Transfer Loss Research Articles

An optical investigation on macro spray characteristics of convergent-divergent ducted fuel injection under high ambient pressures

The fuel-air mixing process can be improved via straight (ST) ducted fuel injection along with the risk of greater heat transfer loss due to prolonged spray tip penetration (STP) and spray impingement. We proposed the convergent-divergent (CD) duct spray in this study to produce acceptable STP and wider spray cone angle (SCA) for improving engine efficiency. STP and SCA are closely related to ambient pressure. This paper aims to explore the influence of ambient pressure on the macro spray characteristics of CD duct spray for better fuel-air mixing with the analysis of spray air entrainment (SAE). The Schlieren system was used to record the spray morphology of different duct sprays under ambient pressures of 20, 30, 40, and 50 bar. The results showed that compared with free spray, with the increase of ambient pressure, the application of CD duct can more effectively improve the SCA increase rate of free spray. With the ambient pressure changes from 20 to 50 bar, the SCA increase rate is up to 20.17% for free spray, and the SCA increase rate increased more than three times to 76.96% with ST3 duct and more than eight times to 173.06% with CD 4.5 duct compared with free spray respectively. The SAE of CD3 and ST3 duct sprays is higher than that of other sprays. CD4.5 and CD6 duct sprays reduce the probability of spray-wall impingement but along with a certain reduced amount of SAE.

Analysis of gas flow and PM movement characteristics inside diesel particulate filter channel

Based on experimental data from engine after-treatment tests, the diesel particulate filter (DPF) microscopic channel model was constructed using UG, and the accumulation of particulate matter (PM) in the deep bed filter layer and carbon deposit layer was analyzed through computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A comprehensive study was conducted on the exhaust gas flow characteristics and PM movement within the DPF channel, and focus on the effects of PM distribution type on capture and regeneration characteristics. The results show that with the increase in particle size in the exhaust, the distribution of PM concentration along the axial position of the channel shows a trend of gradually shifting from 0.2 to 0.25 m (rear section) to 0.125–0.2 m (front section). In particular, PM with 1 μm particle size has a large motion inertia, which is easy to move out of the airflow and deposit in the middle part of the channel. For PM in the front and middle sections of the channel, the airflow obstruction is relatively small, but the heat transfer loss is large, which is not beneficial for PM regeneration in the rear section. Therefore, with the distribution of LID, PD-1, and PD-2, the regeneration efficiency is relatively low, at 50.84%, 55.01%, and 54.59%, respectively.

Multiphase flow dynamics in metal foam proton exchange membrane fuel cell

Porous metal foam holds substantial promise as a material for bipolar plates in high-performance proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) due to its exceptional properties in reactant redistribution. However, the intricate structure of metal foam flow field (MFF) presents challenges for mass transfer and water management. In this study, a three-dimensional two-phase flow model for metal foam is developed to analyze and capture flow patterns. MFFs are reconstructed based on detailed structural analysis and various pore sizes are discussed. Employing the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method, we delve into multiphase flow dynamics, specifically focusing on the removal of liquid droplets within the MFF. It reveals the MFF with moderate pore sizes exhibit a trade-off performance, striking a balance between optimal mass transfer and minimal parasitic loss. The porous structure's pivotal role is highlighted, contributing significantly to both through-plane and in-plane mass transfer and convection. Furthermore, we classify three flow patterns of liquid droplet, with the “split-up” pattern emerging as the most effective for water management and mass transfer. This study illuminates water behavior in porous metal foam bipolar plates, introduces a systematic methodology for assessing mass transfer and water management capabilities in MFFs for PEMFC.

Optimizing heat transfer rate and sensitivity analysis of hybrid nanofluid flow over a radiating sheet: Applications in solar-powered charging stations

In a solar collector system, absorbing radiation through solar panel and transforming it into heat, the role of nanofluid is vital. However, the combined effect of CuO and Cu water hybrid nanofluid efficiently carries the fascinated heat away from the solar collector. Further, it helps improve in efficiency of the thermal solar thermal system by enhancing heat transfer and thermal losses. Based upon the advanced properties, the study aims at the behavior of a conducting hybrid nanofluid comprised of CuO and Cu nanoparticles through a nonlinear stretching surface filled with a porous matrix. Essentially, the use of thermal radiation with dissipative heat and convective heat transfer boundary conditions are important in enhancing heat transfer properties. The assemble of diversified similarity rules is useful for the transformation of the governing equations into dimensionless form. Further, numerical technique with the help of built-in function bvp4c in MATLAB is employed for the solution of the designed model equipped with different constraints. A robust statistical analysis i.e. response surface methodology (RSM) combined with analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to optimize the heat transfer rate. Sensitivity analysis for the associated factors united to the response of heat transfer is obtained and presented briefly. Finally, the parametric behavior is important to describe following the pattern of the graph. Further, the important outcomes are; the enhanced volume fraction of the nanoparticles augments the fluid velocity as well as the temperature significantly. Thermal radiation has influential behavior in enhancing the heat transport phenomenon of hybrid nanofluid.

Gradient ionomer designed cathode catalyst layer for proton exchange membrane fuel cells with enhanced performance

The catalyst layer (CL) plays a critical role in the electrochemical reactions that occur in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In this study, we employ ionomers with varying equivalent weight (EW) values to create a gradient cathode catalyst layer (CCL) to enhance mass transport and improve water management capability within PEMFC. The best performance is achieved for the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with gradient CL when the ratio of short side chain (SSC) ionomer near the proton membrane to long side chain (LSC) ionomer near the gas diffusion layer is 3:1. The cell voltage reaches 0.689 V@2.0 A cm−2 (78 °C, 150 kPa, stoic. H2/Air = 2.2/3.2) representing improvements of 55 mV and 14 mV over the MEA with homogeneous CLs containing only LSC ionomer or only SSC ionomer. The porosity measurement indicates that the gradient CL increased the porosity of the MEA. Electrochemical characterization provides evidence that this gradient ionomer design enhances catalyst utilization and reduces mass transfer losses. Furthermore, the durability assessment of the MEAs reveals less performance degradation in the gradient CCL. Therefore, utilizing ionomers with different EW values to construct a gradient CCL is an effective strategy to achieve high power output and long life of PEMFCs.

Toward zero carbon emissions: High thermal efficiency low speed two-stroke marine engine using pure ammonia fuel

As the future development trend and the crucial link to achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals in China, the achievement of “zero carbon” emissions in low-speed two-stroke marine engines is currently in the preliminary stages of exploration. Ammonia fuel is one of the main zero-carbon energy sources of interest for marine engines. The primary challenges associated with ammonia application include its high self-ignition temperature, low laminar flame speed, and lengthy ignition delay time. Although stable combustion can be achieved with the assistance of a small amount of highly active carbon-based fuel, carbon emissions are still inevitable. To obtain “zero carbon” emissions, the high-temperature cylinder gas recirculation strategy (HTCGR) was innovatively proposed to realize the possible application of pure ammonia. However, the heat transfer loss by using pure ammonia fuel is enhanced by 289% compared to the diesel mode. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to investigate ways to decrease heat transfer loss and further improve the thermal efficiency of the two-stroke engine from the perspective of energy distribution, and the effect of the circulating high-temperature gas, swirl ratio, and fuel distribution on heat transfer loss was systematically numerically studied in this manuscript. As a result, the heat transfer losses can be decreased up to 38.80% by lowering the CGR rate and adjusting the fuel distribution, and the ITE can be improved from 48.85% in the diesel model to 51.19% in the ammonia mode. However, to avoid incomplete combustion in the engine, a minimum CGR rate of 13.3% is basically required for the compression ignition of pure ammonia fuel.

Maximum Information Transfer and Minimum Loss Dehazing for Underwater Image Restoration

Maximum Information Transfer and Minimum Loss Dehazing for Underwater Image Restoration

Optimization design and experimental research on cooling performance of U-shaped latticework cooling structure with perforations used for gas turbine blade

Latticework cooling structure provides great structural strength and well heat transfer enhancement commonly used for internal cooling of turbine blades. However, traditional rectangle latticework cooling structure raises friction loss badly and reduces cooling efficiency of turbine blades due to the increase of wetted surface area. A new latticework cooling structure with U-shaped sub-channel and perforations on raffles was proposed, aiming to promote heat transfer and reduce friction loss for latticework cooling structure. Numerical simulation, optimization method and experimental test are conducted to investigate heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of this new latticework cooling structure. Optimization design based on response surface approximation model and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms-Ⅱ was conducted and objectives were to maximize heat transfer and minimize friction loss. The optimal U-shaped latticework cooling structure with perforations was obtained and experimental research was conducted. Characteristics of heat transfer and friction loss between the optimal U-shaped latticework cooling structure with perforations and the rectangle latticework cooling structure were compared and analyzed. The experiment results showed that the overall heat transfer and thermal–hydraulic performances of the optimal U-shaped latticework cooling structure with perforations are 21.6–37.0% and 27.9–46.7% respectively higher than those of the rectangle latticework cooling structure while friction loss performance of the former is 16.3–29.2% lower than that of the latter as Reynolds number increases from 5000 to 50000. Moreover, empirical formulas for the optimal U-shaped latticework cooling structure with perforations and the rectangle latticework cooling structure are obtained. The present study indicates that the U-shaped latticework cooling structure with perforations not only maintains the superior heat transfer performance, but also reduces friction loss, which is mainly due to the perforation ribs reduce flow distance for part of coolant and also provide an impingement effect for the heated wall and enhance flow interactions and flow mixing.

An Efficient Knowledge Transfer Strategy for Spiking Neural Networks from Static to Event Domain

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are rich in spatio-temporal dynamics and are suitable for processing event-based neuromorphic data. However, event-based datasets are usually less annotated than static datasets. This small data scale makes SNNs prone to overfitting and limits their performance. In order to improve the generalization ability of SNNs on event-based datasets, we use static images to assist SNN training on event data. In this paper, we first discuss the domain mismatch problem encountered when directly transferring networks trained on static datasets to event data. We argue that the inconsistency of feature distributions becomes a major factor hindering the effective transfer of knowledge from static images to event data. To address this problem, we propose solutions in terms of two aspects: feature distribution and training strategy. Firstly, we propose a knowledge transfer loss, which consists of domain alignment loss and spatio-temporal regularization. The domain alignment loss learns domain-invariant spatial features by reducing the marginal distribution distance between the static image and the event data. Spatio-temporal regularization provides dynamically learnable coefficients for domain alignment loss by using the output features of the event data at each time step as a regularization term. In addition, we propose a sliding training strategy, which gradually replaces static image inputs probabilistically with event data, resulting in a smoother and more stable training for the network. We validate our method on neuromorphic datasets, including N-Caltech101, CEP-DVS, and N-Omniglot. The experimental results show that our proposed method achieves better performance on all datasets compared to the current state-of-the-art methods. Code is available at https://github.com/Brain-Cog-Lab/Transfer-for-DVS.

Research on the thermal properties and interface resistance of multilayer multiscale semiconductor structures

The investigation of the thermal characteristics of high-power chips is mainly based on Fourier's law, and it does not adequately explore the microscale effects of the heat transfer process. In pursuit of a more profound comprehension of the size-dependent traits manifesting in the thermal conduction across multilayer, multiscale materials, this manuscript incorporates the phonon transport's scattering mismatch attributes, introducing a MBDE methodology aimed at delineating the thermal characteristics inherent to multilayer, multiscale structures. This approach was applied to elucidate the energy transfer dynamics among bi-layer (Si/Si, Diamond/Si, and Cu/Si) configurations of differing scales. To enhance thermal transfer efficiency, this work prioritizes the minimization of interface thermal resistance and system temperature gradients as optimization objectives, employing a genetic algorithm to identify scales favorable for energy transfer. The results indicate: 1) An increase in the Knudsen number (Kn) correlates with a more pronounced energy discontinuity at the interface, thereby elevating the interface thermal resistance; 2) The disparate material combinations exhibit varied energy transfer efficiencies, where the phononic compatibility between Cu/Si is inferior to that of Diamond/Si, culminating in a notably larger energy discontinuity and, consequently, augmented energy transfer losses for Cu/Si interfaces; 3) Through the application of a genetic algorithm, it was determined that transitioning from Kn1 to Kn2 yields an optimal thermal conduction scenario, characterized by an interface thermal resistance of 1.83 and a comprehensive temperature gradient of 6.69. This work holds significant implications for guiding the thermal design of high-power integrated chips.

Shape Optimization of Heat Exchanger Fin Structures Using the Adjoint Method and Their Experimental Validation

The freedom of additive manufacturing allows for the production of heat-transferring structures that are optimized in terms of heat transfer and pressure loss using various optimization methods. One question is whether the structural optimizations made can be reproduced by additive manufacturing and whether the adaptations can also be verified experimentally. In this article, adjoint optimization is used to optimize a reference structure and then examine the optimization results experimentally. For this purpose, optimizations are carried out on a 2D model as well as a 3D model. The material chosen for the 3D optimization is stainless steel. Depending on the weighting pairing of heat transfer and pressure loss, the optimizations in 2D result in an increase in heat transfer of 15% compared to the initial reference structure with an almost constant pressure loss or a reduction in pressure loss of 13% with an almost constant heat transfer. The optimizations in 3D result in improvements in the heat transfer of a maximum of 3.5% at constant pressure loss or 9% lower pressure losses at constant heat transfer compared to the initial reference structure. The subsequent experimental investigation shows that the theoretical improvements in heat transfer can only be demonstrated to a limited extent, as the fine contour changes cannot yet be reproduced by additive manufacturing. However, the improvements in pressure loss can be demonstrated experimentally following a cross-section correction. It can therefore be stated that with increasing accuracy of the manufacturing process, the improvements in heat transfer can also be utilized.

Thermodynamic analysis of a spectrum splitting photovoltaic-thermoelectric system with a multi-physics coupling process

Quantifying the losses in the various energy transfer and conversion processes is essential for the study and application of the spectrum splitting photovoltaic-thermoelectric system because of the complex system structure. This paper develops a novel optical-electrical-thermal multi-physics coupling model for the spectrum splitting photovoltaic-thermoelectric system that correlates microstructure and macroscopic properties. Based on the multi-physics coupled model, a thermodynamic analysis method is employed to reveal the distributions of energy and exergy losses in the system, and the effect of the concentration ratio on the losses is investigated. The results show that the optical loss caused by the concentrating and splitting processes accounts for 33.3% of the total input energy. The losses in the energy conversion process are the largest of all the subsystem losses. The energy and exergy losses in the photovoltaic conversion process are 51.5% and 45.9%, while those for the thermoelectric conversion process are 87.8% and 74.5%, respectively. Raising the concentration ratio is an effective way to reduce the exergy loss in the energy conversion process, but it will also partially raise the exergy losses in the heat dissipation and cooling processes. The exergy efficiency of the SSPV-TE system can reach 21.75% at a concentration ratio of 500. The results are important for better understanding the operating principles, optimizing the performance, and advancing the application of the spectrum splitting photovoltaic-thermoelectric system.

6-Stroke water injection engine literature review with an introduction of heat transfer and thermodynamic analysis

AbstractInternal combustion engines have played a crucial role in the advancement of society. Consequently, there has been a persistent need to enhance their efficiency and performance. The water-injected six-stroke engine is based on conventional four-stroke engines, producing additional power by injecting water into the hot combustion products during the expansion stroke, thereby increasing the overall engine efficiency. However, a comprehensive review that consolidates existing knowledge and identifies future research opportunities in six-stroke engine technology is lacking. This study addresses this gap by thoroughly examining the thermodynamic operation of six-stroke engines and analyzing the impact of water injection on engine performance. The review covers literature from 1994 to 2023, categorizing studies based on the modeling approach, working fluid, thermodynamic cycle, and consideration of heat transfer. Among the 18 analyzed articles, predominantly published from 2015 to 2019, half utilize analytical models, while the rest employ experimental models addressing heat transfer losses. Notably, water injection exhibits a substantial influence, manifesting as a 5.18% increase in brake power and a 1.55% enhancement in thermal efficiency, particularly with acetylene as the working fluid. Finally, a literature overview of water injection in hot gas environments within the engine cylinder was conducted in addition to a preliminary thermodynamic analysis of the Otto and Diesel cycles to compare different configurations outlined in the literature. The lack of studies, experimental setups, and non-idealized models that consider factors such as heat transfer or water evaporation during injection is evident. By critically synthesizing the available literature, this study offers valuable insights into the potential advantages, limitations, and prospects of six-stroke engine studies.

Experimental study on the effects of water addition in methanol on the performance of diesel-methanol diffusion combustion on a high-speed engine

Methanol is regarded as a low-carbon renewable fuel which is friendly to the environment. For purpose of investigating the impact of water introduction in methanol on diesel-methanol diffusion combustion, experimental tests were performed on a refitted dual-fuel high-speed diesel engine test bench. This research compared the differences between diesel-methanol diffusion combustion (DMDC) mode and diesel-hydrous methanol diffusion combustion (DHMDC) mode with a water mass content of 20%. The tests were performed by maintaining the engine speed of 3000 rpm and varying engine load as well as methanol injection timing (MIT). The results indicate that the heat release process in DHMDC mode begins later but is more rapid and concentrated compared to DMDC mode. The addition of 20% water in methanol does not significantly decreases the peak average in-cylinder temperature. However, it decreases the NOx emissions by up to approximately 40%. Water introduction leads to higher CO and THC emissions in DHMDC mode, but the retardation of MIT helps mitigate the increase in CO and THC emissions. The exhaust losses in DHMDC mode decrease by about 5%–8%, while the heat transfer losses increase by over 20%, resulting in a lower indicated thermal efficiency (ITE) in comparison with DMDC mode. The effects of the 20% water addition in methanol are sensitive to changes in engine load and MIT. Higher engine load and appropriately retarded MIT facilitate more efficient and cleaner combustion in DHMDC mode.

The Research and Development of a Jet Disturbance Combustion System for Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

Herein, a diesel engine jet disturbance combustion system was proposed to achieve efficient and clean combustion under heavy load conditions in heavy-duty diesel engines. The key components of the combustion system were designed, and a research platform was constructed. Focusing on the internal combustion conditions of the disturbance chamber and the developmental path of high-speed jets, the design and comprehensive optimization of the jet disturbance combustion system were carried out. Following optimization, the peak internal heat release rate increased from 86 J/deg to 269 J/deg, and the cumulative heat release increased by 112 J, significantly enhancing the energy of the disturbance chamber jet. Then, considering combustion optimization and the heat transfer loss from the piston, it was determined that the optimal configuration for the disturbance chamber jet channel angles was 60 deg inter-channel angle and 10 deg channel incidence angle. This configuration allowed the disturbance chamber jet to precisely disturb the concentrated mixture area in the middle and late stages of combustion. The intervention of the disturbance chamber jet provided sufficient energy for the fuel–air mixing process and complicated the gas flow state in the main combustion chamber. Despite its low-momentum density, the residual mixture in the cylinder maintained a high mixing rate after the end of the fuel injection process. Single-cylinder engine test results showed that a diesel engine using this jet disturbance system and a 180 MPa common rail pressure fuel system achieved 52.12% thermal efficiency.

Quasi-dynamic modeling and simulation of district heating systems: A laplace transform-based approach

The technological development direction for China's green and low-carbon energy transformation is constructing a multi-energy collaborative smart integrated energy system. As an essential subsystem of energy systems in northern China, district heating system (DHS) plays a crucial role in ensuring people's livelihood. The energy system transformation and the development of the new generation of heating systems impose increasing demands on the simulation computations of regional heating systems. This paper establishes a quasi-dynamic model for heating systems based on the Laplace transform as the foundation. It transforms the continuous thermal dynamics in the time domain into the Laplace domain for quantitatively analyzing the heat transfer loss characteristics and transmission delay characteristics in the heat transport process. Furthermore, it converts the internal complex transmission processes of the system into equivalent source-load boundary conditions to obtain a thermal state analysis model with clear physical significance. This approach significantly reduces the computational complexity of network analysis while ensuring computational accuracy. The established quasi-dynamic model is applied to cases of different scales. The computational results are compared and validated against the commercial simulation software Apros and actual operational data. The urban DHS case study calculation results show a mass flow mean relative error of 3.02% and a supply/return water temperature mean relative error of 2.46%, supporting more refined dynamic scheduling.

When Does Multiphase Chemistry Influence Indoor Chemical Fate?

Human chemical exposure often occurs indoors, where large variability in contaminant concentrations and indoor chemical dynamics make assessments of these exposures challenging. A major source of uncertainty lies in the rates of chemical transformations which, due to high surface-to-volume ratios and rapid air change rates relative to rates of gas-phase reactions indoors, are largely gas-surface multiphase processes. It remains unclear how important such chemistry is in controlling indoor chemical lifetimes and, therefore, human exposure to both parent compounds and transformation products. We present a multimedia steady-state fugacity-based model to assess the importance of multiphase chemistry relative to cleaning and mass transfer losses, examine how the physicochemical properties of compounds and features of the indoor environment affect these processes, and investigate uncertainties pertaining to indoor multiphase chemistry and chemical lifetimes. We find that multiphase reactions can play an important role in chemical fate indoors for reactive compounds with low volatility, i.e., octanol-air equilibrium partitioning ratios (Koa) above 108, with the impact of this chemistry dependent on chemical identity, oxidant type and concentration, and other parameters. This work highlights the need for further research into indoor chemical dynamics and multiphase chemistry to constrain human exposure to chemicals in the built environment.

Utilization of hydrodynamic modelling to quantify water losses from the Sundays River between Darlington Dam and Korhaans Drift Weir

This study quantified transfer losses over the 2021/2022 water year for irrigation releases from Darlington Dam into the Sundays River, which are diverted at the Korhaans Drift Weir. A one-dimensional (1D) hydrodynamic model was set up and calibrated to simulate the transfer losses which were assumed to consist primarily of evaporation and evapotranspiration (ET). Flow measurements were undertaken with an acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) to verify the calibrations of the Parshall flumes at Darlington Dam and at Korhaans Drift Weir. The ADCP results showed that the Department of Water and Sanitation’s (DWS’s) existing discharge tables underestimated lower flows by 13% and higher flows by 16%. The hydrodynamic model results also estimated transfer losses between Darlington Dam and Korhaans Drift to range between 2.0% and 5.3%. It was determined that the transfer losses were seasonal and were lower than those determined by similar studies for other South African rivers.

Heat Transfer Enhancement of a Mini Channel Heatsink by Utilizing Flexible Beams Placed Downstream of a Cylindrical Obstacle

Several studies have demonstrated that flexible vortex generators exhibit higher hydrothermal efficiency than their rigid counterparts. The present study focuses on the implementation of a cylindrical rigid obstacle located in the vicinity of the inlet of a mini channel. Downstream, several flexible beams are attached to the channel walls, oscillating due to the forces exerted by the Von-Karmann vortex street generated by the cylinder. The Reynolds number is sufficiently low to maintain a laminar regime throughout the mini channel. A parametric analysis is conducted to explore the performance of various configurations of flexible beams with differing numbers, heights, and inter-distances. The hydrodynamic, thermal, and hydrothermal performance of the mini channel is evaluated using the time average friction factor, Nusselt number, and thermal efficiency factor. Results indicate that the presence of flexible beams significantly enhances heat transfer. The best configuration increases the overall thermal efficiency by 45%, while elevating the heat transfer and mechanical loss by 3.05 and 8.52 times, respectively, in comparison with an empty mini channel.

Post Operational Optimization of Adaptive Overload Shedding Protection in the Bali Island Sub-system using the ADS Simulation

The Bali electrical network sub system is supported by the Java-Bali power transfer assisted by the Bali power generation. Most of these power plants are not economical, so the Java-Bali power transfer is prioritized. If an island operation occurs, the Bali sub system loses most of the power that supports its load. This loss of power can result in a black out. The Bali sub system must perform overload shedding equal to the loss of Java-Bali power transfer. However, because the magnitude of the Java-Bali power transfer is very dynamic, the amount of Over Load Shedding (OLS) is difficult to predict, so an optimization system is required that can calculate the amount of OLS according to the Java-Bali power transfer at any time. The optimization system can also determine OLS targets before Faults occur based on the Priority Scale. To ensure that the Optimization System has worked properly, an Adaptive Defense Scheme (ADS) simulation was created. In this simulation, the optimization system will be tested using the ADS simulation series. In this simulation, the optimization system will be tested using the ADS simulation series. This system is simulated so that it can work OLS target off contact. This system will be tested for the suitability of the load selection with the amount of Java-Bali power transfer. The load selection is compared with manual calculations using the same method to ensure the optimization system calculations are appropriate. Comparison between the selection of targets for the optimization system with calculations, and working contacts is made by making a suitability matrix. From the tests carried out, it was obtained that OLS System Optimization System target size was calculated with a maximum deviation of 5.5%, a minimum deviation of 0.037%, and an average deviation of 1.03%. The system is also capable of selecting targets with 100% accuracy and can also perform MTDS digital output according to 100% accuracy, that the operational system efficiency can be achieved very significantly.