Losses In Distribution Systems Research Articles

Technical loss estimation approach in power distribution systems using load model in frequency domain

Electricity losses have been a focus of attention for Distribution System Operators (DSOs) and regulatory bodies. To define non-technical loss reduction policies is necessary to determine their amount. The strategy adopted is to calculate the technical losses to obtain the non-technical losses through the total losses difference. This paper presents an approach to estimate electric technical losses in distribution systems, showing that the load model in the frequency domain calculation is robust. Our analyses examine a model for calculating the loss coefficient in distribution systems due to dynamic energy consumption characteristics. We decomposed the load profile by Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and applied it to a model adapted to compute the losses spectral analysis, using the Parseval Identity. This paper examines how to estimate the coefficient up to the Nyquist Limit, considering the losses contributions to high frequencies. We evaluate this impact using a practical calculation in the load frequency domain. In this context, it would be interesting to reduce the computational cost and increase the accuracy estimate. Load flow simulations show that the model in the frequency domain presents an error of 0.1514% when compared with the model in the time domain. We obtained an error of 1.8718% using a correlation model between the loss simulations with the low-frequency components and the resolution limit. The model in the frequency domain has greater predictability, considering the load harmonic components' exponential decay characteristic. The intended purpose of this paper is defining regulatory losses in distribution systems.

Energy audit and conservation of Dental college – A case study

Power is a lifeline for the industry as well as to the individual citizen. With industrial growth of about 10 %, the power demand is surging very rapidly from last decade. With limited resources of power generation and lack of planning resulted into power shortages throughout the states. Unprecedented powercrisis is hindering the socio-economical growth of almost all states. The remedy for this power crisis is seen by the planner at Centre and states only in the two option. Addition of power capacity. Enforcing disparate load shedding. There is total disregard shown to the time tested option of Energy Efficiency improvement at various stages. (Like in generation, T & D, and end use) Reduction of avoidable energy losses in distribution system. Demand side management. Implementation and Monitoring of Energy efficiency improvement program. Bharti Vidyapeeth University Medical campus, Dhankawadi includes many colleges i.e. Medical, Dental, Rajiv Gandhi Biotechnology, Ayurved, Homeopathy college. Being High Tension consumer having Contract Demand of 200KVA, its monthly average electricity bill is Rs. 6,84,908/-. Sanctioned Demand is 344KVA and connected load is 413kW. Some of the major electricity consuming systems are Illumination, Heating equipment, Water pumping system, Air Compressor, Air conditioners. So, the present paper represents the overview of energy audit and conservation programme carried out at Bharati Vidyapeeth University Dental college campus. This study has resulted in exploring the overall energy and thus cost saving potential of 10 % with simple payback period of months. The outcome of this study and the implementation of the suggestions are discussed with the management and other concerned staff. The suggestions incorporated in Energy Audit report are technically feasible as well as financially viable.

Reliability improvement and loss reduction in radial distribution system with network reconfiguration algorithms using loss sensitivity factor

<p>Studies on load flow in electrical distribution system have always been an area of interest for research from the previous few years. Various approaches and techniques are brought into light for load flow studies within the system and simulation tools are being used to work out on varied characteristics of system. This study concentrates on these approaches and the improvements made to the already existing techniques considering time and the algorithms complexity. Also, the paper explains the network reconfiguration (NR) techniques considered in reconfiguring radial distribution network (RDN) to reduce power losses in distribution system and delivers an approach to how various network reconfiguration techniques support loss reduction and improvement of reliability in the electrical distribution network.</p>

Reduction of distribution system losses through WAPDA distribution system line- loss reduction program

The losses in the power system vary the gap between energy supply and demand. Among these losses, the distribution system has major contributions compared to the transmission system. This paper thoroughly examines the PESCO distribution losses and implements a practical approach that forties in the loss’s minimization. Using the bifurcation and restoration strategies, the PESCO distribution system can be well-organized and an effective system can be designed. The proposed approach also helps in estimating the entailed capital investments and the rate of return over time. Both the HT (High Tension) and LT (Low Tension) distribution systems are considered for observation and the proposed systems are endorsed. Computer-based software, such as ELR (Energy Loss Reduction) and CADPAW (Computer-Aided Distribution Planning Work) is exploited to measure the results of both the proposed and existing system. After the restoration of a particular system, recommendations are concluded. The proposed approach applies to any existing power system.

Optimal coordination of unbalanced power distribution systems with integrated photovoltaic systems and semi‐fast electric vehicles charging stations

Increased integration of photovoltaics (PVs) systems and charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs) has led to a substantial increase in the level of voltage unbalance beyond the acceptable limit. Ordinary voltage regulation devices such as on-load tap changers (OLTCs) and distribution static synchronous compensator (DSTATCOM) are sometimes incapable of adequately addressing this issue without proper coordination with PVs and EVs. This paper presents a novel real-time optimal coordination scheme to determine the tap position of OLTC, the amount of reactive power to be exchanged by DSTATCOM and a PV inverter, and the phase connection of EVs. The proposed scheme aims to maintain the voltage magnitude and voltage unbalance within the statutory limit while minimising the power losses in an active unbalanced power distribution system. Advanced and hybrid particle swarm optimisation (AHPSO) algorithm is also developed to solve the optimisation problem, and its robustness in comparison with other techniques is verified. The impact of uncoordinated voltage control and proposed control on voltage unbalance and power losses are investigated. Time-series simulations confirm the significance and scalability of the developed coordination control scheme on IEEE 37-node and IEEE 123-node test feeders with real data and different PV penetration levels.

INNOVATIVE PRINCIPLES OF FRESHWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

About two-thirds of the world’s population may experience water shortages within several decades. Yet, in many countries, there is still a tendency to solve water scarcity problems by increasing water supply, increasing the storage and distribution of surface and groundwater through the creation of new infrastructure, desalination of saline or brackish water, reuse of wastewater, or recharge of aquifers. This trend should prevail over the focus on reducing water demand, for example, by stopping losses in transport and distribution systems, implementing adequate tariff systems aimed at reducing the level of water demand, changing water use technologies, and, in general, increasing the efficiency of water use in household, industrial trial and irrigation systems; in other words, seeking to improve overall water productivity. However, it is possible to overcome the water shortage through efficient and rational use while using innovative solutions that will significantly modernize the water resources infrastructure. Therefore, using creative principles of freshwater resource management in the context of sustainable development should become a perspective for the next ten years. The article aims to research the current state, regional features, and prospects for developing the innovative potential of freshwater resources in Ukraine. It has been proven that in Ukraine, the share of state budget expenditures for environmental protection of total spending ranges from 0.57 to 1.11%. It was determined that the largest share of state budget expenditures on environmental protection in total spending was observed in 2011 – 1.11%, and the smallest in 2020 was 0.57%. It is noted that in 2020, the volume of expenses for environmental protection was significantly reduced compared to the previous year by UAH 675 million. The analysis showed that during the research period, the largest share of expenses was allocated to preventing and eliminating environmental pollution. Therefore, it was determined that the item of budget expenditures for the prevention and elimination of environmental pollution for 2010-2020 increased from UAH 2,255 million to UAH 6,507 million. However, the structure of total expenses decreased slightly from 78.52% to 71.85%, respectively. Accordingly, in the form of costs, the reduction occurred in the following items of budget expenses: preservation of the nature reserve fund from 7.64% in 2010 to 6.78% in 2020, fundamental and applied research and development in the field of environmental protection from 2.06 % to 1.85%, respectively.

Distribution locational marginal price computation based on active power loss and emissions in active distribution system using nucleolus theory

Distribution locational marginal price computation based on active power loss and emissions in active distribution system using nucleolus theory

Electric Vehicle Charging Load Allocation at Residential Locations Utilizing the Energy Savings Gained by Optimal Network Reconductoring

In this study, a two-stage methodology based on the energy savings gained by optimal network reconductoring was developed for the sizing and allocation of electric vehicle (EV) charging load at the residential locations in urban distribution systems. During the first stage, the Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) was applied to minimize the annual energy losses of the radial distribution system through optimum network reconductoring. A multi-objective function was formulated to minimize investment, peak loss, and annual energy loss costs at different load factors. The results obtained with the flower pollination algorithm were compared with the particle swarm optimization algorithm. In the second stage, a simple heuristic procedure was developed for the sizing and allocation of EV charging load at every node of the distribution system utilizing part of the annual energy savings obtained by optimal network reconductoring. The number of electric cars, electric bikes, and electric scooters that can be charged at every node was computed while maintaining the voltage and branch current constraints. The simulation results were demonstrated on 123 bus and 51 bus radial distribution networks to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

Optimization of Three-Phase Feeder Load Balancing Using Smart Meters

Power losses in distribution systems are among the most important performance indicators of electricity distribution companies’ economic operations. Therefore, the distribution system should be planned adequately to ensure working within permissible limits. Suppose that the actual losses are higher than the standard ones; the companies are economically penalized; otherwise, they obtain a profit. Continuous improvement for the grid is needed to keep the losses within reasonable limits. Companies invest in projects that are dedicated to reducing losses and keep them under control. Literature review states that load balancing is considered a critical issue in minimizing these losses. Feeder automation becomes much simple and more reliable due to the rapid penetration of artificial intelligence, smart grids, and telecommunication in the power system. This work shows that automated feeder reconfiguration is technically advantageous and economical for both customers and utilities. A case study from Irbid District Electricity Company (IDECO) is presented. The losses are reduced by around 253 JDs/year by balancing the loads over a specific three-phase feeder using smart meters’ installation. A mathematical model for three-phase balancing is formulated using many heuristic techniques and an optimized neural network (ONN). These model integrations are established using CYME load flow software, MATLAB/Simulink, and C programming language.

Heat Loss Reduction in the Selected Hot Water Distribution System

One possibility of reducing the energy consumption of buildings is to reduce heat loss in hot water distribution system kept in buildings. The aim of this paper is to present the results of research, which focused on energy efficiency of the distribution system of hot water in residential buildings. As part of the research have been carried out test measurements on the hot water distribution line and air temperature around the distribution line. Test measurements were conducted in two separate stages, in which measurements were made, as with continuous and intermittent operation in distribution system. The first stage of measurements took place before reconstruction of hot water distribution system when pipes weren´t insulated with thermal insulation. The second stage took place after reconstruction of the system, when pipes were fitted with thermal insulation. The aim of the research was to determine the course of the temperature of the water in the distribution system in different stages and highlight the effectiveness of isolating the hot water distribution system.

Improving Estimation Process of Technical Losses in Electrical Distribution System Considering Repairing Periods

Improving Estimation Process of Technical Losses in Electrical Distribution System Considering Repairing Periods

Procena uticaja integracije solarnih elektrana na niskom i srednjem naponu na smanjenje vrednosti gubitaka aktivne snage u prenosnom sistemu

Connecting solar power plants at low and medium voltage level is the most efficient way to integrate this type of renewable energy source power plant into the power system. With this approach, it is achieved that the generation is close to the consumption/demand and therefore, active power flows on the overhead lines and cables are lower which consequently leads to a reduction of losses both in transmission and distribution system. This estimation will be carried out by using real historical measurements of the consumption/demand and active power losses values for every hour in the one year time period. Those values present inputs for the transmission system simulation model as well as the reference values for comparison of the results after the integration. Distributed generation will be modelled as load reduction on substations 110/X kV/kV taking into account hourly profiles of both solar power plant generation and consumption/demand on the relevant substations.

A Comparison of Metaheuristic Techniques for Solving Optimal Sitting and Sizing Problems of Capacitor Banks to Reduce the Power Loss in Radial Distribution System

The losses in the radial distribution system are inevitable which needs to be minimized for the proper transmission of power to the end customers. This problem can be solved by the allocation of capacitor banks at proper locations with appropriate sizing. These allocations need an efficient approach for the performance enhancement of RDS. In this paper, several metaheuristic techniques such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), Harmony search, Bat, Cuckoo, and Grey‐wolf (GW) algorithms are employed to find the size of capacitor banks. Loss sensitivity analysis is considered for the indication of candidate buses where a capacitor has to be installed to reduce the total system losses and ultimately increase efficiency. Cost‐effectiveness, power loss minimization, and voltage enhancement can be determined and compared for these 5 techniques and are implemented on the IEEE‐34 bus system to illustrate the efficacy of each of them. The results show the advantages and drawbacks of the techniques separately. The simulations are carried out in MATLAB.

Optimal Siting and Sizing of Wireless EV Charging Infrastructures Considering Traffic Network and Power Distribution System

The main challenges in the widespread deployment of electric vehicles (EVs) are limited driving range, long charging downtime, lack of charging stations in some areas, and high battery cost. Dynamic wireless charging (DWC) technology can overcome some of these obstacles by recharging EV batteries remotely while vehicles move over the charging infrastructures. However, most studies have limited this technology to public EVs working in specific routes like electric buses and taxis routes. This paper presents a long-term stochastic scenario-based mathematical model for allocating and sizing DWC infrastructures considering Ev’s location-routing, power distribution system (PDS) losses, and transportation network traffic. The proposed long-term model allows all types of EVs to take advantage of the installed DWC infrastructures and facilitate EVs’ widespread use by overcoming conventional charging technologies problems. The optimization problem is structured in the form of a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) model. Simulation results with detailed analyzes are furnished to illustrate the characteristics and performance of the model in a coupled network combining transportation and power networks. The numerical analysis provides meaningful insight into the transportation system design based on DWC technology and the effect of EV routing on the charging infrastructure allocation. Simulation results show that using Location-Routing Problem (LRP) can save up to 45% of the total cost of the DWC system. In addition, the proposed model, along with the simulations performed, demonstrates the advantage of DWC technology in reducing the size of vehicle batteries.

Optimization of Energy Efficiency for Electric Power Distribution System Losses

Abstract: This study evaluated the existing electric power network of Mile 2 Diobu zone, Port Harcourt distribution network which consists of four (4) 11kV distribution feeders namely; Ojoto, Nsukka, Udi and Silverbird. This work considered Ojoto and Nsukka Street distribution network for improved power quality. The three (3) 33/11kv injection substations are fed from 165 MVA transmission station (PH Town) at Amadi junction by Nzimiro. Collection and analysis of data collected from the injection substations that supply electricity to mile 2 Diobu, Port Harcourt was the first consideration. The distribution network was modeled in Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) using Newton-Raphson Load Flow equations. The simulation result of the existing condition network shows that the network has low voltage profile problem on Nsukka network and overloading of distribution transformers on Ojoto networks. The following optimization techniques are applied: up-gradation of distribution transformers, and transformer load tap changer to improve the distribution network for Mile 2 Diobu, Port Harcourt electrical power network. The simulation result of the improved distribution network for Mile 2 Diobu, Port Harcourt power network shows that the voltage profile Nsukka network has improved within the statutory limit which is between 95.0 -105.0% and the loading of the distribution transformers on Ojoto and Nsukka networks are all below 70% required capacity. Keywords: Optimization, Energy Efficiency Distribution

Incorporation of Microgrid Technology Solutions to Reduce Power Loss in a Distribution Network with Elimination of Inefficient Power Conversion Strategies

The increase in energy-efficient DC appliances and electronic gadgets has led to an upheaval in the usage of AC–DC power convertors; hence, power loss in converter devices is cumulatively increasing. Evolving microgrid technology has also become deeply integrated with the conversion process due to increased power converters in its infrastructure, significantly worsening the power loss situation. One of the practical solutions to this disturbance is to reduce conversion losses in domestic distribution systems through the optimal deployment of the battery storage system and solar PV power using microgrid technology. In this paper, a novel energy management system is developed that uses a new control algorithm, termed Inefficient Power Conversion Elimination Algorithm (IPCEA). The proposed algorithm compares the Net Transferable Power (NTP) available on the DC side with the loss rate across the converter. The converter is switched off (or disconnected from the grid and load) if the NTP is less than 20% of the converter rating to avoid low-efficiency power conversion. The solar PV system is connected to the DC bus to supply the DC loads while the AC loads are supplied from the AC source (utility power). An auxiliary battery pack is integrated to the DC side to feed DC loads during the absence of solar energy. A battery energy storage system (BESS) is deployed to manage energy distribution effectively. The power distribution is managed using a centralized microgrid controller, and the load demand is met accordingly. Thereby, the power generated by the solar PV can be utilized effectively. Microgrid technology’s effectiveness is emphasized by comparative analysis, and the achievements are discussed in detail and highlighted using a prototype model.

Non-technical losses in an electrical distribution system. Energy efficiency as a continuous process

This work analyzes the problem of non-technical losses in a low-voltage electrical power distribution system with an artificial intelligence model. The problem focuses on the use of a backpropagation multilayer perceptron neural network, which will quantitatively determine these losses from the manipulation of the current profile and the voltage drop expressed as percentages of their nominal values. These two magnitudes considered, will allow obtaining from the identification of patterns with large variations a technical assessment or quantification to approach the analysis from a different perspective, differing in the methodological determination of non-technical losses currently considered as a percentage of total losses. The results obtained will allow to form a basis for the correct determination of the non-supplied energy, its influence on distribution costs and energy efficiency for the future insertion of distributed generation.

Evaluation of 20 kV Distribution Network Losses In Radial Distribution Systems Due to Distributed Generation Penetration

The installation of distributed generation with renewable energy becomes a solution when the demand for electricity is increasing and electricity generation with fossil energy is increasingly limited. There has been a change in power flow before and after the installation of distributed generation. However there can be a negative impact on the distribution network losses applicable to reactive power flows. There are cases where the distributed generation capacity is greater than the supplied load, resulting in distributed generation operating as a system voltage regulator and requiring reactive power, so that DG will absorb the reactive power from the system. The increasing demand for reactive power in DG also causes an increase in the current flowing in the network, and causes an increase in losses in the network, especially for the losses in reactive power.

An Improved Lightning Search Algorithm Employed Performance Enhancement in Distribution System

The proposed research work minimizes the power loss in distribution system under load conditions which is the major issue nowadays that has been reduced to reach the maximum possible power for satisfying the customer needs. Optimal siting of Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) and Photo-Voltaic (PV) array in distribution system is used to attain voltage profile improvement, reduced voltage instability and less power loss. For this, Improved Lightning Search Algorithm (ILSA) has been proposed to accomplish the objectives. The proposed ILSA has reached the Voltage Stability Index (VSI) value as 0.9877 and it outstandingly decreased the power loss to 55.92 kW which are validated with IEEE 30-bus system using MATLAB toolbox. The obtained results are compared with the existing optimization algorithms and it depicts that the proposed ILSA is more advantageous than other optimization algorithms.

Cost of Energy Losses for Distributed Generation Using Hybrid Evolutionary Programming-Firefly Algorithm

The cost of energy losses analysis for distributed generation (DG) is presented in this paper using a Hybrid Evolutionary Programming-Firefly Algorithm (EPFA). The proposed method was created to determine the optimal DG sizing in the distribution system while accounting for the system’s energy losses. This study presents an investigation into hybrid optimization techniques for DG capabilities and optimal operating strategies in distribution systems. The objectives of this study were to reduce the cost of energy losses while increasing the voltage profile and minimize distribution system losses. In this study, the analysis was done by consider DG type I which is DG-PV. The suggested methodology was tested using the IEEE 69-bus test system, and the simulation was written in the MATLAB programming language. Power system planners can use appropriate location and sizing from the results obtained for utility planning in terms of economic considerations. From the simulation, the result shows the proposed method can identify the suitable sizing of DG while reduce cost of energy losses and total losses in the system.