Loss Of Life Research Articles

Physical Abuse Cases at Boarding Schools: Phenomena and Its Prevention Model

This research elaborates factors that contribute to physical abuse cases at Boarding Schools, which explained with routine activity theory and power relation theory. Besides, this research also evaluates the Minister of Education and Culture Regulation Number 82 Year 2015 On Prevention and Countermeasures of Violence in Education Unit Environment, and Law No. 18 Year 2019 on Boarding schools. Physical abuse cases that occur at Boarding schools are caused by excessive discipline implementation. Therefore, this encourages and motivates senior boarders or boarding caretaker to commit violence. This research uses qualitative method, with a live interview held at a boarding school which experiencing physical abuse cases causing loss of life. Delphi method is also used to deepen the prevention model and generate education expert insights focusing on the educational development of boarding school. This research is unveiling the extraordinary causes of violence and resulting on validated prevention model by education experts in boarding schools.

Special Issue of International Criminology: ‘Misleading the World? Reassessing the International Impact of the British Modern Slavery Agenda: Vietnam

AbstractVietnamese nationals feature conspicuously in the British narrative of modern slavery. In 2019, 39 Vietnamese nationals tragically died in a refrigerated lorry in Kent, in a case which shocked both countries (Barnes T (2019) Essex lorry deaths: concerns ‘snakehead’ smuggling gangs could be behind 39 found dead in trailer. The Independent Newspaper. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/ essex-lorry-deaths-latest-snakehead-chinese-gang-human-trafficking-people-smuggling-a9171 066.html. {Accessed 18/04/2024}. Yet, in early 2024, Vietnamese nationals are currently the most likely migrants to reach the United Kingdom via small boats. This article—based on ongoing legal work and research carried out in both Vietnam and the United Kingdom—will explore the history of irregular migration from Vietnam and its specific connections to illegal drug cultivation. It will evaluate the impact of key domestic initiatives such as the National Referral Mechanism and the Modern Slavery Act 2015 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/30/section/45 {Accessed 14/09/2024} as well as most recent anti-trafficking campaigns in the United Kingdom and Vietnam. It argues that the losses of life in a refrigerated lorry in Essex and the continuing migrations are as much a product of prohibitionist drug policies as contradictory immigration and human trafficking messaging.

Enhanced Cyclone Intensity Estimation Using Deep Learning Models

Every year in India, tropical cyclones pose one of the greatest threats to life and property. They include a variety of hazards, each of which can have a significant impact on life and property, such as storm surge, flooding, extreme winds, tornadoes, and lighting. These hazards interact with one another, substantially increasing the risk of loss of life and material damage. According to a study on extreme weather events, as many as 117 cyclones hit India in 50 years from 1970 to 2019, claiming over 40,000 lives. Due to advancements in technology, detection of cyclones has become much easier. Cyclones are categorized into various categories based on their intensity which is calculated by various methods and sources. Estimation of the intensity of cyclone helps them to categorize. In this paper we are trying to estimate the intensity of cyclones by using the state- of-the-art deep learning models as they are pre-trained on large data sets. Keywords: Tropical cyclones, Hazards, Intensity estimation, Deep learning models, Detection, Data sets, Cyclone intensity, Weather prediction, Disaster management.

Quantitative Risk Assessment of Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil at an Oil and Gas Company

Introduction: An oil and gas refinery operates various equipment with specific functions for different processes. Each piece of equipment has potential hazards that can damage the equipment and injure or kill workers. This study focuses on the hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) export facility from the jetty loading area at an oil and gas company that processes flammable liquid using various equipment. Methods: The HAZOP method determined the hazardous spots, and the probability of each equipment failure corresponding to the system was also determined using fault tree analysis (FTA). Furthermore, every event tree analysis (ETA) output probability was also determined. The probability and radius of pool fire varied for different leak hole scenarios. The final steps are individual risk per annum and potential loss of life to measure the risk level of the system. Results: Based on HAZOP deviation scenarios, every operating equipment can potentially cause a pool fire. In FTA, scenarios were developed based on different leakage hole sizes, ranging from 1-3 mm, 3-10 mm, 10-50 mm, 150 mm, and >150 mm. The results indicated that leakage could occur across all operating equipment. Similarly, the ETA applied the same bore size scenarios. The consequence analysis yielded a worst-case outcome of pool fire and a best-case outcome of un-ignited fluid release. Subsequently, the pool fire output was modeled using ALOHA, which resulted in three heat flux zones: the red zone (10 kW/m²), the orange zone (5 kW/m²), and the yellow zone (2 kW/m²). Smaller leak holes had a higher probability but smaller pool fire radius. The initial risk of the export facility was unacceptable. Furthermore, insufficient safeguards contribute significantly to the resulting high-risk level. Two mitigations were implemented: adding safeguards and reducing worker hours. Conclusion: The final results showed that for every piece of equipment, the overall risk of the export facility became acceptable after mitigation..

Gendered Analysis of the Wave of Coups and Terrorism in the Sahel

The prevalence of coups and terrorism in the Sahel raises serious human security concerns due to their devastating impact on socio-economic stability, state fragility, democratisation, etc. The current wave of coups and terrorism opens up avenues for asking questions about the progress of democratisation in Africa, issues of human security, protection of human rights, and, more specifically, how the prevalence of violence affects women’s lives. Hence, it is imperative to interrogate the resultant impact that the prevalence of coups has on the protection of women’s rights in the region. Therefore, this paper examines the gendered implications of the prevalence of coups and terrorism in the Sahel region. Using Nigeria and Burkina Faso as case studies, it argues for a gendered understanding of the differential impact that the increasing rate of terrorism, military coups, and worsening state fragility have on women, as well as their corresponding effects. This is in face of the prolonged Boko Haram insurgency in North-eastern Nigeria that has led to massive loss of lives, intense political instability with over 300 schoolgirls having been kidnapped till date and the September 2022 military coup led by Captain Ibrahim Traore in Burkina Faso that suspended the constitution with no progress for democratisation in sight. The paper employs a qualitative methodology and a thematic analytical framework to interrogate the gendered implications of coups and terrorism on women. It finds that a gendered analysis of coups and terrorism in the Sahel enables relevant bodies to implement preventive or mitigating measures aimed at managing hostilities, safeguarding human security, and promoting gender equality.

OPTIMALISASI BUFFER ZONE SEBAGAI PENGAMAN PERMUKIMAN DI SEKITAR DEPO TANGKI BAHAN BAKAR MINYAK PT. PERTAMINA PLUMPANG, JAKARTA

The fuel storage tanks in Plumpang, North Jakarta, owned by PT. Pertamina Tbk. initially had a land area of ​​153 hectares, with the use of 71 hectares as an operational area and the rest as a buffer zone. However, the buffer zone changed its function to a residential area as a place of residence and economic activities for the community which became increasingly dense accompanied by issues of land ownership status. The Plumpang fuel storage tanks fire incident that occurred several times which caused loss of life and property, is a reminder of the importance of a buffer zone that serves as a separating space between areas at risk of flammable material disasters and residential areas. This paper is the result of research on the analysis of the optimization of land requirements for the Plumpang fuel storage tanks buffer zone, by applying quantitative descriptive methods and spatial mapping of the area using Arcgis software, with reference to fuel depot safety standards. It requires the acquisition of 5.2 hectares of land as a buffer zone area in the form of a safe distance from the safety fence wall, construction of a ditch that functions as an accident pool, and re-arrangement of settlements directly adjacent to the buffer zone.

The experience of parents of children with intellectual disabilities/autism who experienced the Kahramanmaraş earthquake in Türkiye.

In the Kahramanmaraş earthquake on February 6, 2023, which was described as the most severe earthquake on land worldwide and the disaster of century, the loss of life and material losses reached serious levels. In this study, it was aimed to examine the experiences of 21 individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disabilities affected by the Kahramanmaraş earthquake by interviewing their families regarding this process. Fifteen parents of one/more children diagnosed with intellectual disability/autism spectrum disorder participated in this study, which was conducted with a phenomenological design, one of the qualitative research designs. These themes are (a) the impact of the earthquake on the child with autism spectrum disorder/intellectual disability, (b) the impact of the earthquake on the parents, (c) difficulties experienced and (d) requirements. When the themes are examined, parents state that their children face serious physical, psychological and educational harm, their behavioral problems increase due to trauma they experience.

Law and Lawlessness in Yorubá Society - A Critical Analysis of Ààrẹ Àgò Aríkúyẹrí and Adákẹ́dájọ́

This essay is centered on the comparative analysis of the justice system in traditional and modern Yorùbá society vis-à-vis equality of rule to law to all and sundry. This paper aims to analyze the effects of an upright as well as a corrupt judicial system on society. The theory adopted for this work is the sociological theory of literature. The model adopted under this theory is the mirror image approach. Proponents of this model believe there is a cordial relationship between literature and society because literature mirrors society. We employ an auto-telic textual analysis approach in our analysis of the two play texts, which are Ààrẹ Àgò Aríkúyẹrí and Adákẹ́dájọ́. Our findings in this work show that equality of all and sundry in justice dispensation will bring about peace, tranquility, and development in society why inequality as well as lack of equity, justice, and fairness as seen in the two texts breed lawlessness, anarchy and resort to self-help by those deprived of justice which will, in turn, brings about loss of life and properties as we are witnessing in Nigeria today. Based on our findings in this work, we believe that the solution to this problem is to follow the rule of law which should be above everybody, and to inculcate moral discipline (ìwà ọmọlúàbí) which is the watchword of the traditional Yoruba society in children through both formal and informal education by teachers, parents, and guardians.

Research on Fire Smoke Traceability Based on Emotional Intelligence Jaya Algorithm

To timely detect fire smoke in the early stages and trace the gas generated, thereby reducing the loss of human life and property and the damage to the ecological environment, this paper proposes a fire smoke tracing method based on the Emotional Intelligence Jaya algorithm (EIJaya). The algorithm assigns an anthropomorphic mental state to the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in the traceability task to realize its self-evaluation and social evaluation. In the simulation concentration field, the EIJaya algorithm, the basic Jaya algorithm, and the PSO algorithm were used for the simulation verification of gas traceability, and the simulation results proved the advantages of the EIJaya algorithm in terms of the success rate and the iteration times. In this paper, the TT UAV is chosen as an experimental tool to utilize the functions of its expansion module fully, and the experimental hardware system was constructed by combining it with the corresponding sensors. The corresponding experimental scene was built in the indoor environment, and the EIJaya algorithm was used to make multiple UAVs cooperate and carry out traceability experiments, which verified the algorithm's feasibility in practical applications and proved that the algorithm could quickly and accurately trace the fire smoke.

Effect of Different Edible Coatings on Physical and Physiological Characters of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle) cv. Sai Sharbati

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different edible coatings on physical and physiological characters of acid lime (Citrus aurantiifolia Swingle) cv. Sai Sharbati from October, 2023 to November, 2023 under Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with three replications and nine treatments at ambient room temperature. The parameters recorded were fruit length (mm), fruit diameter (mm), fruit firmness (kg/cm2), physiological loss in weight (%) and shelf life (days) in every 3 days interval till 21st day. The maximum fruit length (36.16), fruit diameter (34.36) and fruit firmness were observed in fruits treated with coconut oil 100%. Minimum percentage of physiological loss in weight (5.36%) was found in the fruits treated with coconut oil 100%. Whereas, shelf life was found maximum (21 days) in fruits treated with coconut oil 100 % while, it was only 10 days in control fruits. Coconut oil coating increases the shelf life of acid lime by reducing physiological loss in weight and maintaining the fruit firmness.

Investigation of Passive Controlled Post-Tensioning System on the Structural Behaviour of Precast Reinforced Concrete Beam–Column Connections

Precast structures are widely used in many parts of the world. This construction technique is more commonly preferred for low-rise industrial buildings than multi-story structures. The most commonly used column–beam connection in precast buildings is the dowel connection (DC). Past earthquakes in various parts of the world have shown that these connections do not provide sufficient resistance. The main deficiencies of such connections are that they are sheared or stripped due to the shear force demand from the in-plane effects of large earthquakes, and that they do not provide sufficient resistance to the overturning moments from the out-of-plane effects of the earthquakes. Correspondingly, many prefabricated buildings have collapsed during earthquakes, causing loss of life and property. This study proposes using post-tensioning tendon (PT) systems and systems created by adding steel springs (PTS) to eliminate the weaknesses in column–beam connections in precast structures. To this end, real-sized column and beam specimens used in precast buildings were produced, and experiments were conducted under the cyclic loads defined by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee, Report 374, simulating earthquake effects for three different connection types (DC, PT, and PTS). It was observed that the proposed PTS connection type dissipated approximately one-third of the energy transferred to the joint through elastic deformation in the springs, compared to the DC and PT connection types. This indicates that the PTS specimens transferred significantly less energy to the column–beam connection region. Consequently, the PTS system exhibited much less damage in the column foundation and especially the column–beam connection areas than other test specimens. In conclusion, it can be stated that the use of the PTS connection type in prefabricated structures has high potential to reduce damages due to dynamic loads such as earthquakes.

Embryo Cryopreservation Strategy May Improve Live Birth for Women Underwent In Vitro Maturation After Early Oocyte Retrieval: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

There is limited clinical research investigating the optimal transplantation strategy in early oocyte retrieval cycles. We aimed to assess whether the maturation of oocytes from early oocyte retrieval influenced pregnancy outcomes, and to find the optimal embryo transfer strategy (fresh or frozen-thawed embryo transfers) for patients who had early oocyte retrieval and underwent in vitro maturation (IVM). A retrospective cohort study was conducted in a university-based reproductive medical center. A total of 234 women who underwent single embryo transfer after early oocyte retrieval were included. The primary outcome was live birth rate. The live birth rate (12.5% vs. 27.5%, p = 0.005, adjusted p = 0.010) was significantly lower in IVM cycles compared with no IVM cycles. There was a significant decrease in live birth (3.6% vs. 19.0%, p = 0.008, adjusted p = 0.011) and a markedly elevated early pregnancy loss rate (62.5% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.014, adjusted p = 0.012) for IVM fresh cycles compared with no IVM fresh cycles. However, these findings were not repeated in subgroup analysis when frozen-thaw embryos were transferred. These results indicate that patients who underwent early oocyte retrieval and then IVM-intracytoplasmic sperm injection should be recommended the embryo cryopreservation strategy. Resynchronization of the embryo and the endometrium in frozen-thaw embryo transfer cycles may optimize live birth and decrease early pregnancy loss in IVM-intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles after early oocyte retrieval.

Constitutionalisation of the Right to Abortion

Enshrining the right to abortion in the constitution represented an ideal in many states that faced this issue or restrictions that led to the loss of human life. The phenomenon gained momentum in the European space after the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Dobbs v Jackson Women’s Health (Dobbs v Jackson Women’s Health Organization, 2022). I mentioned the decision, by which the Court annulled the right to abortion, offering the possibility to waive this right to the national authorities. The rise of extremist religious groups in the European space made the right to abortion a controversial subject, which is why the phenomenon was left to the discretion of the national state from a decision-making perspective. However, in the EU, the European Parliament alerted in time the threats posed to the rights to abortion requesting that this right be introduced in the EU Convention of Rights (European Parliament Resolution, 2022; European Parliament Resolution, 2024). Rounding off the decision to implement the right to abortion in the constitution generated at the national level a real debate for and against, which in the European space ended with some changes such as states that have adopted this right: France (French legislative proposal no. 293, 2023), Belgium (Parl. doc. 55 2832/001 (2021-2022), Norway, and Sweden (Press release Department of Justice, 2023). Against this reaction, legal experts questioned the necessity, adequacy and added value of the constitutionalisation (Dobner M. Loughlin, 2010) of a right to abortion in European-national contexts.

Assessing climate-driven glacial retreat, snow-cover reduction and GLOF risks: implications for water resource management amid rising global temperatures and CO2

Context The consequences of climate change, including alterations in snow and glacier patterns and rising temperatures, pose a risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), which can have cross-border impacts, leading to the loss of life and property downstream. Aims This research focused on the assessment of changes in snow cover within Chitral district imposed by temperature increase. Methods ArcGIS and Origin programs were used in this research to study the glacier pattern of Chitral. Results Therer was a significant increase of 266.7% in urban development and an expansion of 135.9 km2 in agricultural areas within this remote mountainous region. The findings of the study show that in the year 2000, >51.6% of Chitral district’s total land was covered by snow during early winter. However, this coverage drastically declined to ~6.8% by 2008. Across the initial two 4-year periods, ~44.7% (5694.6 km2) of the glaciated area transitioned to barren rock, whereas the overall reduction in snow-covered areas accounted for ~43.3% (5514.6 km2). Conclusion Owing to the increasing stress on freshwater resources, it is essential to conduct thorough analyses and monitoring of snow patterns to ensure sustainable freshwater availability and effective environmental risk management. Implications This study emphasises the critical consequences of climate-driven glacial retreat, waning snow cover and increased risks of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) for the management of water resources with the rise in global CO2 and temperatures levels. These changes threaten the timing and availability of water supply, with impacts on agriculture, ecosystem and hydropower. Effective adaptation measures and sustainable management practices are crucial to alleviate these risks and ensure water security in a warming world.

Analysis of Ionospheric Disturbances Due to Cyclones in Geraldton City of Australia

Abstract A typhoon is a natural disaster that has the potential to cause damage and cause loss of life. On April 2, 2021, the tropical cyclone Seroja formed, reaching typhoon class category 3, which was characterized by a maximum wind speed of 140 km/s on April 11, 2021. Tropical cyclones reached typhoon class when the wind speed exceeded 119 km/h. Typhoon can generate Acoustic Gravity Waves which can cause Concentric Traveling Ionosphere Disturbances (CTIDs). One effort that can be made to mitigate typhoon disasters is to analyze the time when ionospheric disturbances are detected, which can be observed through changes in TEC values by utilizing GNSS technology. The propagation of the GNSS signal from the satellite to the receiver experiences a delay when passing through the ionosphere layer, which can be used to obtain the Total Electron Content (TEC) value. TEC is the number of electrons in a cylindrical vertical column with a cross-section of 1 m 2 along the line of sight. CTIDs due to typhoon Seroja were detected at around 09:00 UTC by GPS 9 at ~0.2 TECU. Interestingly, the CTIDs caused by typhoon Seroja were detected before the typhoon landed in Australia. It is hoped that additional information and variables regarding the comparison of the characteristics of ionospheric disturbances due to typhoons and earthquakes can be used to develop an early warning system for disasters in the future.

Using Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave to Assess Bedrock Depth in Grand Aceh Baet Residential Area

Abstract Inadequate foundation studies had over time led to quite a number of mishaps, resulting in loss of lives and properties. To address this issue, a Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) survey was conducted at the proposed Grand Aceh Housing site to characterize the subsurface and determine the depth to the bedrock, ensuring a stable foundation for the Rusunawa construction. The survey was performed along four profile lines using a PASI 16S-24P seismograph. The acquired data were processed with Geopsypack Geopsy and Dinver version 2.5.0 and then modelled into 2D data using Surfer version 13. The results identified four distinct layers with varying depths and thicknesses: the first layer with shear wave velocity ≤175 m/s is classified as soft soil layer (SE), the second layer as medium soil (SD) with Vs 175-350 m/s, the third layer as solid soil and soft rock (SC) with Vs 350-750 m/s, and the fourth layer as rock layer (SB) with Vs 750-1200 m/s. The findings of this study suggest that the fourth layer is bedrock, capable of supporting the Rusunawa foundation.

TRAFFIC SAFETY AND RISK ASSESSMENT OF KONYA DISTRICTS

Road traffic accidents are a major problem worldwide, causing both loss of life and permanent disability. In order to prevent and reduce these losses and damages, it is very important to determine the causes of traffic accidents. Analyzing the population under the influence of traffic accidents can more realistically reflect the risk situation of the region in terms of traffic safety. The aim of this study is to analyze the situation of Konya districts in terms of traffic safety. For this purpose, the traffic accidents that occurred in 2019-2023 in 28 districts of Konya, excluding the central districts, were examined and the risk situation of the districts in terms of traffic safety was determined by the relative risk ratio. According to the results of the analysis, the districts with high relative risk value were determined as the most risky districts in terms of traffic safety. These districts are Ereğli, Karapınar, Seydişehir, Ilgın, Akşehir, Güneysınır, Beyşehir, Kadınhanı and Cumra. Yalıhüyük was found to be the district with the lowest risk. It was found that in the districts defined as high-risk, traffic accidents occurred mostly where the speed limit was 50 km/h. The relative risk rate was high in Ereğli, Karapınar, Seydişehir, Ilgın and Akşehir districts in all the years analyzed. For this reason, the types of accidents in these districts were studied and it was found that the most frequent type of accident was the side-on collision. In addition, it was found that the drivers involved in the most traffic accidents in these districts were drivers between the ages of 18 and 29. Such analyses are an important resource for the creation and implementation of traffic safety policies.

Antiviral Medications: Unravelling their Significance in Context to COVID-19

Abstract: Viruses represent a significant health menace due to their rapid transmissibility and potential to cause worldwide pandemics, resulting in substantial loss of human life. Antiviral agents play a pivotal role in mitigating the impact of viral infections. Nonetheless, treating viral infections is a multifaceted process due to the inherent characteristics of viruses, such as their capacity to undergo mutations and rapid evolution. Consequently, the effectiveness of current antiviral therapies can be impeded. This review encompasses the diverse manners in which viruses, emphasizing COVID-19, affect the human body and elucidates the challenges encountered in formulating efficacious antiviral treatments. Moreover, the limitations of conventional antiviral therapies are underscored. Additionally, a comprehensive compendium of 41 antiviral drugs is presented, detailing their mechanisms of action and routes of administration. Subsequently, the discussion includes 9 drugs repurposed for treating COVID-19, delineating their primary use as well as any accompanying side effects. In conclusion, while antiviral drugs remain pivotal in the battle against viral infections, the obstacles associated with their development and usage warrant careful consideration. Ongoing research is imperative to devise more potent and less toxic antiviral interventions against COVID-19 infection.

The Risk of Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever in India as a Growing Health Concern.

Every year witnesses an outbreak of some or the other zoonotic disease that causes the unparalled loss of human life. The year 2022 presented the outbreak of Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF), which brought unprecedented challenges to individuals as well as to the healthcare system all around the world, making it a serious health concern. Rising health concerns have highlighted the importance of managing and decreasing the further transmission of the CCHF virus. CCHF is one of tick-borne viral diseases, which spreads due to various reasons like changes in global warming, environmental influences, and other ecological factors. All these factors somehow impact the disease prevalence. This disease has a negative impact on both humans and livestock. The diverse climate and significant livestock population of India make it susceptible to the prevalence of CCHF. Therefore, it is the need of the hour to develop some strategies in order to tackle the challenges posed by CCHF. This article includes all the cases of CCHF that have occurred in India from the year 2011, along with the fatality rates associated with this disease. Also this study discusses the need to explore some specific drugs for the management and prevention of such diseases. In addition, the pathogenesis of the disease progression, along with some protective measures suggested by the government has been described for prevention of CCHF. Subsequently, this article attempted to draw attention towards the risk that may be posed by CCHF in the coming scenario, emphasizing the importance of taking proactive measures in anticipation of such risks.

Investigating Post-fire Critical Area of ship base on Numerical Fire Simulation

Abstract Ship fires are recognized as significant maritime incidents that can lead to substantial losses, including loss of life. In events where fires severely compromise a vessel’s structural integrity, the costs associated with comprehensive repairs can be exorbitant, placing considerable pressure on shipowners. Ensuring post-fire structural integrity is paramount. Therefore, it is essential to provide technical considerations that aid shipowners and classification societies in identifying critical areas of a ship’s structure that require replacement. This study aims to investigate the post-fire critical areas of ship structures through numerical fire simulations. By leveraging the properties of steel, which can undergo microstructural changes when subjected to high temperatures and rapid cooling, critical structural areas can be identified based on fire-induced heat exposure. A specific case study involving a fire incident aboard a 7,500 GT bulk carrier, triggered by the failure of an auxiliary engine, is examined. The simulations utilize on-site data and actual post-fire conditions to draw robust conclusions. The insights derived from this research are expected to enhance the understanding of the impacts of fire on ship construction and facilitate more efficient and accurate post-fire inspections.