55 million cases, with an estimated growth to 74.7 million cases in 2030, which makes its treatment widely desired. Several studies and strategies are being developed considering the main theories regarding its origin since it is not yet fully understood. Among these strategies, the 5-HT6 receptor antagonism emerges as an auspicious and viable symptomatic treatment approach for AD. The 5-HT6 receptor belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and is closely implicated in memory loss processes. As a serotonin receptor, it plays an important role in cognitive function. Consequently, targeting this receptor presents a compelling therapeutic opportunity. By employing antagonists to block its activity, the 5-HT6 receptor's functions can be effectively modulated, leading to potential improvements in cognition and memory. Addressing this challenge, our research explored a promising avenue in drug discovery for AD, employing Artificial Neural Networks-Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (ANN-QSAR) models. These models have demonstrated great potential in predicting the biological activity of compounds based on their molecular structures. By harnessing the capabilities of machine learning and computational chemistry, we aimed to create a systematic approach for analyzing and forecasting the activity of potential drug candidates, thus streamlining the drug discovery process. We assembled a diverse set of compounds targeting this receptor and utilized density functional theory (DFT) calculations to extract essential molecular descriptors, effectively representing the structural features of the compounds. Subsequently, these molecular descriptors served as input for training the ANN-QSAR models alongside corresponding biological activity data, enabling us to predict the potential efficacy of novel compounds as 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 6 (5-HT6) antagonists. Through extensive analysis and validation of ANN-QSAR models, we identified eight new promising compounds with therapeutic potential against AD.

Fibromyalgia progression and association with other diseases and inheritance with management practices in humans

Fibromyalgia is a widespread pain disorder characterized by chronic, diffuse pain, about 1 to 5% around world. While more prevalent in women and adults, it can also manifest in children and adolescents. The specific pathophysiology of fibromyalgia remains unclear, but it is associated with neuronal over sensitization, reduced conditioned pain modulation, cognitive dysfunction, memory loss, and impaired information processing. It has now been categorized as a somatic symptom disorder. This study aimed to investigate fibromyalgia, focusing on its potential hereditary connections and management practices. A key pathophysiological aspect of fibromyalgia is central sensitization, marked by increased functional connectivity with pre-receptive brain areas, decreased connectivity with antinociceptive areas, and alterations in central nervous system neurotransmitters, also in size and shape of specific brain areas. Fibromyalgia is not directly inherited from parents to offspring, it does exhibit a tendency to cluster within families. The serotonin transporter gene, characterized by single nucleotide polymorphism with "S" (short) allele, is more prevalent in individuals with fibromyalgia and psychological distress. In conclusion, fibromyalgia is a widespread pain disorder with a substantial impact on the central nervous system, resulting in significant disability and an elevated risk of chronic diseases. Early diagnosis and intervention can minimize the impact of fibromyalgia. Physical therapy and non-drug therapies should be customized for each patient. The FDA has approved three drugs including pregabalin, duloxetine, and milnacipran for fibromyalgia treatment.

Combined effects of soil colloid and soil extracellular enzymes on nitrogen loss from sloping farmland

The extracellular enzyme plays a crucial role in nitrogen (N) conversion. Soil colloid serves as an important transporter of N transport in hydrological processes. This study investigated soil colloid-mediated N loss co-transporting with soil extracellular enzymes. Five simulated rainfall experiments were conducted under four tillage treatments in a purple sloping farmland in Sichuan, China. The N concentrations, soil mineral colloids, and four carbon (C), N and phosphorus (P) acquisition extracellular enzymes (βG, AP, NAG, and LAP) in surface runoff and interflow were measured. The results showed that cross-slope tillage with straw returning practices significantly reduced the concentrations of TN, PN, NH4+, and DON in surface runoff. The activities of N and P acquisition enzymes in interflow were higher than in surface runoff, while C acquisition enzymes showed the opposite trend. The BG and AP enzymes dominated in surface runoff, while AP and NAG dominated in interflow. The concentrations of fine soil mineral colloids (SMC, φ<1 μm) and coarse mineral colloids (CMC, φ＞1 μm) in interflow were higher than that in surface runoff. The extracellular enzymes were found to co-transport with soil colloid migration during the hydrologic process. The involvement of colloid in extracellular enzyme migration in surface runoff was primarily due to SMC, while in interflow, it was the joint action of SMC and CMC. Surface runoff is always in N and P limits, while interflow is only in the P limits. With a SEM combined model quantitatively analysis, we found the synergistic transport of soil colloid and extracellular enzymes significantly impacted TN loss, explaining 95 % and 55 % of the differences between surface runoff and interflow N loss pathways. This emphasizes the importance of understanding the co-transport mechanism between soil colloid and extracellular enzymes in N loss processes.

Heat transfer mechanism of superabsorbent polymers phase change energy storage cold-formed steel wall under fire

The superabsorbent polymer phase change materials (SAP materials) exhibit exceptional water absorption and retention properties, offering substantial potential for fire protection in steel structures, thereby reducing the need for sheathing boards and fire-retardant coatings, while minimizing energy consumption. Understanding the heat-mass exchange theory of SAP materials is crucial for enhancing their application in the building industry. This study develops a comprehensive theoretical model for heat-mass exchange in cold-formed steel (CFS) walls incorporating SAP materials. An equilibrium phase change model and a simplified thermal radiation model were developed to capture the water loss and dynamic heat exchange processes in SAP materials. These models were integrated into a transient fluid-solid-thermal coupling model using Ansys Fluent and User Defined Functions. In the case study, the newly developed numerical models can accurately predict temperature field changes in CFS walls with SAP materials, demonstrating the heat transfer mechanisms of hot and cold flanges at different temperature rise stages. The developed numerical model was used to investigate the effects of factors such as the moisture content of the SAP material, web depth, and flange width on the fire resistance of the CFS wall. Results indicated that increasing the wall stud height improves fire resistance, while increasing flange width has little effect on hot flange temperature. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and practical guidelines for the application of SAP phase change insulation materials in the building industry, promoting energy reduction and supporting sustainable construction practices.

Loss of SELENOW aggravates muscle loss with regulation of protein synthesis and the ubiquitin-proteasome system

Sarcopenia is characterized by accelerated muscle mass and function loss, which burdens and challenges public health worldwide. Several studies indicated that selenium deficiency is associated with sarcopenia; however, the specific mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that selenoprotein W (SELENOW) containing selenium in the form of selenocysteine functioned in sarcopenia. SELENOW expression is up-regulated in dexamethasone (DEX)–induced muscle atrophy and age-related sarcopenia mouse models. Knockout (KO) of SELENOW profoundly aggravated the process of muscle mass loss in the two mouse models. Mechanistically, SELENOW KO suppressed the RAC1-mTOR cascade by the interaction between SELENOW and RAC1 and induced the imbalance of protein synthesis and degradation. Consistently, overexpression of SELENOW in vivo and in vitro alleviated the muscle and myotube atrophy induced by DEX. SELENOW played a role in age-related sarcopenia and regulated the genes associated with aging. Together, our study uncovered the function of SELENOW in age-related sarcopenia and provides promising evidence for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.

The process and mechanism of coke gasification dissolution loss in hydrogen-rich blast furnace

Blast furnace (BF) hydrogen-rich smelting has become an important way for low-carbon ironmaking. The coke gasification dissolution loss will be accelerated by H2O generated through hydrogen reduction, which is the fundamental reason for the limited injection rate of hydrogen-rich gas in BF. The gasification dissolution loss experiments of coke were carried out under different conditions. Experimental results indicate that: The pore size of coke containing H2O is larger under the same gasification time. The quantitative relationship between pore size and gasification time, flow rate of H2O is obtained. The pore wall around the inner hole will gradually be eroded, the pore wall gradually dissolves along the edge of the inner hole. The connectivity between two pores starts from the deep layers of the pores, the pore walls in the deep layers of pores are first connected. The carbon layer spacing slightly decreases with gasification time, which indicates that the microcrystalline cells inside the coke have contracted in the vertical direction. The carbon layer stacking height shows an overall upward trend with the increase of temperature and gasification time, and it will reach a maximum value for a certain temperature. The carbon layer diameter increases with the prolongation of gasification time, the aromatic carbon layers continue to grow as gasification progresses. The dynamic model of H2O diffusion is established, the effective internal diffusion coefficients of H2O under different conditions are calculated, the diffusion ability of H2O is stronger than that of CO2. The mechanism of H2O dissolution loss of coke based on surface active sites is summarized, whether the gasification dissolution loss reaction can occur depends on whether there are active sites on the adsorbed surface. The competitive gasification always occurs vigorously at active sites, the gasification reaction between H2O and C is easier and the reaction rate is higher.

The Interaction Between Climate Forcing and Feedbacks

AbstractA Perturbed Parameter Ensemble (PPE) with the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 (CAM6) is used to better understand the sensitivity of aerosol forcing and cloud feedbacks to changes in model processes. Aerosol forcing through aerosol‐cloud interactions is mostly negative (a cooling) due to shortwave radiation, while feedbacks are positive or negative in different regions due to contrasting longwave and shortwave effects. Both forcing and feedbacks are related to the mean climate state. Higher magnitude cloud radiative effects generally mean larger magnitude net negative forcing and larger magnitude net positive feedback. Aerosol forcing is broadly related to the susceptibility of clouds to drop number. Feedbacks also related to susceptibility, but to a lesser extent and in different regions to aerosol forcing. Aerosol forcing and cloud feedbacks are anti‐correlated in the CAM6 PPE such that stronger negative forcing is associated with stronger positive feedbacks. Even the processes governing forcing and feedback sensitivity in the PPE are similar. These include the warm rain formation process, ice loss processes and deep convective intensity.

Far-future hydrology will differentially change the phosphorus transfer continuum

Climate change is likely to exacerbate land to water phosphorus (P) transfers, causing a degradation of water quality in freshwater bodies in Northwestern Europe. Planning for mitigation measures requires an understanding of P loss processes under such conditions. This study assesses how climate induced changes to hydrology will likely influence the P transfer continuum in six contrasting river catchments using Irish national observatories as exemplars. Changes or stability of total P (TP) and total reactive P (TRP) transfer processes were estimated using far-future scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) of modelled river discharge under climate change and observed links between hydrological regimes (baseflow and flashiness indices) and transfer processes (mobilisation and delivery indices). While there were no differences in P mobilisation between RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, both mobilisation and delivery were higher for TP. Comparing data from 2080 (2070–2099) with 2020 (2010–2039), suggests that P mobilisation is expected to be relatively stable for the different catchments. While P delivery is highest in hydrologically flashy catchments, the largest increases were in groundwater-fed catchments in RCP8.5 (+ 22% for TRP and + 24% for TP). The inter-annual variability of P delivery in the groundwater-fed catchments is also expected to increase. Since the magnitude of a P source may not fully define its mobility, and hydrological connections of mobilisation areas are expected to increase, we recommend identifying critical mobilisation areas to target future mitigation strategies. These are hydrologically connected areas where controls such as soil/bedrock chemistry, biological activity and hydrological processes are favourable for P mobilisation.