Loss Of Electricity Research Articles

Effects of shading and blocking in compact linear fresnel reflector field

In a compact linear fresnel reflector field, ‘s’ number of reflector-rows lying between two receivers can be configured in 2s ways. Each possible configuration will lead to different energy loss, electricity generation and cost of electricity. The variations in energy losses, energy collection by fluid, electricity generation and cost of electricity with length (L) and width (w) of aperture of a reflector-row, spacing between adjacent reflector-rows (p), number of reflector-rows (2n), receiver-height (H), collector-configuration and location have been studied. It is found that the collector configuration has no significant effect on annual shading. However, it affects annual energy losses due to cosine effect, blocking and the factors τ and α significantly. As a result, the cost of electricity can be improved significantly by varying collector configuration. The cost of electricity decreases with increment in p/w and later on, it starts increasing. The best p/w ratio corresponding to minimum cost of electricity is 1.44 for H/nw = 0.3 and 1.85 for H/nw = 0.7. The energy collection by fluid increases rapidly with increment in H/nw initially. However, beyond H/nw about 0.7, further increase in H/nw does not lead to significant increase in energy collection.

FORCE MAJEURE (OVERMACHT) DALAM HUKUM KONTRAK (PERJANJIAN) INDONESIA

<p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><em>Private law in civil law system is generally contains two major sections: contract law and commercial law. In contract law, parties imposed upon themselves certain obligations. Notwithstanding that, parties may at some point lose their ability to meet their obligations due to </em><em>overmacht/force majeure. This article examine the legal status force majeure in Indonesia contract law. Force Majeure is intended to protect one party from damage arising from non- performance. The existence of which require the fulfillment of one or two conditions, subjective and objective. The Force Majeure clause is regulated in the Civil Law Code and encompasses situations such as fire, flood, earthquake, strom, typhoon (or other natural disaster), loss of electricity, catalisator damage, sabotage, war, invasion, civil war, rebellion, revolution, military coup, terrorist activities, blockade, embargo, labour dispute, strike, and goverment sanctions. </em>

Development of methodology for energy assessment of operational modes of work of power equipment

Development of scientific and technical proposals in the field of energy conservation, and increase the operational reliability of electrical power is continued in the article. One of the main indicators for assessing technical solutions is, as you know, the annual economic benefit of the development, expressed in national currency. However, due to the instability of the national currency, such estimate can’t be objective. It is considered that the weakest element of the design of power equipment is its electrical insulation. The main negative impact on its operating parameter is the temperature of heating, which in turn is a function of electric power losses in it. Evaluation of electric power losses in the power electrical equipment performed in units of electrical energy, and resource consumption of insulating structure – in units of insulation depreciation. As a result, it is difficult to assess the overall operational modes of electrical power equipment. Therefore, it is developed the technique of the energy assessment of operational modes of power equipment. In this paper we addressed the scientific and technical problem of estimating the economy of resources in the electrical power equipment by one indicator for which it is conducted research of the loss of electricity, together with the process of thermal deterioration of its isolation, and then their joint assessment. This task is performed by the example of induction motor with squirrel-cage rotor as the most widespread object of the power equipment.

Recovery of the Supply Chain after the 2011 Mega-quake in Japan

The 2011 mega-quake in East Japan seriously affected Japanese manufacturers in the Tohoku region. Disaster-hit firms shutdown their operation for a long period after the quake. This article examines what factors prolonged the recovery of plants, using Research Institute for Economy, Trade and Industry’s (RIETI) survey of affected plants in the Tohoku area. Our study reveals that not only the loss of infrastructure, such as, electricity, water and transport, but also the collapse of the supply chain caused a nationwide fall in production and the breakdown of the supply chain extended the recovery period for plants even after the restoration of electricity, the industrial water supply and the transport network. Our study concludes that disaster-hit firms suffer for a longer period and can adversely affect firms untouched by disaster, if the recovery of the supply chain is delayed.

ENERGY SAVING IN STAR MARKED REFRIGERATORS AND EFFECT OF DOOR OPENING FREQUENCY ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF RESIDENTIAL REFRIGERATORS

Abstract The resurgent economy of India is in need of energy as it is one of the vital requirements for a sustainable development. So, it is obvious that India will need a huge hike in energy to fulfill its requirements in the next decades. But, there is a large gap between the demand and supply. All India average energy shortfall is 9% and peak demand shortfall is 14% [O’Neill 2009]. .Loss of electricity in India, due to transmission, is around 24% during 2011-12 [Energy statistics 2013]. Energy saved at the point of use is equivalent to 2.5 times the energy produced [Deshpande V.M.,2011]. As such sincere effort is essential in every aspect wherever there is a possibility of saving energy. Refrigerators are huge consumer of electrical energy. In India, 13 % of residential electricity is used by refrigeration systems [BEE, Energy and Building, 2014 ]. There is very little study on the effect of use of energy star marked refrigerators on actual reduction of energy consumption, especially in developing countries. Another important factor which contributes to the increase in consumption of electrical energy is door opening pattern in refrigerators. But there is very little study on the effect of door opening frequency in refrigerators on energy consumption especially in field condition. In the present work experimental study was conducted by keeping the door of a 5 star marked refrigerator open at different frequency but same total opening time. The result showed that frequent opening of door leads to substantial increase in energy consumption and increase in frequency is directly related to increase in energy consumption. The increase may be more than 100% if a door is opened for even 1 minute after every 3 minutes or the door is kept open (by mistake or so) for a very long period (90minutes).

Based on the Integration of Power Grid Topology Model of Distribution Network Fault Analysis Applications

On the basis of grid GIS platform, in the distribution network repair platform implementation is based on the integration of power grid topology model of distribution network fault analysis mechanism, a combination of customer information, grid electricity equipment operation information such as all kinds of information, the cause of the problem of fault repair service to provide intelligence, integration judge method, improve the accuracy of the fault forecasting speed, the fault information, improve the efficiency of fault repair, shorten fault repair time, reduce the loss of electricity, improve customer satisfaction.

The Long Road to Recovery: Environmental Health Impacts of Hurricane Sandy

Building contractor John Pierciey stands in the gutted interior of a 1950s-era home in Manasquan, New Jersey. Wallboard, two layers of wood flooring, a layer of felt—all of it had to be ripped out to rid the house of mold caused by Hurricane Sandy’s storm surge. “This is the sixth house I’ve gutted in a week,” Pierciey says. “Every one is different. You don’t know what you’re going to find until you take them apart.” Residents and volunteers keep warm by a fire barrel in the New Dorp Beach neighborhood of Staten Island, 5 November 2012. Power outages persisted through a cold snap that put temperatures in the single digits. So it is with the environmental health impacts of Hurricane Sandy. Every layer of society, every type of building, has felt the impact of the storm, which struck the U.S. East Coast on 29 October 2012. Incidences of death and illness, though small in number compared with some storms, have come in many forms, the effects still unfolding as time goes by.

Death Modes from a Loss of Energy Infrastructure Continuity in a Community Setting

When power fails, deaths and injuries do occur. The numbers are usually very small unless the loss of critical infrastructure service continuity occurs simultaneously with some other hazardous event such as a heatwave. This paper uses a systematic review of literature to identify how people die from a loss of electricity or gas in a community setting. Nineteen plausible causal trains of events, known as energy service continuity death modes, are identified where an energy loss is the harm mechanism closest to the underlying cause of death. A number of these death modes are well recognised, but others are rarely noted. These death modes are those that arise in a domestic environment, rather than those that arise from a loss of energy continuity to industrial, medical and other facilities as these have unique death modes. The consolidated, evidence-backed list of plausible energy service continuity death modes presented in this paper will be valuable to emergency response organisations tasked with protecting public safety during energy loss incidents. By examining the list, these organisations can take a more comprehensive and anticipatory approach to preventing deaths.

‘Quake brain’: Coping with the series of earthquakes in Christchurch

‘Quake brain’: Coping with the series of earthquakes in Christchurch

In a Radiology Department During the Earthquake, Tsunami, and Nuclear Power Plant Accident

W549 loss of electricity, and MR suites were securely closed until the recovery of the regular electric power supply. While we were preparing for this emergency situation, an enormous number of lives, buildings, and anything on the ground in the cities and towns in the Pacific coastal region were lost because of the gigantic tsunami, which was far beyond our regular antitsunami protection system. Medical centers in the coastal region were severely damaged, and their function became limited. Because the damages to the coastal region were so extensive, we accepted only a few tsunami victims—far fewer than we expected. We later noticed that survivors from the direct tsunami attack were characteristically few. On Sunday afternoon, 2 days later, the electric power supply was recovered, making full radiologic operations possible except In a Radiology Department During the Earthquake, Tsunami, and Nuclear Power Plant Accident

(A268) Lessons Learned: Western Australia's Health Sector Resilience during a Severe Storm

The impacts of disasters on the community are not necessarily determined by the scale of a disaster, but are influenced significantly by the preparedness of the community, including the health community. Resilience is a dynamic quality within a community that is developed and strengthened over time. Evidence of the Western Australian (WA) health system resilience was demonstrated on 22 March 2010 when two severe weather fronts crossed the Perth metropolitan area and severely impacted a significant number of hospitals, the State pathology service, radiological services in tertiary and secondary hospitals, as well as aged care, mental health and other key health facilities. This storm has resulted in more than 120,000 claims and the total estimated cost is expected to exceed 1 billion Australian dollars, making it the most costly disaster due to natural hazards in WA history. Damage to these facilities included: (1) flooding, ceiling collapse, and broken windows in intensive care units, emergency departments, and operating theatres; (2) loss of radiological services; (3) sewerage inflow into wards, resulting in evacuation of mental health inpatients; (4) infrastructure damage to aged care facilities requiring relocation of residents; and (5) extensive loss of electricity and communications throughout Perth, which impacted on home oxygen therapy clients. A public health response also was required due to sewerage overflow into Perth's main river systems. This presentation will provide an overview of the event, lessons learned and how these lessons learned will be used to further enhance the health community's resilience.

Microwave pyrolysis of straw bale and energy balance analysis

The compressed wheat and corn straw bale were pyrolyzed on a microwave heating device self-designed and built with respect to the time-resolved temperature distribution, mass loss and product properties. Considering scale up and technology promotion of microwave pyrolysis (MWP), the investigations on electricity consumption and energy balance of MWP were carried out emphatically. The results indicated that MWP had obvious advantages over conventional pyrolysis, such as heating rapid and more valuable products obtained. The distribution of pyrolysis products such as gas, liquid and char was close to 1:1:1 due to the medium pyrolysis temperature and the slow heating rate, which was not favorable for the formation of gas and/or liquid products. The content of H 2 attained the highest value of 35 vol.% and syngas (H 2 and CO) was greater than 50 vol.%. The electricity consumption of MWP was between 0.58 and 0.65 kW h (kg straw) −1 and with the increase of microwave power, the electricity consumption required for pyrolysis of unit mass of straw increased. The minimum microwave power for MWP was about 0.371 kW (kg straw) −1 and the proportion of heat loss and conversion loss of electricity to microwave energy occupied in the total input energy was 42%. Data and information obtained are useful for the design and operation of pyrolysis of large-sized biomass via microwave heating technology.

Worldwide View [From the Editor

Around the World, Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, tornados, ice storms, tsunamis, and wildfires produce devastating effects on electric power system operation as well as on the well being of the affected country. The loss of electricity for extended periods has far-reaching effects, as most infrastructures are dependant on electricity. The complexity of power systems offers a challenge to maintaining a highly reliable operation in normal conditions, and that challenge increases many-fold following a natural disaster.

ICONE19-43275 Studies on the Coordinated Operation and Autonomous Control for Multi-modular Nuclear Power Plants

The tendency has always been to build ever larger single-modular reactor plants with the objective of benefiting from economies of scale. These plants have compiled admirable safety records. Nevertheless, there is concern that conventional large single reactors have become too complex by reason of placing too much reliance on engineered safeguards. The multi-modular approach offers a solution in that its use of many small reactors in conjunction with several shared turbines permits a simpler core design while, at the same time, at least partially retaining economies of scale by increasing the number of modules. Specific advantages to the multi-modular approach are as follows. First, the small-sized of the reactor core may allow the incorporation of passive safety features such as natural circulation cooling on loss of off-site electricity. Second, the individual modules are to be sized so that components related to nuclear safety can be factory-fabricated. Moreover, once the major components are made, they are to be transported to the site for rapid installation. This construction method is expected to reduce the licensing effort because the modules will be pre-licensed, and only site-specific issues will have to be considered in the final licensing process. At present, related studies show that the multi-modular approach for Generation IV can retain both the inherent safety and good economies of scale. However, the unbalanced load operation of the multi-modular power plant in which each module operates at a different power level and strong coupling between multi modules creates a complex control challenge to safe operation and control. Firstly, this paper summarizes the unbalanced load operation characteristics and challenges faced by operation and control of multi-modular power plant in the dynamic operational characteristics and requirements of coordinated control between multi modules. Secondly, detailed analysis and comparison are given in the integral supervisory hierarchical control structure, operation and control strategy of existing multi-modular reactor in the world. Finally, this paper indicates that the high-performance autonomous control method is one of the possible research directions to solve the problems of operation and control of multi-modular power plant.

A model of carbon capture and storage with demonstration of global warming potential and fossil fuel resource use efficiency

Abstract Increasing greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere influences global climate change even though the level of impact is still unclear. Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is increasingly seen as an important component of broadly based greenhouse gases reduction measures, such as the use of renewable energy sources or nuclear energy. Although the other greenhouse gases are more potent, the sheer volume of CO2 makes it dominant in term of its effect in the atmosphere. The International Energy Agency (IEA) uses 19% of emission reduction requirements as the target for CCS. Although a fossil fuel power plant is a large source of CO2 emissions, with CO2 capture these emissions can be reduced substantially. However, it must be recognized that CO2 capture significantly decreases power plant efficiency; therefore, extra resources (for example, coal in the case of a coal-fired power plant) are needed to compensate for the lost capacity. Extensive application of CO2 capture will require the construction of replacement power plants to compensate for the loss of electricity to the grid. CO−2 transport and storage also contribute to an increase in emissions and waste generation, as well as an increase in energy and other resource consumption..To understand the implications, CCS activities should be studied from a full life cycle perspective. The objectives of this study is to conduct life cycle assessment of combining two energy systems, coal-fired power plant and CO2 EOR, as a new tool to evaluate environmental LCA of CCS with CO2 EOR option. In addition, this is an attractive tool for decision making of any CCS project. Various equations are applied into the GaBi software (a LCA software) to model this tool. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is the primary approach used in this study to create the tool for CCS environmental evaluation. The Boundary Dam Power Station (BDPS) and the Weyburn-Midale CO2 Project in Saskatchewan, Canada, are studied and modified as the case scenarios to find the potential and encourage the appllications of CCS on both energy systems. Energy, using GJ as one of its unit, is considerably the product of this combining two energy resources as one system. The application of this tool effectively demonstrates the result of CCS system as life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) on carbon footprint and resource depletion. Other environmental impacts can, therefore, be analyzed by this tool as well. Three processes; coal mining, power plant including CO2 capture unit operation and crude oil usage, must be presented when the global warming potential (GWP) of CCS is performed. In addition, the result demonstrates the GWP reduction is directly related to fossil fuel resource use efficiency. This means the lower GWP of CCS, the lower efficiency of fossil fuel resource use as well.

Household preparedness for the Aftermath of Hurricanes in Florida

Hurricane Wilma in 2005 resulted in difficulties for Florida agencies in satisfying emergency relief demands by citizens. Because of this, a study was conducted to assess overall household preparedness for the aftermath of a disaster causing loss of electricity and other utilities for at least three days. Telephone interviews were conducted with 1200 Florida households to ask about current levels of preparedness in the spring of 2006 and about preparedness levels during the 2004 and 2005 hurricane seasons. Preparedness scores were computed based on a list of eight items for current preparedness and a list of ten items for preparedness for recent hurricanes. Results indicated that most households reported being well prepared to subsist on their own for at least three days following a disaster. Preparedness was strongly related to income, home ownership, race, age, and type of housing. Difficulties in meeting demand for emergency relief following Wilma appear to have resulted from needs of a relatively small percentage of households in an area having a very large population and from a number of households consuming relief supplies even though they reported being prepared.

Petroleum and Hazardous Material Releases from Industrial Facilities Associated with Hurricane Katrina

Hurricane Katrina struck an area dense with industry, causing numerous releases of petroleum and hazardous materials. This study integrates information from a number of sources to describe the frequency, causes, and effects of these releases in order to inform analysis of risk from future hurricanes. Over 200 onshore releases of hazardous chemicals, petroleum, or natural gas were reported. Storm surge was responsible for the majority of petroleum releases and failure of storage tanks was the most common mechanism of release. Of the smaller number of hazardous chemical releases reported, many were associated with flaring from plant startup, shutdown, or process upset. In areas impacted by storm surge, 10% of the facilities within the Risk Management Plan (RMP) and Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) databases and 28% of SIC 1311 facilities experienced accidental releases. In areas subject only to hurricane strength winds, a lower fraction (1% of RMP and TRI and 10% of SIC 1311 facilities) experienced a release while 1% of all facility types reported a release in areas that experienced tropical storm strength winds. Of industrial facilities surveyed, more experienced indirect disruptions such as displacement of workers, loss of electricity and communication systems, and difficulty acquiring supplies and contractors for operations or reconstruction (55%), than experienced releases. To reduce the risk of hazardous material releases and speed the return to normal operations under these difficult conditions, greater attention should be devoted to risk-based facility design and improved prevention and response planning.

There is disaster planning and there is reality—the Cayman Islands National Archive (CINA) experience with Hurricane Ivan1

Disaster preparedness is a necessary undertaking by any entity. Is it possible however to plan for every circumstance? For more than ten years the Cayman Islands National Archive (CINA) had annually implemented a comprehensive disaster preparedness plan and, as a National Hurricane Committee sub-committee, had instigated and monitored a departmental disaster control programme for approximately 70 government departments. This article, based on a presentation to SOA conference in 2005, seeks to highlight the experience of the Cayman Islands National Archive as it faced a massive recovery effort after the devastation of a small island nation by a category five hurricane in 2004. The Archive was faced with the reality of dealing with water damaged government records when 83% of the population, including CINA staff were directly affected by the disaster due to loss of homes and vehicles, loss of potable water and electricity, loss of employment, and with only limited food supplies.

Harold Baquet

Harold Baquet with Charles Henry Rowell Click for larger view Figure 1 Harold Baquet Photo by Wendell Gorden, © 2006 [End Page 1153] ROWELL: Since its beginnings in the eighteenth century, New Orleans has had, almost each year, to face the terror of hurricanes. Since the second half of the twentieth century, the people of the city have been given advanced warnings of approaching destructive hurricanes and have been told to leave the city. Many did, while others ignored the warnings—perhaps thinking they could "ride out" the storm and protect their property. There were, no doubt, many who felt that nothing would happen or that the hurricane would pass by the city. After all, that had been the case many times before—they had too many times heard the officials "crying wolf." Then there were others, as Hurricane Katrina so starkly demonstrated, who did not have the resources to leave the city. It is tragic that they always had to remain put in the city. But this time, with the approach of Hurricane Katrina, more than half of the people of New Orleans left the city. What do you think motivated so many people to evacuate as Hurricane Katrina approached? BAQUET: First of all, I want you to know that my family has been here in Louisiana since the 1690s. They came here from San Domingue, which is what Haiti was called before the Revolution. In other words, we have been dealing with hurricanes and similar kinds of weather for centuries. So when the hurricanes come, we have responsibilities, as a citizen, a neighbor, and a man. Your responsibility isn't really evacuation. Evacuation is something new. Before Katrina you would batten down the hatches, board up your windows and doors, stock food and supplies, water, tools and other necessities. We'd also keep on hand flashlights, batteries, and radios. A new thing we're doing is stockpiling gasoline to use in our generators. Let's not forget guns and ammo. Its true, we've always lived with the threats of hurricanes. No escaping nature. We have never run from a storm. There had never, until recently, been a FEMA or the government to step in and help dig us out. If my tree fell on my neighbor's roof, I knew I had to make it right. The morning after Katrina, we took ourselves out into the street to try to pull huge tree limbs and large oak trees out of the street to try to clear a path to the hospital that's near my home. That hospital, the only one remaining in the dry zone, became a command post of sorts for local and national health and rescue resources. Historically, we, my family, would ride out the storm, reacting moment to moment to the loss of electricity, then phone, then the window or ceiling, leaking rainwater. And this time many of us did the same thing; [End Page 1154] few of us fled. We now live with our collective horror stories of cousins having their homes flooded and having to evacuate to the second floor of their neighbor's house next door. They talk of the water rushing in and the appliances and the furniture flipping over on their sides. Yes, I mean we've always tried to get through the "whatever" life lays at our feet, and I've been, we've all been, real fortunate. Even this time, all of my family came through it alive. Many of us lost everything. But we were there for each other: we pooled our food, our resources and helped each other, and we got each other through it. We have nine and ten generations of this recovery activity and support as our tradition. Yes, we survived Hurricane Betsy back in '65. It flooded. The water was barely up to the floor of our 7th ward home. This time, with Katrina there were two feet of water inside our family home, meaning that Katrina brought about six feet of water in...

Impact of Hurricane Ivan on Pharmacies in Baldwin County Alabama

To evaluate the impact of Hurricane Ivan, which made landfall east of Mobile, Alabama, on September 16, 2004, on pharmacies in the affected areas. Retrospective cross-sectional analysis. Baldwin County, Alabama. Pharmacy community rapid-needs-assessment survey. 41 hospital and community (chain and independent) pharmacies. Posthurricane pharmacy hours of operations, prescription volumes, infrastructure damage, and prehurricane disaster planning. During the week of the hurricane, both chain and independent community pharmacies within the evacuation zone worked significantly fewer hours (46% and 49%, respectively) and dispensed significantly fewer prescriptions (37% and 52%) compared with the same week of the prior year. Overall, 40% of pharmacies depleted their supplies of certain medications (e.g., anxiolytics, antihypertensives). A total of 60% of the chain and independent pharmacies outside the evacuation zone closed because of loss of electricity, but pharmacies with a generator were significantly less likely to report having turned away patients. The proportion of pharmacies that had a disaster plan but turned away patients or rationed or ran out of medications was similar to that of pharmacies without a disaster plan. Although Hurricane Ivan primarily affected the operation of pharmacies within the evacuation zone, pharmacies in the surrounding area were also affected because of loss of power. Emergency management officials should evaluate the efficacy of specific guidelines outlined in disaster plans and identify ways to deliver essential medications to people in disaster-affected areas.