Loss Of Human Capital Research Articles

Educational infrastructure of territorial communities in the conditions of war: problems and risks

The hostilities in Ukraine in 2022 had a devastating effect not only on the critical infrastructure of the regions but also on the educational infrastructure, resulting in the loss by some educational institutions of the ability to perform their functions, and other educational infrastructure began to perform functions not typical for them, including the accommodation of temporarily displaced persons. The article aims to outline the peculiarities of the functioning of the educational infrastructure in territorial communities during the war and to identify its exploitation problems and risks. The following methods are used for the study: abstract-logical, comparative analysis, graphical visualization, and statistical. The article analyzes the functioning of secondary educational institutions of territorial communities during the war in Ukraine. The regional peculiarities of the scale of the educational infrastructure destruction are clarified. Peculiarities and problems of exploitation of the territorial communities’ educational infrastructure in relatively stable regions are revealed. The algorithm of actions taken by local authorities of territorial communities to realize the exploitation of the infrastructure of educational institutions for a temporary stay of temporarily displaced persons is considered. The following risks caused by the war are identified: loss of human capital due to migration processes among students and educators, risks of financing general secondary education and reducing the quality of educational services, and limited possibility of resuming offline learning due to the destruction of educational institutions and the need for misuse. The peculiarities and problems of the organization of external independent evaluation in the conditions of martial law are analyzed, in particular, the simplification of the procedure of external evaluation and a number of risks for future applicants are clarified.

Urban employment in post-transition economies: skill mismatch in the local labor market

The paper explores the mismatch between the skills and qualifications required by the labour market and those acquired through education and on-the-job learning. The skill mismatch in transition economies tends to be even more pronounced as the labour markets in these countries are characterized by structural unemployment, affecting both older workers with obsolete skills and the young ones. Employers face poor incentives for investing in workforce skill development, due to the inadequate investment climate and volatile business environment. Transition countries face increasing outward mobility of an educated workforce, loss of human capital, and shortage of workforce in the fields such as ICT, medicine, science and research. The research is based on empirical data generated in a survey on ICT and manufacturing enterprises in the City of Niš, Serbia. The research methodology combines workers' self-assessment method for the skill gap measurement and the competence approach combined with the statistical methods. The findings indicate the presence of a qualification mismatch, in the form of the over-qualification as a dominant irregularity in the analysed labour market. The results of the study are expected to contribute to creating a network of policy instrumentaria that tend to be effective on a sub-national level in addressing the mismatch.

Unpacking the “O” in VRIO: The role of workflow interdependence in the loss and replacement of strategic human capital

AbstractResearch Summary: An underresearched and undertheorized factor in the resource‐based view's VRIO acronym is the “O”: organizational deployment. Exploiting a rule change that exogenously shifted the workflow interdependence of NBA basketball teams, we examine how the benefit provided by a resource depends upon the way it is deployed in an organization's workflow. We also examine how workflow interdependence influences the relative effectiveness of two capabilities for obtaining resources—external acquisition versus internal development. We find that losing star players is more damaging under conditions of greater pooled interdependence and that external acquisition capabilities are more effective for mitigating this damage. Conversely, we find that losing non‐star players is more damaging under conditions of greater reciprocal interdependence and that internal development capabilities are more effective for mitigating this damage.Managerial Summary: Different organizations arrange their workflows in different ways. Some organizations use more individual‐focused workflows, where the performance of each employee is relatively independent of the performance of coworkers, while others use more team‐focused workflows, where the performance of each employee depends critically on the performance of coworkers. Does an organization's way of arranging its workflow affect the amount of damage done when a key employee quits? Does the answer depend upon whether the departing employee is a star performer? Does it depend upon the organization's capability for recruiting high‐potential replacements from other organizations, or its capability for improving the performance of its existing employees? By analyzing data from NBA basketball teams, we find that the loss of a star player is more damaging when teams use a more individual‐focused workflow, but that capability for recruiting high‐potential players mitigates this damage. Conversely, we also find that the loss of a non‑star player is more damaging when teams use a more team‐focused workflow, but that capability for improving performance of a team's existing players mitigates this damage. So, our results suggest that organizations should develop capabilities that fit their workflow and their relative risk of losing star employees versus non‑stars.

Development of social and labor relations in rural areas in terms of integration of the agricultural sector of the agro-industrial complex into the EU structure

Social and labor relations in the process of market environment development in the agricultural sector of the agro-industrial complex are undergoing significant changes. The study of these changes is necessary to identify trends that characterize all the processes associated with the use of labor, increase its productivity and impact on the efficiency of agricultural production. Miscalculations in socio-economic policy result in negative consequences and loss of human capital. One of the peculiarities of the period of Ukraine's integration with the EU in Ukraine is that the state does not regulate the content of social and labor relations, and other regulators, such as social partnership, are not yet working at full capacity. The most serious problems were in social and labor relations directly on agricultural enterprises and especially in farms and households. There is a need for effective state influence, using the opportunities of OTG, on the formation of a national model of social and labor relations and the effective use of labor potential. Further development of social and labor relations should be carried out in the context of Ukraine's integration with the EU, which raises the need to improve socio-economic policy towards the agricultural sector in terms of its transformation and adaptation to European integration structures. It is advisable to determine the main directions and priorities of socio-economic modernization of OTG in the coming years. The main ones are: and popularization of knowledge, including the reform of rural vocational schools, the search for new forms of adult learning, the development of economic, technical and social infrastructure, support for entrepreneurship and non-agricultural activities in rural areas.

Social Norms Change and Tobacco Use: A Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventions.

Tobacco use kills more than eight million individuals each year, and results in substantial economic and human capital loss across nations. While effective supply-side solutions to tobacco control exist, these approaches are less effective at promoting cessation among heavy smokers, and less feasible to implement in countries with weaker tobacco control policy environments. Thus, effective demand-side solutions are needed. Shifting social norms around tobacco use is one such promising approach. To this end, a systematic review and meta-analysis of social norms intervention studies to influence tobacco use will be conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidance. Tobacco intervention studies with at least two time points that explicitly mention social norms or social influence as part of an intervention or set of measured variables will be included. Literature sources will comprise PubMed, Scopus, PsycInfo, and the Cochrane Trial Registry, as well as several grey literature sources. Two reviewers will independently screen studies, and risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 and ROBINS-I tools. The primary outcomes will be change in tobacco use and change in social norms. A random-effects meta-analysis will be conducted for both outcomes. Sources of heterogeneity will be explored using meta-regression with key covariates. Non-reporting biases will be explored using funnel plots. PROSPERO: CRD42021251535.

Resolving the Needham Puzzle: Let the Evidence Speak—An Explanation on the Origin of China's Tobacco Industry

In 1954, the famous British historian Joseph Needham put forward a famous puzzle in the preface to his Science and Civilisation in China: before the 15th century, China's civilization was ahead of that of Western countries, both in terms of economics and technology; however, China suffered a disastrous decline in the subsequent era, while its Western counterparts underwent the Industrial Revolution and became the great powers of the world. Thus, Needham asked, why did the scientific revolution, which had taken place in the Western world since the 16th century, not originate in China? This paper has broken new ground both methodologically and substantively concerning the Needham Puzzle. By applying the data found in Chinese historical bibliographies of China as a proxy for the changes in the knowledge stock, this paper proposes the institutional change hypothesis and provides empirical evidence for the dynamic trend of China’s technological development, thereby providing a possible explanation for the Needham Puzzle. And the loss of human capital in science and technology constitutes a necessary condition for the origin of China's tobacco industry. Because the tobacco planting industry is a labour-intensive industry, rather than a technology-intensive industry.

FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF LOSS HUMAN CAPITAL AND COMBATING THIS CHALLENGE OF UKRAINIAN HIGHER EDUCATION

Abstract. The loss of human capital is a significant projected loss for the country's economy. Higher education must analyze the challenges, maintain the quality of human capital at the level necessary for the functioning of the economy, and train professionals in a permanent crisis. The multi-vector nature of the crisis leads to a negative multiplier effect of the influence of external and internal factors on the level of human capital of the country in all institutional categories, so these challenges are emerging given their systemic nature. This primarily applies to the institute of higher education. The formation of a relevant response to the challenges of loss of human capital is not only a guarantee of the proper functioning of higher education, but also guarantees the success of its functioning for economic transformation in the country. The analytical study revealed economic losses from external migration of highly qualified personnel, reduction of the country's economic potential from the outflow of specialists. The narrowing of the base of high-quality reproduction of qualified personnel, the factor of disproportion in the financing of higher education and the reproduction of highly qualified personnel from budgetary sources and the growth of the share of self-financing were revealed. The analysis proved the inconsistency of the quality of the staff to the number of employees of higher education in the regions and the disproportion of the teaching staff with academic ranks. A study of the number of graduate students indicates that the disparity in quality will increase as there is a tendency to lose scientific schools in the regions. Weaknesses of higher education have been identified. To reduce the negative impact of this factor on the quality of human capital and, indirectly, on the country's economy, there is the urgent need to optimize public funding of human capital; to create regional funds for financing higher education, formascientific schools in the regions to eliminate regional disparities in training. Proposals for a policy of investing in human capital at all qualification levels have been developed, taking into account the effectiveness of such investments and also to stabilize the socio-economic situation in the country. The directions of forming the answer of higher school to the challenges of the economic crisis of the country are offered. Keywords: higher education, human capital, economic losses, integrated indicators, analytical research. JEL Classification I25, J24, J62, J82 Formulas: 0; fig.: 6; tabl.: 2; bibl.: 20.

Learning to Leave and to Return: Mobility, Place, and Sense of Belonging amongst Young People Growing up in Border and Rural Regions of Mainland Portugal

This article examines how mobility is incorporated into the lives of young people growing up in rural border regions of continental Portugal. It also explores how municipalities are dealing with the contemporary imperative of mobility and its consequences. Young people from these regions are affected by decisions to leave to continue studying in higher education, or to find a job. Combined, these lead to an outward migration trend and thus loss of human capital. This paper is based on a multi-method research project carried out in the border regions and involves young people and other stakeholders from 38 municipalities. The data were selected from a questionnaire completed by young people (9th–12th grade; n = 3968), 38 semi-structured interviews with local policymakers, 50 biographical interviews, and 5 focus groups with young people. Results indicate that although most young people aspire to further education and do not fear leaving their region, they nonetheless tend to integrate the necessity to be mobile into their biographies. Hence, they do not associate it with displacement or as being tantamount to abandoning their region, and to which some of them want to return. We consider that in parallel with learning to leave local sentiments, policies, and actions are emerging towards coalescing a trend of learning to stay and returning. We propose an interpretation of this tendency as indicative of new understandings around these peripheral territories and which are shaped by young people’s experience of reconciling a sense of belonging to place and any associated mobilities.

The Role of Social Networks in the Political Participation of Young Women: Using Fundamental Theory Approach

Virtual social network is a new generation of social media space that, although not very old, have been able to open their place in people's lives. Many people of different ages and from different social groups come together in virtual social networks and communicate from a far in the real world. The present study examines the political and managerial participation of young women compared to men in Gilan. This research is based on grounded theory method and with in-depth interviews of 30 male and female political and managerial activists in Guilan province. The results of the research show that social networks, especially Telegram, have played an effective role in political consultation of young women compared to other media in Iran. The difference between national media and social networks in presenting images of political participation of men and women as a condition for intervention in the paradigm of research has been investigated. The results showed that social networks have an effect on the political participation of young women. The findings of the present study can be used to moderate phenomena such as lack of equal organizational growth and its irreparable consequences on sustainable development, women's progress and self-confidence, as well as changing men's beliefs, and the loss of human capital and avoid exorbitant training costs.

Replacement migration on the edge of the European Union: Wasting human capital?

AbstractA great deal of research has examined the degree to which migration acts as a regulator of labour supply and demand. This research considers the economic development potential of migration by examining whether replacement migration can be harnessed in peripheral locations to offset the loss of human capital resulting from emigration. The analysis focuses on Eastern Poland and includes data from Ukrainian migrants, Polish emigrants and Polish nationals. Our results suggest that Ukrainian labour migrants have the potential to operate as replacement migrants, offsetting the loss of human capital associated with the out‐migration of Polish nationals. However, there are two important caveats. First, the legal‐administrative framework must place labour migrants on equal footing with host nationals and develop a comprehensive integration strategy. Second, the wasted human capital associated with replacement migration must be acknowledged as a central cost of utilizing replacement migration as a development strategy.

Predictors of permanent emigration in a long-term cohort of Spitak earthquake survivors in Armenia

This study tests the hypothesis whether long-term out-migration was self-selective among survivors of the devastating 1988 Spitak earthquake in Armenia. Migrants are usually not a random sample of their original population, but self-selected in some systematic way for better competitiveness in the host country's labor-market. This phenomenon is known as favourable self-selection, which may lead to loss of human capital, economic stagnation and demographic ‘swamping’ of the sending country. While typical for economic migration, self-selection is considered less common for post-disaster emigration. In this study, characteristics of emigrants and non-migrants were compared in a post-earthquake cohort and the determinants of emigration identified using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. A follow-up study in 2012 successfully traced 80.3% (n = 1423) of the initial cohort. The cumulative rate of permanent emigration during 23 years of follow-up was 22.1%. The main destination country was Russia (81.0%). The fitted model identified that younger age, male gender, higher education, and sociability were among factors independently predicting out-migration, thus, confirming the hypothesis concerning the favourable self-selectivity of the emigration. Importantly, unemployment and loss of housing were strong push factors for out-migration. Hence, providing proper housing and job opportunities to disaster survivors could reduce their likelihood of emigrating and prevent detrimental effects of the loss of human capital for small countries with limited human resources, like Armenia. In addition to short-term activities for disaster relief, governments must build migration-preventing policies into their medium- and long-term disaster-area rehabilitation programmes if the country in question is negatively affected by out-migration.

Análisis migratorio y su efecto en la productividad de cultivos de ciclo corto en el cantón Colta, periodo 2015-2018

The present work aims to analyze the migratory situation and its effect on the productivity of short-cycle crops in the Colta canton, period 2015-2018. For this research, the cross-sectional descriptive methodological design was used in order to be able to analyze the quantitative and qualitative variables, taking into account the bibliographic review and field research supported by a survey, which is aimed at investigating the rural migratory effect. urban. In such a way that, thus, it is possible to demonstrate the existence of an increase, decrease in production or, otherwise, know if production was maintained. The problems that arise from different factors cause consequential alterations to the social and economic environment within the area, affecting small producers. This made it possible to identify in the simplest way the situation of the actors involved in the issue. An obvious problem that surrounds this production is the significant loss of young human capital, however, under this premise, the problem was presented as follows: What is the behavior of short-cycle agricultural productivity in the Colta canton in relation to the migratory effect of the area. The age range that predominates in the area is 50 years or more, with women having the greatest presence in the rural sector. It is evident that the migratory effect does not compromise agricultural production since its production is traditionally for personal consumption.

Returns to migration after job loss—The importance of job match

Loss of specific human capital is often identified as a mechanism through which displaced workers might experience permanent drops in earnings after job loss. Research has shown that displaced workers who migrate out of their region of origin have lower earnings than those who do not. This paper extends the discussion on returns to migration by accounting for the type of jobs people get and how related they are to their skills. Using an endogenous treatment model to control for selection bias in migration and career change, we compare displaced stayers with displaced movers in Sweden. Results show that migrants who get a job that matches their occupation- and industry-specific skills display the highest earnings among all displaced workers. If migration is combined with a job mismatch, earning losses are instead observed. This group experiences the lowest earnings among all displaced workers.

The Impact of International Migration on Inclusive Growth: A Review

International migration is an important channel of material improvement for individuals and their offspring. The movement of people across country borders, especially from less developed to richer countries, has a substantial impact in several dimensions. First, it affects the migrants themselves by allowing them to achieve higher income as a result of their higher productivity in the destination country. It also increases the expected income for their offspring. Second, it affects the destination country through the impact on labor markets, productivity, innovation, demographic structure, fiscal balance, and criminality. Third, it can have a significant impact on the countries of origin. It may lead to loss of human capital, but it also creates a flow of remittances and increases international connections in the form of trade, FDI, and technological transfers. This paper surveys our understanding of how migration affects growth and inequality through the impact on migrants themselves as well as on the destination and origin countries.

Competition, Cost Structure, and Labor Leverage: Evidence from the U.S. Airline Industry

I study the effect of increasing competition on financial performance through labor leverage. To capture competition, I exploit variation in product market contestability in the U.S. airline industry. First, I find that increasing competitive pressure leads to increasing labor leverage, proxied by labor share. This explains the decrease in operating profitability through labor rigidities. Second, by exploiting variation in human capital specificity, I show that contestability of product markets induces labor market contestability. Whereas affected firms might experience more stress through higher wages or loss of skilled human capital, more mobile employee groups benefit from competitions through higher labor shares.

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND BRAIN CIRCULATION

Many highly developed countries suffer the economic consequences of a growthlimiting demographic gap, which they only can fill with immigration. However, immigrants must be capable to be integrated into the receiving economy based on age and education. However, emigration raises in the home-countries the complex problem of “Brain Drain” (including loss of human capital, reduction in unemployment), which is offset by a “Brain Gain” in the destination country due to immigration. It can be shown, however, that within the framework of an adapted migration policy there can be a "Brain Circulation" that has advantages for all countries involved

Corporate Liquidity and Solvency in Europe during COVID-19

The spread of COVID-19, containment measures, and general uncertainty led to a sharp reduction in activity in the first half of 2020. Europe was hit particularly hard—the economic contraction in 2020 is estimated to have been among the largest in the world—with potentially severe repercussions on its nonfinancial corporations. A wave of corporate bankruptcies would generate mass unemployment, and a loss of productive capacity and firm-specific human capital. With many SMEs in Europe relying primarily on the banking sector for external finance, stress in the corporate sector could easily translate into pressures in the banking system (Aiyar et al., forthcoming).

INSTRUMENTS OF THE STATE POLICY OF IMPROVEMENT OF THE INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL BUSINESS IN UKRAINE AS A FACTOR OF REGULATION OF MIGRATORY ACTIVITY OF THE POPULATION

The article points out the key problematic aspects of the functioning and development of the national economy of Ukraine in terms of intensification of migration processes, including external, labor. These are the loss of intellectual and human capital, the formation of a labor market shortage, the degradation of territories, the reduction of revenues to central and local budgets, the aggravation of social problems and the growing burden on budgets, and so on. The urgency of formation and implementation of an effective state policy focused on restraining the volume of external and using the potential of internal migration in Ukraine is substantiated. It is proved that one of the most effective tools of state regulation of the economy in this context is to ensure self-employment by starting and successfully running a private business. At the same time, this requires a significant improvement in the business environment in Ukraine. It is shown that one of the priority components of a quality business environment is the infrastructure to support entrepreneurship. Current proposals to improve the institutional environment to support small business development in Ukraine are substantiated. The priorities of the state policy of improving the associative and public infrastructure of entrepreneurial activity as an important area of ​​support for small and medium enterprises and thus curbing migration processes in Ukraine include: 1) development and increase of competencies of associative business organizations; 2) ensuring cooperation between civil society organizations and associative business structures; 3) strengthening the interaction of government, associative business structures and civil society organizations in the field of transaction cost management. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the substantiation of a new institutional form of stimulating the development of small business in the country, as an institutional tripartite partnership of government officials and collective organizations of business and society. The practical significance of the research results is to use reasonable proposals in order to improve the existing infrastructure in Ukraine to support private business.

Regional determinants of the environment of educational emigration of the population of the Carpathian region

The problem aspects of the environment of educational emigration in the oblasts of the Carpathian region are determined and the directions for their regulation are substantiated. The problem aspects of the environment of educational emigration are outlined across the main determinants (defining factors): educational migration capacity; academic environment quality; educational migration motivation; cooperation between universities and industries in the research; institutional conditions in education. The paper suggests the calculation of the Regional Index of Forming the Educational Migration Environment (RIFEME) to evaluate and analyze the environment of educational migration that pushes the young students abroad. It is calculated across 28 parameters by the data for 2017-2018. The selected parameters characterize various conditions of forming the educational migration environment: educational, educational–scientific, informational, socio-economic, political, socio-demographic, innovative, institutional. An aggregate estimation of determinants (integral index) shows the place of the oblasts of the Carpathian region by the condition of forming the educational migration environment. Systemic RIFEME calculation (calculations are performed for 2017-2018) forms the information base for monitoring the environment of the population’s migration activity and condition of educational services market based on academic mobility of students, teachers, and researchers and their cross-border mobility, for detecting the problems of the educational emigration environment, and for determining the ways to regulate it. Main directions to regulate the environment of educational migration in social, scientific-technological, economic, educational, and informational public policies are substantiated. The suggested tools and measures of regulation of the educational migration environment aim to reduce the paces of educational emigration and prevent possible losses of resources capacity and human capital of domestic higher educational institutions and scientific schools.

The Buffering Effects of Social Insurance for the Spread of Covid-19

Global pandemics are associated with substantial losses of human capital. The best strategy of policymakers in public health before a population-wide vaccination is to reduce the outbreak of the disease and finding ways to alleviate its negative consequences in society. Previous studies show that welfare programs have externalities in unintended areas and for unplanned outcomes including a wide range of health outcomes. In this paper, we show that payments under the Unemployment Insurance (UI) program have the potential to reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. Applying a difference-in-difference technique on monthly data of all US counties from January 2020 to January 2021, we document that the social insurance under the umbrella of UI payments can reduce the transmission rate of Covid-19. The results show heterogeneity across subsample with the largest effects among blacks, poor, and low educated regions