Loose Cooperation Research Articles

Model Construction of Education Community for Foreign Language Major: A “Great Ideological and Political Courses” Perspective

“Great Ideological and Political Courses” conforms to the goal of talent training in the new era, which is the practical innovation of reforming ideological and political education in universities. At present, the problems of foreign language courses with ideological-political elements in universities are (1) loose cooperation between professional teachers and ideological and political workers, and (2) disconnected goals between teaching and educating students. In this study, the model of education community can help solve these problems, and is constructed from the perspectives of the coordination between professional teachers and ideological and political workers, the formulation of macro-cultivation scheme, and the complementary between professional and extracurricular classes, which will be applied to all aspects of foreign language education at university level, so as to promote the construction of ideological and political theories teaching in all courses (IPTTIAC).

Development mechanism and technological innovation of hydrogen energy: evaluating collaborative innovation based on hydrogen patent data

The identification of the technical cooperation mode in the field of hydrogen energy is of great importance in guiding technological innovation. Based on the social network analysis (SNA) and spatial network method, this paper constructs the technical cooperation graph of China's industry-university-research (IUR) tripartites in the field of hydrogen technology. Based on the performed graphs, it shows the game and evolution of hydrogen technology innovation in three stages, respectively 2000–2010, 2011–2015 and 2016–2019. Meanwhile, this paper calculates the changes of network indicators and found that: (1) the network density showed a downward trend, from the initial 0.062 to 0.003. (2) The degree centrality of the network decreased from 14.7% to 5.7%. (3) The average path length and clustering coefficient indicate that the internal connections within the network were relatively close from 2000 to 2010, and had small-world characteristics. From 2016 to 2019, although the clustering coefficient increased, the average path length also increased significantly, indicating that the internal connections of the network did not become closer. From the network characteristics, the collaborative innovation network of China's hydrogen energy industry continues to expand in scale and scope, and the cooperation relationship is stable. However, it shows the characteristics of low network density and loose cooperation relationship, gradually developing into a scale-free network. Developed provinces and cities in North and East China occupy core positions in the industry-university-research network, while other regions are gradually expanding their cooperation efficiency; however, the overall cooperation frequency is relatively low in Northeast China, and most provinces and cities in South and Northwest China are in edge positions with poor collaboration capabilities.

Decision optimization in cooperation innovation: the impact of big data analytics capability and cooperative modes.

Data-driven innovation enables firms to design products that are more responsive to market needs, which greatly reduces the risk of innovation. Customer data in the same supply chain has certain commonality, but data separation makes it difficult to maximize data value. The selection of an appropriate mode for cooperation innovation should be based on the particular big data analytics capability of the firms. This paper focuses on the influence of big data analytics capability on the choice of cooperation mode, and the influence of their matching relationship on cooperation performance. Specifically, using game-theoretic models, we discuss two cooperation modes, data analytics is implemented individually (i.e., loose cooperation) by either firm, or jointly (tight cooperation) by both firms, and further discuss the addition of coordination contracts under the loose mode. Several important conclusions are obtained. Firstly, both firms’ big data capability have positive effects on the selection of tight cooperation mode. Secondly, with the improvement of big data capability, the firms’ innovative performance gaps between loose and tight mode will increase significantly. Finally, when the capability meet certain condition, the cost subsidy contract can alleviate the gap between the two cooperative models.

Lessons for Left-Wing Populism from the 2010s Austerity Wave in Europe

Lessons for Left-Wing Populism from the 2010s Austerity Wave in Europe

What role should southern Europe play after the pandemic and the war in Ukraine? Towards a shared agenda for EU reform

Relations between southern European member states have often been marked by a loose cooperation or, worse, by logics of competition. Precisely when regional groupings within the EU are increasingly shaping the agenda, these dynamics have hindered the capacity of France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain to pursue shared interests and objectives, while acting as a force for good for the European integration project. Recent events such as the post-pandemic recovery or the war in Ukraine show that, when cooperation occurs, positive results can be achieved. Southern member states can capitalise on a certain ideological affinity and a pro-European vision, despite their governments belonging to different political groups. They share converging interests in the areas of fiscal policy and economic governance, strategic autonomy in energy and technology and even foreign policy priorities, particularly towards the Mediterranean and relations with other global powers. This joint publication by six southern European think tanks identifies several policy areas for fruitful cooperation between southern European member states.

How Firms Cooperate in Business Groups? Evidence from Poland

Purpose: The study aims to identify the main directions of intragroup cooperation, along with crucial areas of cooperation in business groups, and develops theoretical models of cooperation in a business group. Methodology: The qualitative approach is applied in the study that is based on the cross-case analysis of four business groups operating in Poland. Findings: Results indicate that business groups cooperate mainly vertically (cooperation between the core company and affiliates) in operations. Horizontal (among affiliates) and vertical cooperation in other areas – marketing, R&D, finance, and human resources – are not so intense. The study enables us to propose a theoretical framework of cooperation models in business groups based on two dimensions – the direction of cooperation and the number of cooperation areas. It leads to the identification of four models: two-sided loose cooperation, two-sided tight cooperation, multi-sided loose cooperation, and multi-sided tight cooperation. Implications: Identification of main directions of cooperation in business groups, along with areas of cooperation have implications for both researchers and managers. Findings of the study and the theoretical framework of cooperation models in business groups can be used as a basis for the further theoretical exploration of the organization and functioning of business groups in the economy and a strategic decision guideline for managers. Originality: The literature focuses mainly on the interorganizational cooperation between dispersedly owned standalone entities. Studies on intraorganizational cooperation in business groups are limited. The study aims to provide a better understanding of cooperation between entities in business groups.

TEACHING PRACTICUM OF AN ENGLISH TEACHER EDUCATION PROGRAM IN VIETNAM: FROM EXPECTATIONS TO REALITY

Teaching practicum is very essential in the process of learning how to teach, so it should be paid great attention by not only teacher education program designers but also implementators. The paper reports a study on the efficiency of teaching practicum which has been conducted at Public University (pseudonym) in Vietnam. The research employed qualitative approach, and semi-structured interviews were used as the instrument for the data collection. Findings reveal that the implementation of the teaching practicum did not provide student teachers with sufficient chances to develop their teaching skill efficiently. Inappropriate method of implementing the teaching practicum, loose cooperation between the university and high schools, and insufficient support are major issues that caused the teaching practicum to be ineffective. Peer mentoring and a more suitable method of implementing the internship are recommended solutions to improve the effectiveness of the teaching practicum in the English Teacher Education Program at Public University in particular and other English teacher education programs in Vietnam in general.Keywords: Educational program, peer mentoring, teacher education, teaching practicum, teaching skills, VietnamCite as: Vo, T.K.A., Pang, V., & Kean Wah, L. (2018). Teaching practicum of an English teacher education program in Vietnam: From expectations to reality. Journal of NusantaraStudies, 3(2), 32-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol3iss2pp32-40

Határokon átnyúló természetvédelmi területek lehetőségei és problémái

There are several regions of the world where protected areas or areas with natural values worthy of protection are adjacent to each other. Nowadays several national organizations, among others the International Union for Conservation of Nature and the EUROPARC Federation deal with the questions of these transboundary protected areas, of which connection is varying, having different degrees from the loose co-operation until the integrated organization. While the state borders in the Carpathian Basin are mostly artificial, dissecting uniform landscapes and physiognomic units, it is not surprising that Hungary and the neighbouring countries have several adjacent or transboundary protected areas. In some cases – eg. Neusiedler See–Seewinkel – Fertő–Hansag region and Aggtelek Karst – Slovak Karst region – transboundary UNESCO World Heritage sites, biosphere reserves, Ramsar wetlands and national parks can be found, as well, along the border. Regarding the latter karst region, the situation of the co-operation and the perspectives are analyzed in this paper, and similarly also the case of the transboundary Novohrad–Nograd Geopark. It can be stated that in spite of the good co-operation of the parties the different law, administration and financial assistance, as well the infrastructural backwardness owing to the peripheral lying causes difficulties in the unification. Nevertheless, these transboundary protected areas offer good opportunity for the local regional development especially due to the eco- and geotourism, therefore it is worth emphasising and broadening the transboundary co-operation based on the nature conservation.

Regulatory Freedom and Control in the New ASEAN Regional Investment Treaties

The expanding universe of regional investment agreements of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) illustrates the difficulties of accepting host States’ expansive regulatory freedoms, while neglecting to design durable institutional controls for regionally-coordinated investment treaty compliance and regionally-harmonized investment treaty interpretation. Since its transformation from a loose economic cooperation into a rules-based organization discharging binding executive-legislative functions under its 2008 Charter, ASEAN has already entered into regional investment treaties applicable within the ten ASEAN Member States (2009), as well as with China (2010), India (2014), Australia and New Zealand (2009), Korea (2009), and Japan (2008). Negotiations are pending with the United States, the European Union, and Canada. Institutional deficits in the monitoring and implementation of ASEAN regional investment treaties could be addressed by strengthening the mandate and capacity of the ASEAN Investment Area (AIA) Council. An intergovernmental centralized appellate mechanism could help facilitate harmonized interpretation of these regional treaties.

Modular robot systems towards the execution of cooperative tasks in large facilities

Large facilities present with wide range of tasks and modular robots present as a flexible robot solution. Some of the tasks to be performed in large facilities can vary from, achieving locomotion with different modular robot (M-Robot) configurations or the execution of cooperative tasks such as moving objects or manipulating objects with multiple modular robot configurations (M-Robot colony) and existing robot deployments. The coordination mechanisms enable the M-Robots to perform cooperative tasks as efficiently as specialised or standard robots. The approach is based on the combination of two communication types i.e., Inter Robot and Intra Robot communications. Through this communication architecture, tight and loose cooperation strategies are implemented to synchronise modules within an M-Robot configuration and to coordinate M-Robots belonging to the colony. These cooperation strategies are based on a closed-loop discrete time method, a remote clock reading method and a negotiation protocol. The coordination mechanisms and cooperation strategies are implemented into a real modular robotic system, SMART. The need for using such a mechanism in hazardous section of large scientific facilities is presented along with constraints and tasks. Locomotion execution of the mobile M-Robots colony in a bar-pushing task is used as an example for cooperative task execution of the coordination mechanisms and results are presented.

History of Eurotransplant

In 1967, the Dutch immunologist Jon van Rood called Eurotransplant into life. From the beginning it was a non-profit private foundation. Initially it was a loose cooperation, where tissue typing laboratories and transplantation centers joined to achieve a better result for their kidney patients, a longer survival based on better immunological matching from a bigger donor pool. Other centers from the Benelux states, Germany and Austria soon joined the first few cooperating centers. Switzerland was also a member of Eurotransplant, but left the organization in 1978. Based on the pioneering work of the Leiden histocompatibility lab, the allocation system became more and more sophisticated and was extended to other solid organs. Since the 1980s Eurotransplant has allocated donor livers, hearts, and pancreas. Thereafter, the allocation also included lungs and small bowel. From 1996 a new kidney allocation system, the ETKAS, was introduced, and after the Acceptable Mismatch program and the Eurotransplant Senior Program (known unofficially as “old-for-old” program) were introduced. The main principle remains to adapt the allocation rules continuously according to the newest scientific data serving all organs. In 1991 the German reunification centers in the former Eastern Germany became part of Eurotransplant. In 1999, Slovenia, and in 2007 Croatia joined Eurotransplant. For the transplant centers in these two countries, membership meant positive changes and is regarded as a success story. Both donor numbers and transplant possibilities increased and equal chances are assured for their patients on the common Eurotransplant waiting list. Hungary, joining Eurotransplant next year, hopes to experience the same.

Power allocation policies with full and partial inter-system channel state information for cognitive radio networks

This paper investigates several power allocation policies in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing -based cognitive radio networks under the different availability of inter-system channel state information (CSI) and the different capability of licensed primary users (PUs). Specifically, we deal with two types of PUs having different capabilities: a dumb (peak interference-power tolerable) PU and a more sophisticated (average interference-power tolerable) PU. For such PU models, we first formulate two optimization problems that maximize the capacity of unlicensed secondary user (SU) while maintaining the quality of service of PU under the assumption that both intra- and inter-system CSI are fully available. However, due to loose cooperation between SU and PU, it may be difficult or even infeasible for SU to obtain the full inter-system CSI. Thus, under the partial inter-system CSI setting, we also formulate another two optimization problems by introducing interference-power outage constraints. We propose optimal and efficient suboptimal power allocation policies for these four problems. Extensive numerical results demonstrate that the spectral efficiency achieved by SU with partial inter-system CSI is less than half of what is achieved with full inter-system CSI within a reasonable range of outage probability (e.g., less than 10 %). Further, it is shown that the average interference-power tolerable PU can help to increase the saturated spectral efficiency of SU by about 20 and 50 % in both cases of full and partial inter-system CSI, respectively.

The Face in the Shadow of the Camera: Corporeality of the Photographer in Kanai Mieko’s Narratives

The Face in the Shadow of the Camera: Corporeality of the Photographer in Kanai Mieko’s Narratives Atsuko Sakaki (bio) The photographer realizes that she is confined to her limited “vision,” or to a part, and yet, precisely because of it, she aspires to encapsulate the whole. It is also an attempt at overcoming vision itself. —Taki Kōji, “Me to me narazaru mono” (1970, The eye and that which is not), in Shashinron shūsei(Compendium of essays on photography) We stand between the two impulses: to entirely become an “eye,” and to become “that which is not an eye.” —Taki Kōji, “Me to me narazaru mono” In the opening scene of Edward Sedgwick’s silent film The Cameraman (1928), the protagonist, played by Buster Keaton, then a tintype photographer who takes portraits for passersby, proves to be physically susceptible to the dynamic flux of masses of people as they participate in and witness ongoing events on the street (Figure 1). As a means of approaching the woman of his dreams, Keaton’s character replaces his tintype camera, capable only of representing static images of posing models, with a more up-to-date newsreel camera. With this new equipment he ends up capturing two events of documentary [End Page 57] value—street fighting and a boating accident—in long and dramatic sequences, fully encapsulating the actions of entire bodies engaged in a struggle for survival. In the process he garners both professional success and personal happiness (the latter because his film inadvertently proves he has saved his sweetheart’s life). The subtext is a celebration of motion pictures, as opposed to comparably inert and lifeless photographs. Susan Sontag cites this film in her book On Photography in the context of discussing the myth that the camera never misses the mark: Unlike the fine-art objects of pre-democratic eras, photographs don’t seem deeply beholden to the intentions of an artist. Rather, they owe their existence to loose cooperation (quasi-magical, quasi-accidental) between photographer and subject—mediated by an ever simpler and more automated machine, which is tireless, and which even when capricious can produce a result that is interesting and never entirely wrong. (The sales pitch for the first Kodak, in 1888, was: “You press the button, we do the rest.” The purchaser was guaranteed that the picture would be “without any mistake.”) In the fairy tale of photography the magic box insures veracity and banishes error, compensates for inexperience and rewards innocence. The myth is tenderly parodied in a 1928 silent film, The Cameraman, which has an inept dreamy Buster Keaton vainly struggling with his dilapidated apparatus, knocking out windows and doors whenever he picks up his tripod, never managing to take one decent picture, yet finally getting some great footage (a photojournalist scoop of a tong war in New York’s Chinatown)—by inadvertence. It is the hero’s pet monkey who loads the camera with film and operates it in part of the time.1 Though the camera that Keaton struggles with, “knocking out windows and doors,” is not one for photographing but rather for filming, The Cameraman—the way Sontag frames it—still confirms the prominence of the photographer’s own physical presence. The awkwardness and out-of-place-ness of being there with the object—of photographing “here and now”—is acutely felt as the photographer’s body, too, is made into a spectacle. As Roland Barthes puts it: “The Photographer’s ‘second sight’ does not consist in ‘seeing’ but in being there.” 2 Photographers can be highly visible in public in the act of taking [End Page 58] pictures, which does not necessarily conform to normal everyday behavior; with their conspicuous equipment, they become spectacles themselves. Some of the points Sontag makes in this passage resonate with the concerns of Kanai Mieko (b. 1947), a poet turned novelist and visual arts critic, with regard to the contrast between the intentionality and contingency of the act of photographing, and the coordination (or lack thereof) between the body and the machine during this act. Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Keaton struggles with a camera in The Cameraman. In...

Robust cognitive beamforming with partial channel state information

This paper considers a spectrum sharing based cognitive radio (CR) communication system, which consists of a secondary user (SU) having multiple transmit antennas and a single receive antenna and a primary user (PU) having a single receive antenna. The channel state information (CSI) on the link of the SU is assumed to be perfectly known at the SU transmitter (SU-Tx). However, due to loose cooperation between the SU and the PU, only partial CSI of the link between the SU-Tx and the PU is available at the SU-Tx. With the partial CSI and a prescribed transmit power constraint, our design objective is to determine the transmit signal covariance matrix that maximizes the rate of the SU while keeping the interference power to the PU below a threshold for all the possible channel realizations within an uncertainty set. This problem, termed the robust cognitive beamforming problem, can be naturally formulated as a semi-infinite programming (SIP) problem with infinitely many constraints.We first transform this problem into a second order cone programming (SOCP) problem and then solve it via a standard interior point algorithm. Then, an analytical solution with significantly reduced complexity is developed from a geometric perspective. It is shown that both algorithms yield the same optimal solution. Simulation examples are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.

Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Gaesung Industrial Park: An Inter-Korea Business Perspective

IntroductionSouth Korea has taken remarkable steps to make the Industrial Park (GSIP) successful. GSIP of North Korea, which is 44 miles from the Seoul metro - politan area, stems from the loose co-operation of the two Koreas. The 1998 sunshine policy of South Korea's Kim Dae Jung has improved business relationships between the two countries even though political tensions still exist (Noland, 2000; Kennedy, 1993).Many South Korean business firms have the opportunity of taking the best advantage of their strengths (Hay, 200i; Oh & Hassig, 1999). These advantages are North Korea's high quality manpower and relatively low wages (Choe & Hu∂, 200i; Kim, 2002). Successful development of GSIP assumes that North Korea's economic recovery and South Korea's improved industrial productivity will continue. The two Koreas also hope that a strong business relationship between them will minimize political tensions (Park, 2000; Swomley, 2002).This study focuses on entrepreneurial opportunities in GSIP and provides management and policymakers with insights into how inter-Korean business ties may better develop. This review draws attention to potential planning policies in the inter-Korean market with an eye toward appropriate business partnerships, e[double dagger]cient allocations of resources, and adherence to the defined requirements of the Korean political situation.First, we review the business environment in the GSIP. Next, we present the inter-Korean business model as well as the economic e∂ects the GSIP has on South and North Korea. Finally, we discuss the inter-Korean business relationship and entrepreneurial opportunities.Business Background in the GSIPHistorically and geographically, is the most appropriate choice for an industrial park. Currently located in North Korea, had been recognized as a famous business city for over a thousand years. A Gaesung business executive carries the reputation for having active and productive entrepreneurship in Korea. After the Korean War, North Korea adopted the Soviet model for economic development and thus focused on fostering heavy industries such as chemical, iron, steel, and machinery. The North Korean economy scale and growth were far better than South Korea's between i960 and early i970. Current economic issues in North Korea resulted mainly from continuous natural disasters for more than a decade and from the failure of the Soviet economic model (Cha, 1999; Kim, 2003).The GSIP has several advantages, such as location, manpower, and attractive real estate, which would appeal to South Korean companies. Seoul's capacity to absorb the major economic and business activities of South Korea is full. Some cities in South Korea are being developed as a supplemental city or alternative city. However, these cities are also subject to many restrictions and have a limited capacity. The GSIP is not only one of best alternative places to absorb Seoul's business demand, it also could be a future investment entity supporting Seoul's role. Thus, the GSIP's location benefits the South Korean companies' investment interests.High quality manpower, low labor wages, attractive real estate, and tax benefits give the GSIP competitive advantages. Table i shows three major factors-wages, rent, and taxes-for business environments in industrial parks from South Korea (Ansan), North Korea (Gaesung), and China (Chingdao). The table indicates that wages at Ansan, near Seoul, are highest, that is to say, about 2i times as much as Gaesung's and about i5 times as much as Chingdao's. Rental fees for land in Ansan, $6,000 per one square meter, is about i20 times as much as Gaesung's and 40 times as much as Chingdao's. Lastly, the tax rate of Ansan is 27 percent, that is to say, about 2.5 times more than and Chingdao's. In addition, the GSIP provides a i00 percent tax exemption for the first five years and 50 percent exemption for next three years, whereas Chingdao has a i00 percent exemption for only the first two years. …

Wish fulfillment and its discontents.

At this year's Biennale international art exhibition in Venice, Italy, Patricia Piccinini, a Melbourne‐based painter and sculptor, presented sculptures of synthetic life forms (Fig. 1). Entitled ‘The Young Family’, ‘Leather Landscape’ and ‘Still Life with Stem Cells’, her art crosses the species boundaries between humans and other animals. Treading a fine line between the grotesque and the life‐like, Piccinini's art provokes deeply ambivalent emotions in the viewer. Her monstrous, mutant life forms are never repulsive, but also never take possession of our nurturing instincts. Rather, they convey their difference from and likeness to humans with an impressive dignity of their own. The interface between science and society conjured in these creatures, through the imagination of the artist and the impressive range of media she masters, is a superb example of how some of the seemingly intractable questions posed by the life sciences can be addressed: by exposing our ambivalent emotions and provoking further reflection and discussion. Figure 1. The Young Family , by Patricia Piccinini (2002). Silicone, acrylic, human hair and leather. Courtesy of the artist and Roslyn Oxley9 Gallery, Sydney, Australia. Another artist's work at the Biennale also addresses our understanding of humanity. Michal Rovner's projects are carefully choreographed configurations of people who, at first sight, appear to be forming and reforming new patterns. Photographed in black and white, Rovner's art resembles images from the early years of cinematography. The fascination that these ballet‐like arrangements evoke comes from the repetition of movements leading to change, and change leading to new repetitions. Images of the same people are projected as walking along horizontal lines, and bear a strong resemblance to patterns of genome sequencing (Fig. 2). In this artistic play of scale and size, of form and movement, of repetition, replication and change, the artist creates patterns with human figures, transforming them …

Enlarging the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: Problems of Diversity and EU Instruments and Strategies

Ten years ago justice and home affairs (JHA) did not yet even exist as a EC/EU policy-making area. Yet—after modest beginnings in the context of the Maastricht Treaty’s “Third Pillar” in 1993—the development of EU policies in the JHA area was transformed into a fundamental treaty objective by the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam on 1 May 1999, Article 2 TEU providing for the maintenance and the development of the European Union as an “area of freedom, security and justice” (AFSJ). This new integration objective was strengthened by the introduction of a range of new policy objectives, the communitarisation of asylum, immigration and other issues of the former “Third Pillar”, the incorporation of the Schengen acquis, new and more appropriate legal instruments and improved judicial control. This, and the results of the Tampere European Council of October 1999, led to a further expansion of the scope of policy-making in justice and home affairs, with dozens of new legislative acts being adopted, a considerable number of new legislative initiatives and even the establishment of new bodies—such as the prosecution agency Eurojust and the European Police College. There is no other example in the history of EC/EU integration process of an area of previously loose intergovernmental co-operation ever having made its way so quickly to the top of the Union’s political and legislative agenda.

Enlarging the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: Problems of Diversity and EU Instruments and Strategies

Ten years ago justice and home affairs (JHA) did not yet even exist as a EC/EU policy-making area. Yet—after modest beginnings in the context of the Maastricht Treaty’s “Third Pillar” in 1993—the development of EU policies in the JHA area was transformed into a fundamental treaty objective by the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam on 1 May 1999, Article 2 TEU providing for the maintenance and the development of the European Union as an “area of freedom, security and justice” (AFSJ). This new integration objective was strengthened by the introduction of a range of new policy objectives, the communitarisation of asylum, immigration and other issues of the former “Third Pillar”, the incorporation of the Schengen acquis, new and more appropriate legal instruments and improved judicial control. This, and the results of the Tampere European Council of October 1999, led to a further expansion of the scope of policy-making in justice and home affairs, with dozens of new legislative acts being adopted, a considerable number of new legislative initiatives and even the establishment of new bodies—such as the prosecution agency Eurojust and the European Police College. There is no other example in the history of EC/EU integration process of an area of previously loose intergovernmental co-operation ever having made its way so quickly to the top of the Union’s political and legislative agenda.

Between Caution and Cooperation: The ROK-Japan Security Relationship in the Post-Cold War Period

The purpose of this paper is to examine bilateral security cooperation between South Korea and Japan in the foreseeable future. In so doing, the paper discusses four possible patterns of the ROK-Japan security relationship, which vary in accordance with US East Asia policy and the overall level of ROK-Japan relations. The newly evolving security environment in East Asia requires both South Korea and Japan to establish closer bilateral security cooperation than before. For instance, Seoul and Tokyo need to cooperate with each other to deal with the North Korean problem because Pyongyang poses a common threat by recently developing weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles. As the newly defined US-Japan alliance, which has been enlarged to maintain peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region, allows Japan to take an expanded security role around the Korean peninsula, the two countries have to increase bilateral security talks with regard to possible US-Japan joint contingency plans near the peninsula. As a matter of fact, there has been an increase in bilateral security talks and military exchanges between the two countries in recent years. However, there is an important factor that affects the bilateral security relationship between Seoul and Tokyo. Due to the historical fact that the Japanese colonial rule inflicted much pain upon Korea, it has been difficult for the two countries to establish sound and normal relations. This historical legacy has hampered security cooperation between the two countries so far. There are four different scenarios for a future bilateral security relationship between South Korea and Japan: US-ROK-Japan trilateral cooperation, loose cooperation under US bilateral alliances, direct bilateral cooperation, and multilateral cooperation. Among these scenarios, it is the trilateral security cooperation that is most likely and most desirable for the future security relationship between Seoul and Tokyo. The US forward presence has been pivotal to maintaining peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region. The US bilateral alliances will continue to function as the foundation of East Asian security for many years to come. South Korea and Japan also need to further their security ties in order to cope with newly emerging security challenges in the post-Cold War period. However, ROK-Japan bilateral security cooperation should be based on their US bilateral alliances. Considering the long-standing historical legacy in the ROK-Japan relations, for the time being they have difficulty establishing direct security ties such as a mutual security treaty or joint military exercises. Consequently, through a trilateral security relationship with the United States as an axis, South Korea and Japan can promote confidence-building measures in each other`s military policies and cooperate with each other to meet common security challenges in the post-Cold War period. Multilateral security cooperation is another form of security cooperation between South Korea and Japan. Through the multilateral security cooperation framework, the two countries can enhance mutual understanding of each other`s security policies and discuss common security issues that cannot be easily solved unilaterally or bilaterally. However, the multilateral framework should supplement, not supplant, the US bilateral alliances which are pivotal to maintaining the overall balance of power in the East Asian region.