Loss Of Human Capital Research Articles

The Work Effort and the Consumption of Immigrants as a Function of Their Assimilation

Positive self-selection has been used to explain the superior economic performance of some immigrant groups. Even if immigrants and natives are identical, however, the former face different incentives. In particular, they bear costs not incurred by natives, including monetary costs of moving, costs of staying in touch with family, and obligations to those left behind. Nonmonetary costs include stress and loss of location specific human capital. The focus of this paper is on how these costs influence the decisions of immigrants relative to those of natives. Particular attention is given to the role of assimilation.

Migration: The Nomand in Each of Us

Migration is no longer welcomed for the value of its contributions to societies but is seen as a nuisance and a topic of international political debate. The root causes of migration flows are political instability demographic pressure ecological problems economic inequalities and violations of human rights. There are links between economic development and migration patterns and cross country boundaries. There are labor surpluses in developing countries and labor shortages in countries with an aging population. Technology provides a cheap and easy means of transportation. Communication channels are flooded with the message of work and money and free societies in Europe. Although there are many types of migrants (permanent temporary legal illegal) there is a lack of understanding of migration as multifaceted and a lack of information on the character of migration. Discussion is hampered by political fears ideological stands and hidden motives including racial motives. Migration management can be better effectuated with a better understanding of urbanization processes. Migration frequently follows the patterns of relatives and friends who write home with optimistic portrayals of their situation and neglect to mention the hardships and frustrations. An open discussion between policy makers and experts in Western Europe and representatives of migrants would benefit all concerned and be in the direct interest of developing countries. Developing countries are losing highly skilled talented and educated people which is a loss of human capital; this only widens the gap between rich and poor countries. An open dialogue would be useful in designing innovative policies and development activities which would be attractive to the better educated. The important point to remember is that migration is as old as time and foreign migrants enriched Europe in many ways over the centuries. Fair and sensible solutions are possible when knowledge insights and experience are pooled without fear.

The Depletion and Restoration of Migrants' Human Capital

Studies of the assimilation of migrants into the Australian labour market suggest that migrants receive lower returns from schooling, experience and qualifications. However, as period of residence lengthens there is evidence that migrant wages catch up with those of Australian-born residents. This convergence can be attributed to the 'repair' of human capital eroded due to the non-transferability of country- and firm-specific skills and knowledge. Combining data on migrant arrivals with census data on overseas- born residents, the present paper estimates the changing occupational mix among a cohort of migrants. The occupational mix is used to construct a proxy measure for the stock of human capital. We find that migrants experience an initial loss of human capital, although the restoration phase is a short one of no more than three or four years. However, beyond this restoration phase migrants from non-English-speaking countries do not match the rate of human capital accumulation achieved by Australian- born residents.

Career development of agricultural graduates: A gender comparison

The purpose of this study is to examine the employment mobility patterns of male and female agricultural graduates. A 30% random sample (n = 5,049) was selected among agricultural students who had attended 1862 southern land-grant universities during 1977. A mail survey conducted with agricultural alumni in 1987 resulted in 2,049 respondents. Findings indicated that female graduates were less likely than male graduates to have entered agricultural jobs after completing college and to have received smaller salaries for comparable employment. Almost one-quarter of the women became homemakers, employed part-time, or unemployed, producing a net loss of agricultural human capital.

Do displaced workers suffer losses of specific human capital?: A comment

It is extraordinary to me that Topel's very important paper (this volume) can be written in a simple understandable form that is devoid of unnecessary jargon and mathematics. Topel's paper contributes to our knowledge on two levels. On the one hand, he presents substantive new evidence on the costs of worker displacement and shows how estimates of these costs and their relationship to predisplacement job tenure differ depending upon whether one analyzes data from the 1984 and 1986 Displaced Workers Surveys (DWS) or data from the Michigan Panel Survey of Income Dynamics (PSID). On the other hand, he masterfully points out potential biases in the cost of displacement that exist when retrospective data are used (DWS) and when panel data in which only members of the panel who remain in the sample until the last year are used (PSID). Indeed, he goes beyond merely speculating on these sources of biases. By contrasting data on the number of layoffs in 1982 and 1982 reported in the 1984 and 1986 5, he shows that individuals probably tend to understate layoffs that are relatively costless the farther away from the event they move. Similarly, in future work, he will test whether individuals who leave the PSI0 prior to the last survey year tend to have suffered larger losses from layoffs. Topel's use of multiple data sources and his concern for data quality issues have a long tradition in labor economics -a tradition that Walter Oi has advanced throughout his career. Topel's paper stresses the importance of losses of specific human capital in worker displacement. While it is hard for anyone such as I, who considers himself to be a friend of Walter's, who has learned so much from Walter over the years, and who went to graduate school near Chicago

The Economic Cost of AIDS in Canada

Forming a rational anti-AIDS policy--guided, say, by a cost-benefit analysis--is difficult (if not impossible) without knowing the cost involved. Presumably, AIDS currently imposes substantial cost on Canadian society. The direct costs of AIDS are relatively small. The principle cost is indirect, being the loss of human capital (or potential output) as a result of the premature death or disability of AIDS victims. Such human capital costs should be an input into any AIDS-related policy decision. The main purpose of this paper is to estimate the reduction in Canada's current human capital stock as the result of AIDS. This reduction was found to be about a billion dollars in 1988. Section I gives a background on AIDS and describes the current Canadian situation. The loss of Canadian human capital is then estimated in Section II. Section III then briefly treats some of the main direct costs of AIDS. Finally, conclusions are found in Seciton IV.

PARENTAL ALTRUISM AND SELF‐INTEREST: CHILD LABOR AMONG LATE NINETEENTH‐CENTURY AMERICAN FAMILIES

Intergenerational relationships within late nineteenth‐century industrial families are analyzed using several large‐scale, contemporary household surveys. Nonaltruistic behavior by parents was pervasive. Even among families with positive assets, child labor was common in certain industrial settings, suggesting that child labor (or nonschooling) did not simply reflect parental borrowing constraints. Neither did physical asset transfers offset human capital losses among working youth. A quantitative estimate of parental nonaltruism is derived from an equilibrium labor market model: approximately 90 percent of all child earnings was implicitly competed away through lower adult wages as families migrated to areas with abundant child labor opportunities.

Guidelines for rapid estimation of the direct and indirect costs of HIV infection in a developing country

The economic impact of AIDS may be especially severe in developing nations because of the additional burden on scarce health care resources and the potential loss of human capital. We describe a methodology for estimating the direct and indirect costs of HIV infection. Our approach is designed for the typical environment of international economic consulting, where time is short, and data sparse. We focus on HIV rather than AIDS because the only way now known to prevent AIDS is to prevent HIV infection.

Incidence, Intensity, and Duration of Financial Stress among Farm Firms

Over the past year, evidence on the extent of farm financial stress became available (Melichar, Jolly). However, policy makers disagree not only about the size and significance of the farm debt problems but also about the type of intervention, if any, that would be appropriate. The objective of this paper is to provide a benchmark for subsequent policy discussion. Financial stress requires definition. The absence of normal profit or returns to factors cause financial stress, yet these same forces drive the allocative mechanism of a market economy. Financial stress occurs when the capacity of an individual or firm or a specific sector of the economy to adjust to the forces causing stress is exceeded. Some stress is essential for efficiency and growth. Too much financial stress may lead to misallocation of resources, undesirable structural change, loss of economic and human capital, needed institutions, and individual well-being. Two surveys are used in this report. The USDA Farm Costs and Returns Survey (FCRS) is a probability-based sample of 23,386 farm operators contacted by enumerators between 15 February and 8 March 1985. Of these initial contacts 73% participated in the survey (Johnson, Baum, and Prescott). The FCRS collected income, cost, and balance sheet data for farm operators. The second data source was a mail survey of 4,700 Iowa farm operators conducted in March 1985. The Iowa Crop Reporting Service requested information on 1984 and 1985 financial conditions and operator characteristics. Approximately 23% of the questionnaires were returned (Jolly and Barkema).

Restriction of Farm Ownership as Rent‐seeking Behavior: Family Farmers Have It Their Way

Abstract. Restriction of foreign ownership of U.S. farmland has an obvious cost of foregone capital gains to farmers Yet their push to achieve state regulation of foreign investment in agricultural land has a sound economic basis. If required acreage expansion and high prices for land combine to force small, family farmers out of business, the value of their accumulated human capital falls precipitously, since it is soil specific With a large foreign demand for farmland which induces a tremendous rate of land price inflation, capital gains on their land swamp potential human capital losses. However, marginal participation in the U.S. farmland market by foreigners creates capital gains on land which are insufficient to compensate farmers for lost human capital, and creates a rationale for regulation The empirical results demonstrate that the pattern of legislative restrictions against foreign ownership of farmland is a function of the relative political power wielded by family farmers.

Human Capital Losses Resulting from War as a Policy Analysis Problem

Human Capital Losses Resulting from War as a Policy Analysis Problem

Post-Migration Earnings Profiles: An Application of Human Capital and Job Search Models

Several studies have noted that post-migration earnings of migrants rise more rapidly than earnings of non-migrants [13, 42; 9]. Human capital models would attempt to explain this by differences in the investment profiles of migrants and non-migrants. These differences could be due to migration selectivity, whereby migrants have different investment incentives due to ability or motivation; or to the loss of human capital by migrating and the recoupment of this capital after migration. Search models would explain this phenomenon by imperfect information. Migrants may have less information about wage distributions at the destination than non-migrants, enter the destination job market at a low wage and engage in subsequent post-migration search for better earnings. Or, as Yezer and Thurston [15] have suggested, search may be selective and migrants whose reservation wages are not met after some time at the destination leave; i.e., we observe migrants having steeper earnings profiles since those who do not obtain high earnings leave. As one might expect, neither of these pure models is alone sufficient to explain the factors that create the different earnings streams. Instead, they can be viewed as complementary explanations.' The failure to recognize that migration involves both job search and human capital changes could lead to biased tests of hypotheses originating from only one model. A good example of this, and the one addressed in this paper, is testing hypotheses regarding the source of differences between experience-earnings profiles of migrants and non-migrants. For example, Yezer and Thurston [15] establish and test the hypothesis that the distance migrated should be positively associated with income gains after migration. They find the expected relation using regressions with a distance dummy.2 However, it is well known that more educated individuals travel greater distances [11] and generally have steeper earnings profiles than less educated persons. The correlation between education and distance migrated makes any test of the Yezer and Thurston hypothesis biased toward accepting their search model when education is not controlled.

Estimating U.S. Human Capital Loss in Southeast Asia: A Comment

Estimating U.S. Human Capital Loss in Southeast Asia: A Comment

Estimating U.S. Human Capital Loss in Southeast Asia: Reply

Estimating U.S. Human Capital Loss in Southeast Asia: Reply

Human Capital Losses Resulting from U.S. Casualties of the War in Vietnam

Previous articleNext article No AccessCommunicationsHuman Capital Losses Resulting from U.S. Casualties of the War in VietnamB. F. Kiker, and Jon BirkeliB. F. Kiker Search for more articles by this author , and Jon Birkeli Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 80, Number 5Sep. - Oct., 1972 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/259948 Views: 5Total views on this site Citations: 5Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1972 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Andrew M. Francis THE HUMAN CAPITAL PEACE: DEVELOPMENT AND INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT, Defence and Peace Economics 20, no.55 (Oct 2009): 395–411.https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690802682109Andrew W. Horowitz, Jungmin Lee, and Julie R. Trivitt Household‐Level Education Borrowing Constraints: Evidence Using the College Attendance of the Sisters of Vietnam Draft Avoiders Horowitz et al., Journal of Human Capital 3, no.33 (Jul 2015): 197–223.https://doi.org/10.1086/651017Douglas H. Frank As Luck Would Have it: The Effect of the Vietnam Draft Lottery on Long-Term Career Outcomes, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2007).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1022003Keith Hartley The costs of war, The RUSI Journal 147, no.55 (Oct 2002): 16–19.https://doi.org/10.1080/03071840208446810Eric Fredland, Adrian Kendry The privatisation of military force: Economic virtues, vices and government responsibility, Cambridge Review of International Affairs 13, no.11 (Sep 2007): 147–164.https://doi.org/10.1080/09557579908400279

U. S. Human Capital Loss in Southeast Asia

U. S. Human Capital Loss in Southeast Asia

Hygienic assessment of effects of the novel coronavirus on the physical, social, and mental health of individuals from Egypt, United Arab Emirates and other countries from 2020 to 2021.

with the onset of SARS-CoV2 virus, which has led to the loss of human capital, economy,and infrastructure, it was crucial to understanding how this virus affects our daily lives. The NovelCorona Virus outbreak was declared a pandemic on 11 Mar. 2020 by The World Health Organization.In 2021, this situation became a crisis when the second and third waves of infection started to arise invarious parts of the world. The purpose of this study is the hygienic assessment of the effects of the novelCorona Virus on our physical, social and mental health in Egypt, the United Arab Emirates and othercountries from 2020 to 2021. To achieve this goal, we used the following methods. A questionnaire wasdeveloped using Google Forms. The format was based on Short Form Health (SF-36) (SURVEY, 2020)
 and The Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 survey sheet (QUESTIONNAIRE, 2020) in two languag-es, English and Arabic. We used Simple Random Sampling in our research. The statistical analysis was
 done using MS Excel and IBM SPSS Statistical Base v.22. The First step of our study was an analysis
 of challenges faced during the pandemic and ways to overcome them. Determination of the main prob-lems encountered during the pandemic by both males and females. The next step of our research was
 the analysis of the structure of physical symptoms and health status of COVID-19-infected individuals.It was determined that 23.34 % of participants were infected by the virus. The average was calculatedwith symptoms: fever 51.4 %, general lack of energy or malaise 51.4 %, loss of sense of smell and taste60 %, sore throat 54.3 %, vomiting 20 %, diarrhoea 28.57 %, fatigue 45.7 %, stuffy and runny nose orsneezing 57.14 %, chills 40 %, altered consciousness or feeling like it was challenging to stay awake25.7 %, shortness of breath at rest 37.14 %, shortness of breath when moving (like walking upstairs)37.14 % and seizure 5.7 %. Next step, our work was dedicated to calculating the Body-Mass index(BMI) country-wise during the pandemic. The average country-wise BMI calculation compared theindex before the pandemic and March 2021. Increase in BMI for females in Egypt from (31.1 to 34.6) UAE from (20.1 to 22.6) and other countries from (18.1 to 21.1.). The social stigma toward vaccinesbetween infected and non-infected individuals: infected (n=16) and non-infected (n=35) individualswants vaccines. 14.2 % infected and 12.2 % non-infected don’t believe in vaccines and 42.7 % infectedand 12.2 % non-infected have been vaccinated. The conclusions and trends were studied, evaluated andcompared with different articles and the reasons of such progressions were noted and discussed. Thetwo main conclusions drawn from this research were 1) A rise in cases of anxiety, depression and stressduring the pandemic and 2) The issue of obesity and weight gain due to home quarantine and remotemode of working. Prospects of further research include studying the effects of the virus in its mutatedforms as the virus is evolving. Post-acute sequelae of Covid-19 are also being observed and its studycan help us understand the effect of the virus on our body in the long run especially for those who havecomorbidities like obesity, hypertension, cancer and type II diabetes.

CORRECTION TO MIGRATION TO THE SUBURBS, HUMAN CAPITAL AND CITY INCOME TAX LOSSES: A CASE STUDY

Previous articleNext article No AccessCORRECTION TO MIGRATION TO THE SUBURBS, HUMAN CAPITAL AND CITY INCOME TAX LOSSES: A CASE STUDYA. G. HOLTMANNA. G. HOLTMANN Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by National Tax Journal Volume 22, Number 3September 1969 Published for: The National Tax Association Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/NTJ41791676 Views: 4Total views on this site © 1969 National Tax Association. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

An Expected-Income Measure of Economic Welfare

Previous articleNext article No AccessAn Expected-Income Measure of Economic WelfareBurton A. WeisbrodBurton A. Weisbrod Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 70, Number 4Aug., 1962 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/258663 Views: 9Total views on this site Citations: 8Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1962 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Boris Nikolaev Does Higher Education Increase Hedonic and Eudaimonic Happiness?, Journal of Happiness Studies (Dec 2016).https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9833-yGregory Ponthiere MEASURING VARIATIONS IN LIFETIME WELFARE EX ANTE AND EX POST: SOME EXPLORATORY CALCULATIONS, Bulletin of Economic Research 63, no.33 (Jun 2010): 255–291.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2009.00341.xGregory Ponthiere A Study of the Sensitivity of Longevity-adjusted Income Measures, Oxford Development Studies 36, no.33 (Jul 2008): 339–361.https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810802264464Gregory Ponthiere Monetizing Longevity Gains under Welfare Interdependencies: An Exploratory Study, Journal of Family and Economic Issues 28, no.33 (Jun 2007): 449–469.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-007-9066-7Julian L. Simon Paradoxes and difficulties in the evaluation of progress and technological advance, Technology in Society 10, no.44 (Jan 1988): 425–432.https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-791X(88)90004-8Malcolm Golden, Gloria L. Shapiro Cost-benefit analysis of alternative programs of vaccination against rubella in Israel, Public Health 98, no.33 (May 1984): 179–190.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3506(84)80043-8by Vladimir Stoikov HOW MISLEADING ARE INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS?, Review of Income and Wealth 21, no.22 (Jun 1975): 239–250.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.1975.tb00691.xA. G. HOLTMANN MIGRATION TO THE SUBURBS, HUMAN CAPITAL, AND CITY INCOME TAX LOSSES: A CASE STUDY, National Tax Journal 21, no.33 (Mar 2021): 326–331.https://doi.org/10.1086/NTJ41791613