Longifolia Extract Research Articles

Streamlined life cycle assessment of residue utilization options in Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) water extract manufacturing process

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is often used to compare alternative process options in terms of their overall impact on the environment to easily identify the most environmentally friendly alternative. In this work, a streamlined LCA study was conducted to assess three different residue utilization schemes for Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) extract production. The case study was firstly simulated using a batch process simulation software. The results of mass and energy balances obtained from the simulation software were then subjected to life cycle analysis. By evaluating the different schemes for using the fibrous residue from the extraction process, the potential for environmental process improvement was identified. Overall, use of the residue as process fuel was found to be the most environmentally friendly option. It produces the least emissions and reduces resource usage per unit of product than the other options evaluated.

Development of Multichannel Artificial Lipid-Polymer Membrane Sensor for Phytomedicine Application

Quality control of herbal medicines remain a challenging issue towardsintegrating phytomedicine into the primary health care system. As medicinal plants is acomplicated system of mixtures, a rapid and cost-effective evaluation method tocharacterize the chemical fingerprint of the plant without performing laborious samplepreparation procedure is reported. A novel research methodology based on an in-housefabricated multichannel sensor incorporating an array of artificial lipid-polymer membraneas a fingerprinting device for quality evaluation of a highly sought after herbal medicine inthe Asean Region namely Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali). The sensor array is based onthe principle of the bioelectronic tongue that mimics the human gustatory system throughthe incorporation of artificial lipid material as sensing element. The eight non-specificsensors have partially overlapping selectivity and cross-sensitivity towards the targetedanalyte. Hence, electrical potential response represented by radar plot is used to characterizeextracts from different parts of plant, age, batch-to-batch variation and mode of extraction ofE. longifolia through the obtained potentiometric fingerprint profile. Classification modelwas also developed classifying various E. longifolia extracts with the aid of chemometricpattern recognition tools namely hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principalcomponent analysis (PCA). The sensor seems to be a promising analytical device for qualitycontrol based on potentiometric fingerprint analysis of phytomedicine.

Modelling and Optimization of Eurycoma longifolia Water Extract Production

Eurycoma longifolia or Tongkat Ali water extract is a valued product in the phytochemical industry. This work features the modelling and optimization of a Tongkat Ali water extract production using SuperPro Designer®, a commercial batch process simulator. The objective of this work is to design an economically viable production scheme for a locally developed Tongkat Ali extract production process. The current pilot scale production scheme with an annual production rate of 390 kg of Tongkat Ali extract was used to simulate the base case process. Four alternative production schemes were further developed with several debottlenecking and optimization strategies. The final alternative scheme was reported to achieve a product yield of 3.00%, with an annual production of 1137.72 kg of Tongkat Ali extract. The minimum batch cycle time was reduced from 24.44 h in the base case to 8.32 h. Economic analysis determined that the proposed alternative production scheme has an annual revenue of $6.32M, with a 86% gross margin and a 55% return on investment (ROI). The payback period of this scheme was estimated to be less than two years.

Correlation studies between electronic nose response and headspace volatiles of Eurycoma longifolia extracts

Most herbs have their own characteristic smell due to the presence of volatile compounds. Traditionally, volatiles are analyzed by using sophisticated and expensive gas chromatography (GC) in tandem with a selective mass spectrometric (MS) detector. An alternative approach is described based on the use of an electronic nose. The approach is much simpler than the traditional GC–MS counterparts, but providing key information of the samples analyzed. Using lipids and gas chromatography stationary phase materials with different polarities as sensing membranes, a quartz crystal microbalance smell sensor array has been developed for the analysis of traditional medicinal plants. The headspace vapors of different types of Tongkat Ali ( Eurycoma longifolia) extracts were analyzed by the smell sensor and GC–MS. Correlation between the sensor response and the identified compounds were studied using principal component analysis. Some of the identified compounds exhibited good correlation with the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor array data.

Pharmacological Studies of Mentha longifolia Phenolic Extracts. II. Hepatoprotective Activity

The effects of Mentha longifolia crude ethanolic extract (F 1), rich in luteolin glycosides (F 2), apigenin glycosides (F 3) and phenolic acids (F 4), were studied on CCl 4 -induced liver injury in mice. Administration of CCl 4 -induced significant impairment in hepatic antioxidant status, decreasing the glutathione content and superoxide dismutase activity, and stimulating lipid peroxidation. Pretreatment with Mentha longifolia extracts significantly improved hepatic antioxidant status in mice, which was most pronounced in the reduction of CCl 4 -mediated lipid peroxidation. In addition, in pretreated animals, an increase in hepatic glutathione and superoxide dismutase activity, as well as a decrease of cytochrome P450, was found.