Loss Of Cargo Research Articles

The contribution of cargo loading and discharging time to the loss and gain of coal: Empirical evidence from Indonesian ports

This research aimed to know both the direct and indirect contribution of cargo loading and discharging time to the Loss and gain of coal mediated by load quantity. The process of data collecting was done through secondary data taken from the loading port of Jetty in Samarinda Port and the discharging port of Muara Berau, East Kalimantan. During 2020, there was an average loss of coal cargo of as much as 56 percent. This was caused by the long waiting discharge time during the loading and discharging. Another problem was the long waiting discharge time, as many Mother Vessels, tugboats, and barges entered the Jetty port and made a density there. The research method used path analysis with the loading-discharging unit as the source of secondary data on the determining factors of load quantity and the Loss and gain of coal cargo. This research indicated that one of the dominant factors was waiting discharge time, as a problem frequently occurred when vessels would berth in the port for discharging activities. The key finding was the necessity for the competent party to pay special attention to the factors contributing to vessels’ waiting discharge time in the port by providing services as maximally as possible through human resources improvement in the form of training.

Comparison of the Multimodal Transport Operator’s and a Freight Forwarder’s Liability Limit in International Transport. Case Study

Abstract Understanding the limits of freight forwarders' liability helps to predict the scope of indemnification to the customer in case of damage or loss of cargo. The absence of international agreements regulating the limit of the liability limit of freight forwarders makes it difficult for customers to find freight forwarders with the most favorable conditions. A large number of factors, such as the type of forwarding contract, the country of registration of the forwarder, the status of the forwarder, existing international agreements, etc. can significantly affect the degree of liability of the forwarder. In this paper, the legislation regulating forwarding and the activities of the multimodal transport operator will be considered. In addition, the standard conditions of the forwarding contract, the most commonly used in the selected countries, will be analyzed. On the basis of the conducted research, a case study will be presented, which will indicate the practical influence of various factors on the liability limit of the forwarder and the multimodal transport operator.

МУЛЬТИМОДАЛЬНІ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕННЯ ЯК ОДНА З ФОРМ ІНТЕГРАЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ НА РИНКУ ТРАНСПОРТИХ ПОСЛУГ

The transport system is one of the basic branches of the economy, the stable and effective functioning of which provides the necessary conditions for national security, the integrity of the state, raising the standard of living of the population, as well as revenues to the State Budget. All transport complex components are important for the transit role performance of the country: road, rail, pipeline, water, air modes of transport, which require an effective management strategy and a clearly organized transportation process. The transport sector integration directions are focused on new developments and the efficiency of the transport modes choice and on multimodality. In recent years, there has been a steady trend towards globalization of the goods and services market, and Ukrainian trade market is not an exception. This leads to the need to use effective technologies for transporting products from producers to consumers. The most widespread among such technologies is the technology of multimodal transportation. Most often, multimodal transportation includes the transportation of goods in universal containers. Containerization of transportation is a progressive direction in the organization of cargo delivery, which allows to shorten cargo delivery times, reduce cargo losses during transportation, reduce logistics costs and generally increase the efficiency of the transportation process. Multimodal transportation provides convenience for export and import companies, frees from overloading of goods and the need to complete additional documents. In order to improve the organization of multimodal transportation, it is necessary to create comprehensive plans for the development of sea (river) ports and near-port railway stations; ensure the implementation of large-scale investment projects, including international, aimed at the development of transit transportation, in particular with regard to the development of port infrastructure, elimination of "bottlenecks" of railway infrastructure, improvement of operational reliability and technical characteristics of roads in the directions of international transport corridors, construction of border crossing points in accordance with modern European standards, which will strengthen the competitiveness of the national transport system.

CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING VEHICLES FOR TRANSPORTATION

The choice of vehicles to fulfill the transport task set by the manufacturer is a rather complex process that requires detailed analysis. First of all, the evaluation criteria of motor vehicles, which can be classified depending on the tasks to be solved, play an important role. The main areas of analysis when planning the company's cargo transportation task are the analysis of transportation conditions, the analysis of the amount of cargo, the choice of the route of movement and the composition of the rolling stock. In general, the above-mentioned directions must meet the quality characteristics of transportation, namely: the minimum time of cargo delivery, the reliability of transportation - minimizing the risks of untimely delivery of cargo, the maximum possibility of carrying capacity of vehicles, the possibility of transporting cargo at any moment of time, regardless of weather, space and time characteristics, minimization of cargo losses during the process of its transportation, and others. In the methodology discussed in this article, the criteria cover a significant amount of indicators that characterize a motor vehicle from the point of view of consumer and technical-operational properties. However, this assessment model requires a sufficiently complex mathematical apparatus, the development of specific classifications of technical and operational properties that affect the final quality criterion, and at the same time there are difficulties with subjective assessments of consumer properties, since their determination requires the involvement of specialists. Thus, the evaluation of motor vehicles by the above methods requires a more in-depth study of the economic and financial component of the operation of the rolling stock, its productivity and the cost of the transportation process. Analyzing the considered methods and criteria used in this case, it is possible to conclude that "technical and operational indicators of transportation" do not provide an opportunity to comprehensively evaluate the efficiency of the use of specific vehicles of the production enterprise; "stated specific costs of transportation" do not provide an opportunity to assess the efficiency of the use of rolling stock at a specific production enterprise and others. Keywords: rolling stock, motor vehicles, cargo transportation, vehicle selection criteria, technical and operational properties, technical and economic evaluation.

Spatial and Statistical Analysis of Operational Conditions Contributing to Marine Accidents in the Singapore Strait

Narrow waterways are important connection hubs, also known as logistics transfer nodes, within maritime transport, where maritime traffic can become very dense and congested. Heavy traffic, unsuitable environmental conditions and human errors make narrow waterways risky areas for marine accident occurrence. Accidents in narrow waterways cause ship damage, loss of cargo, loss of life and environmental disasters, as well as interruption of maritime transport and negative impact on the economy. Thus, the sustainability of navigational safety in narrow waterways has been the focus of attention of all beneficiaries in the maritime industry. The Singapore Strait is one of the busiest narrow waterways in the world in terms of the number of ships transiting. Sustaining and safe maritime transport in the Singapore Strait is significantly important for the sustainability of the global trade. Therefore, it is vitally important to appropriately identify the threats to safety of navigation in the Singapore Strait. In this study, the operational conditions that have played a role in the occurrence of accidents in the Singapore Strait are examined. For this purpose, using the Geographical Information System (GIS), the areas where marine accidents are concentrated were determined by the Kernel Density Analysis method and a “Marine Accidents Density Map” was created for the Singapore Strait. The relationship between the dense areas in the marine accidents density map and the operational conditions that play a role in the accidents in the Singapore Strait were examined using the Chi-Square Test and expert opinions. The results of the study indicate that if there is a condition (e.g., turning, joining to the traffic stream, or failure in propulsion/steering systems) that directly or indirectly disturbs the normal flow of traffic in the Singapore Strait, the risk of having an accident increases. The results of this study can be used to determine the measures to be taken for the prevention of possible accidents, as well as to help manage the risks associated with the ships that pass through the region.

Railcar reallocation optimization on water-rail network under uncertain busyness

Water-rail intermodal transportation can reduce cargo losses and transportation transferring costs. However, the imbalance between the capacity of the scheduled railway network and the large container freight demand greatly reduces operational efficiency. To minimize the total transportation cost and relocation cost, a railcar reallocation stochastic optimization model is formulated to deal with uncertain congestion in the railway network. To capture the uncertain busyness and queuing pattern, a hypercube spatial queue model is embedded in the optimization model by estimating the expected queue length and waiting time. To solve the proposed nonlinear nonconcave stochastic model, an approximate hypercube based iterative algorithm is proposed. A real-world case study is presented to show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method. The proposed model outperforms the comparable deterministic model in the objective value. Sensitivity analyses on the ratio of the unit waiting cost and the unit travel cost for empty cars, and the total number of freight cars show the robustness of the proposed method.

Premium Type Fuel & Pertamax on the MT Ship. Long / P.1033

Transport Loss is the depreciation of cargo caused by the journey from the loading port to the unloading port. The goal in shipping is to minimize the occurrence of transport loss. In achieving this goal, it can be found from the factors that influence the transport loss of cargo and how to minimize the occurrence of transport loss. The method used by researchers to overcome these problems is a qualitative descriptive method so that researchers can present the results of the research obtained. Data collection through documentation, observation and interviews. Interviews were conducted by researchers with the chief officer as the ship's party and the loading master as the land party, the researcher made direct observations on the MT ship. In length, the researcher also took documentation to support the validity of the research data. The results showed that the factors that cause transport loss are due to the lack of accuracy in measuring and calculating cargo, non-standard measuring instruments, differences in weather and evaporation. And the way to minimize transport loss is by carrying out loading and unloading in accordance with procedures, calibrating measuring instruments and carrying out maintenance on loading and unloading suggestions. From the research results it can be concluded that transport loss is caused by several factors that must be minimized to the tolerance limit that has been determined by a shipping company. And the way to minimize transport loss is by carrying out loading and unloading in accordance with procedures, calibrating measuring instruments and carrying out maintenance on loading and unloading suggestions. From the research results it can be concluded that transport loss is caused by several factors that must be minimized to the tolerance limit that has been determined by a shipping company. And the way to minimize transport loss is by carrying out loading and unloading in accordance with procedures, calibrating measuring instruments and carrying out maintenance on loading and unloading suggestions. From the research results it can be concluded that transport loss is caused by several factors that must be minimized to the tolerance limit that has been determined by a shipping company.

Review of the Container Ship Loading Model – Cause Analysis of Cargo Damage and/or Loss

Abstract As the maritime transport of containers continues to grow and container ships change in terms of design and construction, it is important to ensure the appropriate level of safety for this type of transport. Over the decades, the size and cargo capacity of container ships have been changing, and so have their manoeuvring restrictions and required stability criteria. It seems that changes in the regulations, technological development and increased stability requirements are not yielding satisfactory results – the causes of container ship accidents continue to show similar patterns. The present article refers to the problem of ensuring safety in sea container transport, with a particular focus on cargo processes. Its purpose is to determine cause-and-effect relations leading to the loss of containers at sea, and to develop a model of loading that could significantly raise the level of safety of container transport. The article provides a general description of threats to ships related to weather conditions, loading methods or stability limitations. A statistical analysis of the occurrence of damage and/or loss of cargo from container ships was carried out and the risk of cargo loss was assessed on the basis of data from 2015‒2019. A Pareto diagram was used for this purpose. The authors present the concept of the container ship loading model, which may contribute to increasing the safety of shipping in the future.

AIS-Enabled Weather Routing for Cargo Loss Prevention

The operation of any vessel includes risks, such as mechanical failure, collision, property loss, cargo loss, or damage. For modern container ships, safe navigation is challenging as the rate of innovation regarding design, speed profiles, and carrying capacity has experienced exponential growth over the past few years. Prevention of cargo loss in container ship liners is of high importance for the Maritime industry and the waterborne sector as it can lead to potentially disastrous, harmful, or even life-threatening outcomes for the crew, the shipping company, the marine environment, and aqua-culture. With the installment of onboard decision support system(s) (DSS) that will provide the required operational guidance to the vessel’s master, we aim to prevent and overcome such events. This paper explores cargo losses in container ships by employing a novel weather routing optimization DS framework that aims to identify excessive motions and accelerations caused by bad weather at specific times and locations; it also suggests alternative routes and, thus, ultimately prevents cargo loss and damage.

Digitalization of Indonesian Offloading Management Systems from FPSO to Shuttle Tanker

Artificial Intelligence has experienced significant improvements, including its use in sustainable maritime security. This journal discusses the development of information systems that are interconnected and real time providing reports to all parties who need information. Overall, we find that the potential for oil sabotage is always present in the delivery of tankers from FPSO to shuttle tankers. The concept of integrated FPSO offloading management to tankers implies minimizing the potential loss of cargo. At the same time, the intelligent technology most often used to control maritime security is the Automatic Integrated System.

Digitalization of Indonesian Offloading Management Systems from FPSO to Shuttle Tanker

Artificial Intelligence has experienced significant improvements, including its use in sustainable maritime security. This journal discusses the development of information systems that are interconnected and real time providing reports to all parties who need information. Overall, we find that the potential for oil sabotage is always present in the delivery of tankers from FPSO to shuttle tankers. The concept of integrated FPSO offloading management to tankers implies minimizing the potential loss of cargo. At the same time, the intelligent technology most often used to control maritime security is the Automatic Integrated System.

위험화물에 관한 송하인의 묵시적 담보와 통지의무

To ship dangerous goods, the shipper is required to prepare a form certifying that the cargo has been packed, labeled and declared according with the IMDGC or SOLAS. But the carriage of dangerous goods raises two main problems: the responsibility of the carrier for loss of the dangerous cargo itself; and the responsibility of the shipper to the ship and the carrier for damage caused by the dangerous goods. In order to determine the foregoing responsibilities one must ascertain in each case whether the carrier and the shipper knew or should have known of the dangerous nature of the cargo.
 Under the common law, the shipper’s warranty as to the suitability of the goods for carriage is modified if the carrier knew or should have known of the dangerous cargo. Also, in the civil law such as Germany, France, and Japan, the shipper’s obligation to the carrier to tender goods which are suitable for carriage is contractual obligation and it would seem to be an absolute one. In this respect, the shipper's duty to inform dangerous goods is important in order to set the standard for the cargo claim.
 This paper discusses the subject of shipping dangerous cargo at common law and civil law. Especially, the paper reviews and analyzes some issues as to shipper’s duty to inform dangerous goods in the carriage of goods by sea. By examining theories and researching cases, it presents current problems in the Commercial Code of Korea. Finally, it proposes certain further amendments of the Code.

Auto-Encoder-Enabled Anomaly Detection in Acceleration Data: Use Case Study in Container Handling Operations

The sudden increase in containerization volumes around the globe has increased the overall number of cargo losses, infrastructure damage, and human errors. Most critical losses occur during handling procedures performed by port cranes while sliding the containers to the inner bays of the ship along the vertical cell guides, damaging the main metal frames and causing the structure to deform and lose its integrity and stability. Strong physical impacts may occur at any given moment, thus in-time information is critical to ensure the clarity of the processes without halting operations. This problem has not been addressed fully in the recent literature, either by researchers of the engineering community or by the logistics companies’ representatives. In this paper, we have analyzed the conventional means used to detect these critical impacts and found that they are outdated, having no real-time assessment capability, only post-factum visual evaluation results. More reliable and in-time information could benefit many actors in the transportation chain, making transportation processes more efficient, safer, and reliable. The proposed solution incorporates the monitoring hardware unit and the analytics mechanism, namely the auto-encoder technology, that uses the acceleration parameter to identify sensor data anomalies and informs the end-user if these critical impacts occurred during handling procedures. The proposed auto-encoder analytical method is compared with the impacts detection methodology (IDM), and the result indicates that the proposed solution is well capable of detecting critical events by analyzing the curves of reshaped signals, detecting the same impacts as the IDM, while improving the speed of the short-term detection periods. We managed to detect–predict between 9 and 18 impacts, depending on the axis of container sway. An experimental study suggests that if programmed correctly, the auto-encoder (AE) can be used to detect deviations in time-series events in different container handling scenarios.

Performance-based design of LNG container on small-scale LNG carrier through multi-objective optimization

Small-scale liquefied natural gas (SSLNG) carrier has drawn an increasing investment attention because of its flexible carrier capacity. However, the cargo loss and cold energy waste due to the evaporation from LNG container on SSLNG carrier are significant, which should be cut down as much as possible. In many cases, the evaporation of LNG is inhibited through the specified optimal strategies, but the influences of these strategies on economic cost and environmental impact are disregarded. In addition, these strategies are generally added to the project after that the initial design of LNG container has already been drawn up, which are not flexible and adaptable. Based on the aforementioned challenges, a novel MOPSO based optimal design methodology for LNG container is proposed, which specifies the energetic, economic and environmental (3E) performances of LNG container as objective functions. Moreover, aiming to deal with the complex geometric relationship between SSLNG carrier and LNG containers, the refined heat transfer models of LNG containers are constructed, and the constraint conditions are set according to the requirements of ship performance. The effectiveness of proposed methodology is demonstrated by its application to the two different types of LNG containers in the case study. The optimal results reveal that it is possible to optimize the energy consumption, economic cost as well as environmental impact of LNG containers, simultaneously. The proposed multi-objective optimization methodology provides a useful tool for the optimal LNG container geometry determination on SSLNG carrier.

Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Ship Structural Design

This study develops a procedure for performing multi-attribute decision-making ship structural design of a multi-purpose ship. The already designed ship is further structurally designed to comply with the requirements of the Classification Societies. The ship hull and structural components are verified against yielding, buckling, and ultimate strength. Based on the ultimate limit state (ULS), the first order reliability method (FORM) is employed to analyse the structural risk in reducing the probability of failure. The costs associated with materials, manufacturing, and labour are estimated. The structural risk analysis is performed, accounting for different hazard issues related to loss of ship, loss of cargo, loss of human life, and accidental spill of fuel and oil. The risk-based analysis is used to identify an optimum level of ship structural safety, i.e., the optimum reliability index, controlling the risk associated with the ship hull design. The study uses a multiple attribute decision-making ship design approach, simultaneously considering several objectives for different scenarios employing the Technique of Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The identified ship design solution is associated with the minimum expected total cost leading to lower construction and operational costs and risk with maximum cargo capacity and energy efficiency. The developed procedure is flexible enough to accommodate different design criteria and possible hazards during the ship’s service life.

Digitalization of Indonesian Offloading Management Systems from FPSO to Shuttle Tanker

Artificial Intelligence has experienced significant improvements, including its use in sustainable maritime security. This journal discusses the development of information systems that are interconnected and real time providing reports to all parties who need information. Overall, we find that the potential for oil sabotage is always present in the delivery of tankers from FPSO to shuttle tankers. The concept of integrated FPSO offloading management to tankers implies minimizing the potential loss of cargo. At the same time, the intelligent technology most often used to control maritime security is the Automatic Integrated System.

Optimized Design of Warehousing Operation Process Based on RFID Technology

Warehousing as one of the main functions of logistics core functions, the optimization of warehousing operation process has been highly valued by the entire industry. Based on RFID technology, taking Jingdong Huizhou Huiyang Logistics Center as an example, combined with the analysis of the current situation of its warehousing operation process, the process design is optimized from the three aspects of warehousing, warehouse management and outbound storage, and the simulation modeling of the inbound and outbound processes is carried out by using Flexsim software. The results show that: 1) The warehousing operations of logistics centers have pain points of long waiting time in storage, low inventory efficiency and high cargo loss rate. 2) Through the comparative analysis of the modeling results before and after optimization, RFID technology can effectively improve the efficiency of the warehousing operation process, and determine the feasibility of the optimized process to improve the efficiency of the warehousing operation process.

Strategic Leadership Practices on Organizational Performance: A Case Study of Kenya Ports Authority

Organizations like Kenya Ports Authority were set up to achieve specific goals. For instance, one of the goals of the Kenya Ports Authority is to facilitate seaborne trade both for Kenya and other land-linked countries worldwide. This will lead to the improvement of Kenya's economy and the creation of business. Part of the reasons for this failure has been inefficiencies in operations, berthing congestion, loss of cargo, mismanagement of funds, poor utilization of resources, and political wrangles. Most of the research done on Kenya, especially Kenya Ports Author researched on the effects of strategic leadership on organizational performance and that is why this research would like to study. The research used a descriptive survey method with a target population of 2021 which was withdrawn from the seven divisions of Kenya Ports Authority namely: Legal service, Human Resource and Administration, Operation, Engineering service, Finance, Corporate Service, and Infrastructure Development divisions where data was analyzed from the Kenya Ports Authority performance report from 2014 to 2021 on the financial reports from the year 2014 to 2019. The study concluded that communication of the strategic direction affects the performance of an organization positively, Core competence is the major booster in organizational performance; Proper human capital development indeed leads to an increase in organizational performance and Organizational culture is also crucial in organizational performance. The study recommends that Kenya Ports Authority should apply strategic leadership in their organization to increase performance positively.

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy Monitors the Fate of Degradable Nanocarriers in the Blood Stream.

The use of nanoparticles as carriers to deliver pharmacologically active compounds to specific parts of the body via the bloodstream is a promising therapeutic approach for the effective treatment of various diseases. To reach their target sites, nanocarriers (NCs) need to circulate in the bloodstream for prolonged periods without aggregation, degradation, or cargo loss. However, it is very difficult to identify and monitor small-sized NCs and their cargo in the dense and highly complex blood environment. Here, we present a new fluorescence correlation spectroscopy-based method that allows the precise characterization of fluorescently labeled NCs in samples of less than 50 μL of whole blood. The NC size, concentration, and loading efficiency can be measured to evaluate circulation times, stability, or premature drug release. We apply the new method to follow the fate of pH-degradable fluorescent cargo-loaded nanogels in the blood of live mice for periods of up to 72 h.

Оптимизация перевозок живого груза автомобильным транспортом

Abstract. A significant part of the loss of live cargo (poultry) occurs in the process of its transportation by road to the processing plant. Currently, there are no studies of the factors that determine these losses, a mathematical model for optimizing the density of live cargo placement in a transport container, a method for managing delays at various stages of transportation, taking into account the structure of a modern poultry complex and the level of automation of its communication systems. In this regard, it can be argued that the purpose of this study, which is to increase the efficiency of transportation of live cargo by road by controlling the duration of transportation operations and optimizing the density of placement of live cargo in a transport container, is aimed at solving an urgent scientific and practical problem. Theoretical studies are carried out on the basis of the analysis of scientific and regulatory and technical literature, the legal framework, systemic, statistical, factorial and technical and economic analysis, mathematical modeling of the transport process. Experimental studies were carried out in the conditions of an operating enterprise using the methods of mathematical statistics, computer modeling, field observations. The main results that have scientific novelty are: the dependence of the losses of the transported cargo on delays in loading, moving and unloading the poultry carrier, taking into account the effective ambient temperature and the specific properties of the cargo; mathematical model for optimizing the density of placement of live cargo in a transport container; a method for managing delays at various stages of the transportation of live cargo by road. Further research is supposed to be carried out in the direction of the development of intellectual support for the management of transportation, both of live poultry within the boundaries of the enterprise, and of finished products.