Oil Loss Research Articles

Oil Losses – Nigeria

Oil Losses – Nigeria

Assessment of Quality and Efficiency of Cold-Pressed Oil from Selected Oilseeds.

In this present study, an oil press was used to process 200 g each of sesame, pumpkin, flax, milk thistle, hemp and cumin oilseeds in order to evaluate the amount of oil yield, seedcake, sediments and material losses (oil and sediments). Sesame produced the highest oil yield at 30.60 ± 1.69%, followed by flax (27.73 ± 0.52%), hemp (20.31 ± 0.11%), milk thistle (14.46 ± 0.51%) and pumpkin (13.37 ± 0.35%). Cumin seeds produced the lowest oil yield at 3.46 ± 0.15%. The percentage of sediments in the oil, seedcake and material losses for sesame were 5.15 ± 0.09%, 60.99 ± 0.04% and 3.27 ± 1.56%. Sediments in the oil decreased over longer storage periods, thereby increasing the percentage oil yield. Pumpkin oil had the highest peroxide value at 18.45 ± 0.53 meq O2/kg oil, an acid value of 11.21 ± 0.24 mg KOH/g oil, free fatty acid content of 5.60 ± 0.12 mg KOH/g oil and iodine value of 14.49 ± 0.16 g l/100 g. The univariate ANOVA of the quality parameters against the oilseed type was statistically significant (p-value < 0.05), except for the iodine value, which was not statistically significant (p-value > 0.05). Future studies should analyze the temperature generation, oil recovery efficiency, percentage of residual oil in the seedcake and specific energy consumption of different oilseeds processed using small-large scale presses.

Design of a separator machine for oil palm fruit mesocarp and nut using computer‐aided design and linear finite element analysis

AbstractThis study addresses the inefficiencies in the current palm oil milling process, where the coexistence of mesocarp fiber and nut during pressing results in oil loss and nut breakage. To tackle this issue, the research aims to develop a machine that can separate mesocarp fibers from nuts before pressing, enhancing oil extraction and quality. The study involves designing the machine layout, creating schematic drawings, wireframe models, and assessing stress and deformation performance. Solidworks simulation was used to determine stress and deformation points within material properties, dimensions, and applied forces. The maximum stress on the rotating disc was 1.44 MPa, with a total deformation of 9.75 x 10−4 mm. Comparing this to the static component strength against cracking (0.093 MPa) revealed that the disc's material and design can safely with stand loads, preventing deformation during the mesocarp and nut separation process. This innovation promises to increase oil yields and improve oil quality in palm oil milling.Practical applicationsThe separation of mesocarp fiber and nuts using centrifugal force is a feasible method. By removing nuts from the mesh (fiber) prior digestion and oil extraction process, the issue of nut breakage will be completely omitted, and thus the pressure can be further increased to maximize oil yield at the palm oil mill industries. This suggested approach has been demonstrated to produce a large amount of oil with minimal broken kernels. The crude palm oil obtained from this separation process also satisfies industrial standards.

Development of a novel virtual reality-enabled remote monitoring device for maintenance of cathodic protection systems on oil and gas pipelines

Periodic inspections are required for oil and gas pipelines equipped with cathodic protection systems (CPS) to prevent corrosion. This inspection takes time and requires money, mobilisation of specialised staff, and accessibility of pipeline right of way which is often hindered by security issues, and bad terrain. A novel virtual reality-enabled remote monitoring device, developed using the NACE SP0169 standard, which measures the pipe-to-soil potential (PSP) reading, transmits the measured data to an IoT server, and a virtual environment for analysis and feedback while providing an immersive experience to the user, all in real-time, is presented. The hardware and software components are developed using Sensors, Arduino Mega 2560 board, AWS Sumerian 1.2.0 software, ThingSpeak IoT server, Blender modelling software and AutoCAD. When implemented on real test posts of oil and gas facilities and compared with the traditional methodology, the system showed consistency of data measurement and analysis, with real-time feedback to users, and a Spearman rank’s correlation coefficient of 0.998944. The study is significant as it provides the oil industry with an expert, easy-to-understand tool which helps to reduce the rate of oil spillage and losses through corrosion.

Oil-separation properties of aviation grease under thermal aging

During work or long-term storage, grease is susceptible to thermal oxygen or mechanical aging, which affects the performance of grease or even leads to the destruction of the structural surface of grease lubricated products. As the main mechanism of grease lubrication, grease partitioning can explore the aging law of grease and effectively identify whether the grease fails. In this paper, 7014 aerospace grease was selected as the research object and accelerated test was conducted by high temperature thermal oxygen. The combination of grease separation degree and mass change rate was selected for comprehensive characterization of grease separation performance. The results show that the grease partitioning degree has a significant decreasing trend; the quality change has also decreased and the degradation trajectory is similar to the partitioning degree; it is inferred that the main reason for the decrease of grease partitioning performance may be the loss of base oil and the change of thickener fiber structure.

An optimization framework to integrate distributed energy system in the crude oil stabilization process

ABSTRACT Crude oil stabilization is one of the important processes for crude oil treatment, which can reduce the evaporation loss of crude oil and improve the process safety of crude oil storage and transportation. The difference of operating conditions affects the product benefit and energy consumption of crude oil stabilization. In order to improve the overall economic efficiency, this paper used the data interaction function of MATLAB and HYSYS, and the temperature and pressure of the stabilized tower were optimized by using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Meanwhile, combined with the distributed energy system, the mixed-integer linear programming model was developed, and the design strategy of the energy supply equipment was determined by taking the minimum annual equipment cost and fuel cost as the objective function, so as to reduce energy costs and carbon emissions. The method was validated in an oil field in China. The results showed that the optimal operating conditions after optimization were 0.1MPa and 130°C. The energy supply equipment was selected as an electric heater, a CHP engine, and a waste heat boiler. The energy consumption cost at this time is 3 .109 × 1 0 5 CNY/a, which is 17.65% less than the actual operating cost of the site. At the same time, carbon emissions fell by 7.8%. This method can guide the operation of the oilfield site to a certain extent.

Flaxseed Gum/Arabic Gum/Tween 80-Based Oleogel as a Fat Substitute Applied in Emulsified Sausage: Physicochemical Properties, Sensory Attributes and Nutritional Quality.

In the present study, flaxseed gum (FG), Arabic gum (GA) and Tween 80 were used to prepare oleogels through an emulsion-templated method, and the obtained oleogels were designed for the partial substitution of pork fat in emulsified sausage. An increment in FG concentrations enhanced the viscoelasticity of emulsions, which resulted in the improved stability of emulsion systems, with smaller droplet sizes. In addition, increased FG concentrations contributed to higher mechanical strength, denser network structure and lower oil loss of oleogels. As a fat substitute, the prepared oleogels improved the textural properties and nutritional quality of emulsified sausages. With the increase in the substitution level of oleogels, the hardness and chewiness of the emulsified sausage increased, and the cooking loss decreased. Meanwhile, the reformulation with oleogels decreased the saturated fat from 57.04 g/100 g lipid to 12.05 g/100 g lipid, while increasing the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 essential fatty acids from 0.10 to 0.39. The obtained results demonstrated that the flaxseed gum/Arabic gum/Tween 80-based oleogels had huge potential to successfully replace pork fat in emulsified sausage products.

DEVELOPMENT OF A MOBILE COMPLEX FOR MEASURING THE CONSUMPTION&#x0D; OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IN MAIN PIPELINES&#x0D; WITH DATA TRANSFER TO DISPATCHING SYSTEMS

The article deals with the problem of the occurrence of losses of petroleum products on the main pipelines.&#x0D; The purpose of the study is revealed. The authors defined the subject and object of the study, set tasks to determine the&#x0D; factors influencing the occurrence of various types of losses of petroleum products during pumping, and also determined&#x0D; the causes of emergency, natural and operational losses. The article considers a system for accurately determining&#x0D; the location of the leak, which will ensure the reduction of excess losses of oil and petroleum products during unauthorized&#x0D; tie-ins, as well as environmental consequences when the product is spilled into the environment.

DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING&#x0D; TECHNOLOGICAL LOSSES OF OIL AND PETROLEUM PRODUCTS DURING TRANSPORTATION&#x0D; BY MAIN PIPELINE TRANSPORT

During technological operations for the transportation of oil and oil products, there are losses of pumped products.&#x0D; Historically, these losses were recorded in accordance with the norms of natural loss, which are determined&#x0D; empirically and do not have a clear scientific justification. The article presents a methodological approach&#x0D; to determining the level of technological losses of oil and oil products during technological operations of transportation&#x0D; by main pipeline transport. All technological losses are divided into two groups: losses during maintenance and repair&#x0D; of pipeline equipment; losses due to evaporation from storage equipment. For each of the groups, a reasonable method&#x0D; for calculating technological losses is proposed, taking into account the peculiarities of equipment maintenance and the&#x0D; seasonal factor. The developed methodology can be used by oil and petroleum products transportation enterprises for&#x0D; an objective and complete assessment of technological losses, their subsequent.

Enhanced recovery of oil from Jatropha curcas L. seeds

Jatropha curcas L. is a popular and potential tree borne oilseed exploited for biofuel, however, extraction ofoil from whole seedsincurs oil loss due to adsorption of considerable amount of oil to the oil cake. To minimize the oil loss, seeds were decoated using a seed decoater which separates the whole seedsinto shell and kernel. Seeds with 15 per cent of the shell removed and with 40 per cent of the shell removed were compared with whole seeds for oil extraction. The oil present in the oil cake was estimated and analysed for its physico-chemical properties. The average oil recovery from the whole seed was about 23.16 per cent. Removal of 15 per cent shell increased the oil recovery to 24.6 per cent and further removal of 40 per cent shell resulted in 25.41 per cent oil recovery. The oil present in the oil cake was reduced from 10.08 to 8.93 and 7.61 per cent in the 15 per cent shell removed and 40 per cent shell removed seeds, respectively. However, the physico-chemical properties of oil from oilcake did not vary significantly. From a commercial point of view, this study helped to enhance oil recovery and displayed the significance of seed processing technique.

Impact of low oxygen storage on post-storage quality of pasteurized walnut (Juglans regia L.) kernels

Walnut (Juglans regia) kernels were obtained from two facilities, each using a different method for pasteurization to achieve a log 4 and log 5 reduction in the bacterial load on the kernel surface. Continuous pasteurization utilized high temperature steam applied for a short period, and batch pasteurization utilized lower temperature steam applied in a pressurized chamber for a longer period. Log 4 and 5 walnut kernels from both treatment methods were stored at 20 °C in air or sealed in bags with a low oxygen transmission rate, and an oxygen absorbing sachet was inserted to reduce internal oxygen concentrations to < 0.5 %. After pasteurization and packaging, walnuts were stored and evaluated periodically for peroxide value, hexanal, free-fatty acids, and total tocopherols. These objective quality measures were compared to descriptive sensory analyses of walnut taste, texture, and aroma conducted by a trained sensory panel. Continuous pasteurization of walnuts increased the rate of oil oxidation and loss of total tocopherols, but storage of walnuts in low oxygen atmospheres mitigated some of the negative quality impacts. Continuous pasteurization resulted in an immediate decreased in total tocopherols prior to storage under low oxygen atmospheres; however, low oxygen storage reduced subsequent losses in tocopherols. Batch pasteurization did not enhance quality degradation as compared to unpasteurized controls, but storage under low oxygen reduced oil oxidation and slowed the degradation of total tocopherols, as typically observed during walnut storage.

Experimental investigation on the oil permeation mechanism of underwater oil storage method with flexible oil bladder

A novel underwater oil storage method with flexible oil bladder is developed in this study. The polymer flexible bladder is used to replace the rigid storage tanks, and is restrained by a shed with anchor cables underwater. To avoid environmental pollution due to the oil permeation is essential to the practical use of the proposed underwater oil storage method. In this study, the mechanism of the permeability of the polymer flexible bladder is investigated by indoor experiment and numerical analysis. The factors including oil types, test environments and pressure differences are considered. The results reveal that the olefins and aromatics are the major controlling components. The pressure gradient in the permeation path is mainly provided by the remaining buoyancy of the oil bladder, which is linearly related to the permeation rate. When the pressure gradient is opposite to the permeation direction, the oil still diffuses with the concentration gradient. An empirical formula for calculating the oil permeation rate is presented to conveniently and directly evaluate whether the oil bladder meets environmental protection and oil loss standards. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of the present method, and has important significance for the development of underwater oil storage.

Konjac glucomannan promoted fabrication of diacylglycerol oil-based oleogels through emulsion-templated approach: Comparison with triacylglycerol oleogels

Konjac glucomannan (KGM) combined with hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose was used to fabricate diacylglycerol oleogels (DGOs) through the emulsion-templated method, and compared with triacylglycerol oleogels (TGOs). The appearance and microstructure results showed that stable emulsions and oleogels could be formed in the presence of 0.2–0.6 wt% KGM. Higher KGM concentrations resulted in a stronger gel structure in oleogels, whose thixotropic recovery percentages were 50.45–75.20 %. From LF-NMR determination, the higher concentration of KGM presented earlier transverse relaxation (T2) time, and the T2 parameters of DGOs were higher than that of TGOs. Texture and oil loss analysis indicated that the mechanical strength and oil holding ability of DGOs were slightly lower than those of TGOs. This study demonstrated the advantages of biopolymers as thickening agents for obtaining stable emulsion and oleogels. The specific characteristics of DGOs distinguished from TGOs should be attributed to their different properties (unsaturation, viscosity, polarity, etc.) between the liquid oils.

Exploring the potential of naturally-derived ionic liquids for sustainable vegetable oil deacidification

This work investigated two different approaches for vegetable oil deacidification using an ionic liquid (IL), composed of cholinium cation ([Ch]) and oleate anion ([OLE]), as a solvent to form oligomeric ILs (OILs) potentially, and reactive extraction to form multicomponent ILs (MILs) from different acids. The OIL approach (adding an excess acid into the IL through hydrogen bonding) removed oleic acid (∼80%) from a commercial vegetable soybean oil, previously acidified, possibly due to high intermolecular interactions. Through MIL approach, the FFA removal was up to 85%. In this case, the MIL formation occurred concomitant to deacidification as a driving force. Both strategies were evaluated in crude vegetable oil, and the high removal indexes were maintained. Concerning the oil loss, the MIL and OIL approaches result in a significantly lower oil loss (up to 5%) than conventional chemical processes (up to 50%). Finally, envisioning integrated processes, MIL was reused in a new deacidification process, achieving good results (removal of FFA up to 85%). Alternatively, reused MILs and OILs were employed in the β-carotene and astaxanthin recovery from P. rhodozyma wet biomass, indicating that the obtained IL-based systems could be further used as green solvents for other sustainable extraction processes.

Heated and unheated lupin protein‐grape seed extract conjugates stabilizing and structuring high internal phase oil‐in‐water emulsions

AbstractPlant‐based high internal phase oil‐in‐water emulsions (HIPEs) are promising fat replacers. However, producing stable HIPES with improved viscoelastic properties is a challenge for the food industry. Conjugation of plant proteins, such as lupin protein isolate, with phenolic compounds, such as proanthocyanidins from grape seed extract, associated (or not) with moderate heat treatment arise as potential methods to tune the surface properties of proteins and, consequently, the droplet‐droplet interactions that drive the viscoelastic properties of HIPEs. In this way, unheated (UHC) and heated (85°C, 15 min) (HC) lupin protein (LPI)‐grape seed extract (GSE) conjugates were produced and used to stabilize HIPEs. Evaluation of stability by Turbiscan and oil loss by centrifugation over 56 days of storage did not reflect the kinetic stability of HIPEs against process conditions. Under shearing, UHC‐stabilized emulsions at high GSE concentrations showed oil release, whereas all HC‐stabilized HIPEs released oil. However, the increase in GSE concentration and heat treatment improved the viscosity and storage modulus (G′) of HIPEs, possibly due to the droplet‐droplet interaction originating from hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions in UHC and HC‐stabilized HIPEs, respectively. This pivotal study confirmed that conjugation of a plant protein with GSE and heat treatment could improve the viscoelastic properties of HIPEs and produce HIPEs with superior texture (higher G′).

Experimental investigation of PAM/PEI polymer mud for reducing lost circulation in high-temperature formations

Lost circulation is a common and costly problem, especially in high-temperature oil and geothermal wells. Lost circulation materials, including polymeric solutions, are often used to remediate the problem. This study considers using thermoset polymeric gels in water-based drilling fluids as lost circulation materials (LCM) to mitigate the circulation loss in oil and geothermal wells at high temperatures of 150°C (302°F). Two polymers were considered, polyacrylamide (PAM), which serves as the base gel, and polyethyleneimine (PEI), an organic crosslinker. The rheological and sealing property of the PAM/PEI combination as lost circulation material was examined at 150°C (302°F) using a high temperature and high-pressure rheometer and a permeability plugging tester. The results showed the optimum gelation of the mud at 6% PAM and 1.25% PEI solution occurred at 17 minutes. The polymer mud tends to form an elastic-like solid at high concentrations of PAM and PEI. The PAM/PEI polymer mud reduced the fluid loss by 80% during the sealing treatment compared to the conventional LCM treatments with water-based mud. Also, details on effective mixing procedure and testing technique using 3D-printed tapered fracture discs are presented.

Biomimetic super slippery surface with excellent and durable anti-icing property for immovable heritage conservation

The formation and accumulation of ice on solid surface is not only a potential threat to our daily life, but also a hazard to cultural heritages, such as murals, grottoes, monuments, ancient buildings. Inspired by slippery inner surface of Nepenthes, slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) for anti-icing attract a lot of attention recently. In this work, dip-coating approach is utilized to create a hydrophobic silica layer grafted with long-chain organic molecules. After infusing the oil phase, a three-layer Nepenthes-like structure is formed. The SLIPS shows excellent anti-icing property. It reduces the ice-surface adhesion strength to 0 kPa on non-porous surface and 6.83 kPa on porous surface (sandstone from Yungang Grottoes) respectively. After 35 icing/de-icing cycles, the SLIPS still shows good anti-icing ability. Our results show that the middle long-chain organic layer not only enhances the surface hydrophobicity but also increases its affinity with the oil phase to reduce lubricating oil loss, thus increasing its anti-icing durability. When the anti-icing ability decreases with time, simple re-infusing the oil phase can easily restore the anti-icing performance to its original level. The SLIPSs prepared in this work show outstanding hydrophobicity, ice repellency, durability and satisfying water vapor permeability on treated porous sandstones, which makes it potential to protect immovable cultural heritages from ice hazard.

Solid-like Slippery Surface with Excellent Comprehensive Performance.

Slippery surfaces with outstanding slippery performances have shown application prospects in various fields, including anti-icing, antifouling, droplet transportation, and fog collection. However, practical application of the existing slippery surfaces is limited by lubricating oil loss, low water-slippery ability, low surface robustness, complex processes, and high costs. To overcome these limitations, we propose a facile, low-cost method to create a solid-like slippery Al surface (SSS-Al) by mixing hydrophobic nano-ceramic coating, silicone oil, and nano-SiO2, which shows excellent comprehensive performance. The SSS-Al shows exceptional water-slippery ability with a sliding angle of 5° and antifouling ability. Durability and chemical stability tests confirm the high surface durability and chemical stability of SSS-Al. Furthermore, SSS-Al exhibits anti-icing performance, fog collection ability, and electrochemical corrosion resistance, as well as demonstrates remarkable application prospects in important fields such as aerospace and shipbuilding.

Analisa Pengaruh Metode Pencucian Nozzle Sludge Centrifuge terhadap Kehilangan Minyak pada Final Effluent

The clarification process is the separation of oil from the sludge using a sludge centrifuge. The process in this sludge centrifuge treats sludge/sludge output from CST in the form of sludge underflow. The problem that occurs in the oil separation process in the centrifuge is the high amount of oil that is still included in the final effluent as oil losses. High oil loss is caused by a blockage in the nozzle due to the operational process of the tool that does not pay attention to procedures (SOP) and the lack of operators in the sludge centrifuge related to the maintenance process (washing). The purpose of this study, namely to identify the factors that influence the causes of oil loss in the slugde centrifuge and final effluent, examine the effect of nozzle washing (flushing) on ​​oil loss in the sludge centrifuge and liquid waste production (final effluent), and determine the most optimum flushing method in terms of oil loss and liquid waste production. This research went through four stages, namely problem identification, cause analysis, effort solution, and optimum flushing method. The results of this study indicate that the standby nozzle replacement method is the optimum method because it does not require water, only takes 15 minutes, and has the lowest loss rate of 0.53%. It is hoped that with such results, companies engaged in palm oil processing can apply this method.

Facile fabricant of slippery lubricant-infused porous foam-like surface for efficient fog harvesting

Inspired by pitcher plant, a variety of lubricant-infused surfaces have been created with unique properties. Owing to its high heat transfer performance and negligible contact angle hysteresis, the lubricant-infused surfaces are employed in fog harvesting. However, the loss of lubricant oil can result in performance degradation. Therefore, many surfaces with fine micro/nano structure have been created to increase the lubricant retention ability of lubricant-infused surface. Unfortunately, the procedures for preparing these surfaces are difficult or time-consuming. In this study, we synthesized a porous foam-like lubricant-infused surface (F-LIS). Porous copper foam was created on the surface of copper sheets through the dynamic bubble template method, and the pore walls were made of closely interlaced needle-like nano-dendrites. The fog harvesting efficiency of the surface can reach 2761.2 mgcm−2h−1. Additionally, F-LIS demonstrates excellent mechanical durability and chemical stability as a result of the micro/nano structure and the strong intermolecular force between PFPE as lubricant and the modifier layer, PFDT. After high-speed rotation, prolonged placement and UV irradiation etc., the surface still exhibits brilliant sliding ability and fog harvesting efficiency. This work offers a simple and effective approach for fabricating lubricant-infused surfaces with distinguished fog harvesting capability, providing a reference for relieving the crisis of freshwater resource scarcity.