Longer Spicules Research Articles

Description and Molecular Characterization of a New Dorylaimid Nematode, Mesodorylaimus pini n. sp. (Nematoda: Dorylaimidae) from Korea.

Mesodorylaimus pini n. sp., a new species isolated from the bark and cambium layer of a dead black pine tree is characterized herein using integrative taxonomy, considering both morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses of the 18S- and 28S-rRNA genes. Mesodorylaimus pini n. sp. is characterized by having a medium-sized body 1.50-1.89 mm long; lip region angular and offset by a depression; a relatively long odontostyle (17.0-19.0 μm); vulval opening a transverse slit, positioned slightly posteriorly; pars refringens vaginae with two elongated drop-shaped to spindle-shaped sclerotizations; an intestine-prerectum junction with a long anteriorly directed conical or tongue-like projection; a relatively long female tail (115-187 μm); spicules 48.0-57.0 μm long; and regularly spaced 7-8 ventromedian supplements. It is closest to M. subtilis, especially in having similar body length and number of ventromedian supplements but can be differentiated from M. subtilis by the longer odontostyle, tongue-like projection, and longer spicules. The phylogenies based on the 18S- and 28S-rRNA sequences showed a well-supported sister relation of M. pini n. sp. with M. subtilis, M. japonicus, M. bastiani, M. pseudobastiani, Calcaridorylaimus castaneae, C. heynsi, and other member species of the group.

A new record of the occurrence of Trichuris skrjabini Baskakov, 1924 in goats of Pakistan.

More than 23 Trichuroidea species have been identified in ruminants in different parts of the world. Most are pathogenic, causing trichurosis. Trichuris adults of most species within this family have a predilection for the ceca, where they may cause damage to the epithelial wall. In the present study, Trichuris spp. from large intestine of goats were analysed based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Fifty adult worms (male = 25 and female = 25) were selected for morphometric and molecular analysis. Male Trichuris were distinguished by their longer spicules, typical spicule sheaths, and small spicules that were always completely covered by the spicule sheath. The presence of an uneverted vulva in the vagina distinguished female worms. We have performed the molecular characterisation of adult warms to identify as Trichuris skrjabini. Genetic comparison of T. skrjabini rDNA ITS2 sequences with those from other Trichuris spp. was performed to assess within and between species variation and validate the use of ITS-2 rDNA as a robust species-specific marker for T. skrjabini identification. This work provides the first report of this parasite species from Pakistan and validated species-specific marker of T. skrjabini that reduces the production potential of goats in the country.

A new species of nematode, Chisholmia shimae sp. nov. (Strongylida: Heligmonellidae), parasitic in the brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr) (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae), from Queensland

ABSTRACT A new species of nematode, Chisholmia shimae sp. nov. (Heligmonellidae: Nippostrongylinae) is described from the duodenum of the coppery brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula johnstonii (Ramsay), and the common brush-tailed possum, Trichosurus vulpecula vulpecula (Kerr), from the Atherton Tablelands, Queensland. It is distinguished from congeners, C. bainae and C. mawsonae, in possessing a smaller number of ridges in the synlophe (12–13), and longer spicules (0.52–0.68 mm) as well as a prominent gap in the distribution of ridges in the right-ventral quadrant of the synlophe. The species is unusual in that all related nippostrongyline nematodes are parasitic in rodents, with C. chisholmae being the first member of this sub-family described from a marsupial. Zoobank LSID of publication: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6214E2B6-59E9-4D2D-DAEF76E35796.

<i>Amphimonhystrella tropica</i> sp. n. and <i>Oncholaimus mekongis</i> sp. n. (Nematoda) from the Mouth of the Mekong River, Vietnam

Illustrated descriptions of two new nematode species, Amphimonhystrella tropica sp. n. and Oncholaimus mekongis sp. n., found in the mouth of the Mekong River (Vietnam) are given. А. tropica is close to A. major Gagarin, Nguyen Dinh Tu, 2021 and A. paramonovi Phan Ke Long, Nguyen Dinh Tu, Gagarin by body size. It differs from first species in pharyngostoma shape, thiker body, longer tail and spicules, and absence of posterior uterus sac. It differs from second species in thicker body, longer spicules and another gubernaculum structure. Daptonema paramonovi Phan Ke Long, Nguyen Dinh Tu, Gagarin, 2020 is transferred to the genus Amphimonhystrella Timm, 1961: A. paramonovi (Phan Ke Long, Nguyen Dinh Tu, Gagarin, 2020) comb. nov. Dichotomy and pictorial keys for the identification of males of valid species of the genus Amphimonhystrella are given. Oncholaimus mekongis sp. n. is close to O. balli (Kreis, 1934) and O. menzeli Schneider, 1973 by body size and spicules length. It differs from both species in the presence of big spiny seta before to cloaca, position of ventral papillae at tail of males, thicker body, shorter outer labial setae and longer and slender males tail.

Eutobrilus godlewskii sp. nov. and Tobrilus gigas sp. nov. (Nematoda: Triplonchida) from Lake Baikal, Russia

Eutobrilus godlewskiisp. nov. and Tobrilus gigassp. nov. are described and illustrated based on the material collected from Lake Baikal, Siberia, Russia. The species Eutobrilus godlewskiisp. nov. morphologically is close to E. fortis (Tsalolikhin, 1972) and E. prodigiosusShoshin, 1988. From the former species it differs in the narrower labial region, longer outer labial setae, longer spicules and the absence of crystalloids. It differs from E. prodigiosus in the comparatively longer pharynx, another structure of stoma, longer spicules, another arrangement of precloacal supplements and the absence of crystalloids. Another new species, Tobrilus gigassp. nov. is the largest among valid species of the genus Tobrilus. Morphologically it is close to T. undophylusShoshin, 1988 and T. kamtschaticusGagarin, 2004. From the former species it differs by having a narrowed male body, longer outer labial setae and spicules. From T. kamtschaticus it differs in wider labial region, longer outer labial setae and spicules. This article presents two tables showing the morphological characteristics of males among valid species of the genus Eutobrilus and Tobrilus from Lake Baikal.

The gastrointestinal nematodes of Chiruromys forbsei Thomas and C. lamia (Thomas) (Rodentia: Muridae) with the description of a new species of Helgenema (Heligmonellidae) and a new species of Protospirura (Spiruridae) from Papua New Guinea

ABSTRACT The cestode, Bertiella musasabi Yamaguti, 1942 and four nematodes identified to at least genus level and adult specimens assignable to the Nippostrongylinae were recovered from nine of 20 individuals of Chiruromys forbsei Thomas, 1888. Five nematodes identified to at least genus level and adult specimens assignable to the Nippostrongylinae were recovered from 11 of 12 individuals of C. lamia (Thomas, 1897). Species of Parasabanema from C. forbsei and C. lamia, Parastrongyloides from C. lamia and Trichuris also from C. lamia could not be assigned to any known species. Hasanuddinia chiruromyos Smales, 2011a was previously reported from C. vates(Thomas, 1908). Helgenema lamia n. sp. differed from its congener H. keablei Smales, 2020 by its larger size, longer spicules and larger number of eggs in utero. Protospirura munimuniensis n. sp. from C. lamia was differentiated by having two denticles on each pseudolabium, males with the right spicule longer and more robust than the left, a V-shaped gubernaculum and six pairs of post cloacal papillae. Heligmonellids dominated the helminth assemblages of both hosts. Species richness, 80.6% species recovered for C. lamia,and 57% for C. vates was low in both hosts. Possible determinants of species richness were discussed.

One new species and one new record species of Sphaerolaimus (Nematode, Sphaerolaimidae) in offshore wetlands, China

One new species and one new record species of Sphaerolaimus are described. Sphaerolaimus longispiculatus sp. nov. is characterized by body length 2 213–2 470 µm, amphideal fovea 12%–16% corresponding body diameters in males and 9%–10% corresponding body diameters in females, long slender spicules 2.8–3.8 cloacal body diameters, eight small papilliform precloacal supplements, gubernaculum without apophysis, and tail conico-cylindrical, 2.5–3.7 cloacal/anal body diameters long. Sphaerolaimus gracilis is recorded from the first time in the mangroves wetlands, it can be distinguished from the original desceiption by longer spicules (66–71 µm vs 56 µm) and wider body (a=20.1–21.4 vs 25).

Description of Two New Species of Free-Living Nematodes (Nematoda) from Vietnam

An illustrated description of two free-living nematode species—Leptolaimoides brevicaudatus sp. n. and Paramonhystera affinis sp. n.—from the water bodies of Vietnam is presented. L. brevicaudatus is similar to L. thermastris (Lorenzen, 1966); L. gangioensis Hoang Lai-Phu et al., 2009; and L. asiaticus Gagarin, Nguyen Vu Thanh, 2005 in regards to body size, but differs from these species by a shorter and less slender body, longer spicules, and the absence of precloacal supplements in males. Paramonhystera affinis sp. n. is morphologically similar to P. parabutschlii (Timm, 1961) and P. levicula (Lorenzen, 1972), but it has shorter and sparse somatic setae, six outer labial setae (versus four outer labial setae in both compared species), and shorter spicules.

A new species of Microlaimus de Man 1880 (Nematoda: Microlaimidae) from the Black Sea.

Microlaimus sergeevae sp. n. is described and illustrated from the Crimea shelf of the Black Sea. It is characterized by the 1301-1728 μm long body; cuticle with distinct annuli; spicules 34-37 μm long, curved; gubernacular apophyses 20-25 μm long, surrounding distal end of spicules; criptocyrcular amphidial fovea 7-8 μm in diameter; cervical setae present; four submedian rows of pores spreading along the whole body length, and eight precloacal supplements in males. The new species morphologically resembles M.gerlachi Wieser 1954, M. paraborealis Allgen 1940a and M.kaurii Wieser 1954, but differs from them by the length of cephalic setae, size of the body, presence of cervical setae, shape of the gubernacular apophyses, eight tubular precloacal supplements and submedian rows of pores spreading along the whole body length. M.sergeevae sp. n. differs from M.gerlachi by having a smaller amphidial fovea, shorter spicules and gubernacular apophyses. The new species differs from M. paraborealis by having larger value of c. It differs from M. kaurii by having longer spicules and larger values of c and b.

Description of three new Sphaerolaimus species (Nematoda: Sphaerolaimidae) form the South China Sea.

The family Sphaerolaimidae Filipjev, 1918 combines nematodes characterized by finely striated cuticle, round amphids, broad buccal cavity with longitudinal ribs, and females with one anterior ovary. Sphaerolaimus Bastian, 1865 species from this family are found in intertidal and subtidal sediments and have also been reported from mangroves and estuary. Three new species of Sphaerolaimus were found and described from the South China Sea. Sphaerolaimus callisto sp. nov. is characterized by the relatively long body, small amphids and long spicules. Sphaerolaimus callisto sp. nov. is similar to S. cuneatus Paramonov, 1929, but differs by the longer body (2350-2690 µm vs 1980-1990 µm), index b (5.1-5.6 vs 3.9-4.1), absence of precolacal supplements, and longer spicules (321-356 µm vs 270 µm). Sphaerolaimus ganymede sp. nov. is characterized by large amphids and the presence of sexual dimorphism in amphid size. Sphaerolaimus ganymede sp. nov. is close to Sphaerolaimus maeoticus Filipjev, 1922, but differs by the presence of lateral alae, indexes a (12.3-17.5 vs 20-27) and c (7.9 vs 9-10), bigger amphids in male (14.6-15.7 µm vs 11 µm). Sphaerolaimus io sp. nov. is characterized by small amphids and short apophyses of gubernaculum. Sphaerolaimus io sp. nov. is similar to Sphaerolaimus pacificus Allgen, 1947, but differs by bigger size (1480-1525 µm vs 1140 µm), presence of lateral alae, and index c (7.5-8 µm vs 14.3 µm). After critical evaluation of the genus we recognize 35 valid species and provide dichotomous and pictorial keys to species.

Three new species of Cloacininae (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) parasitic in Dorcopsis muelleri (Schlegel, 1866) from Papua and Salawati island, Indonesia.

Three new species of Cloacininae are described from Dorcopsis muelleri obtained from Salawati Island and Kaimana, Papua. Cloacina woworae sp. nov. differs from all congeners by having postero-lateral and medio-lateral rays not fused and the esophagus wider anterior to the nerve ring. Compared to its congeners, C. beveridgei sp. nov. resembles C. caballeroi Mawson, 1977, C. cretheis Beveridge, 2002, C. erigone Beveridge, 2002, and C. syphax Beveridge Speare, 1999 in the morphology of the dorsal ray. However, C. beveridgei has distal segments of sub-median papillae longer than the proximal segments. This character differentiates it from C. caballeroi, C. cretheis, and C. erigone, which have the distal segment of the sub-median papilla shorter than the proximal. Furthermore, this new species can be distinguished with C. syphax in having a shorter vagina vera and in the shape of the anterior region of the vagina. Cervonemella kaimanaensis sp. nov. differs from Ce. reardoni, the sole species in the genus Cervonemella, in the shape and longer vagina, shorter and slender tail, shorter position of vulva from posterior end and longer spicules.

The First Record and Description of Male of Paralongidorus rex (Nematoda, Longidoridae) from Ukraine with Comments on Female Uterine Eggs Morphology

This paper presents the first report of male specimen of Paralongidorus rex Andrássy, 1986. It was found in the population collected from the rhizosphere of Acer platanoides in Lviv, Ukraine. Morphology of male, especially structure of spicules and arrangement of supplements, is described in details and compared with most closely related species. It can be distinguished from all other similar species by longer spicules. Morphometric data on females and male of this population are provided. Morphology of female genital tract is described in details. Uterine eggs are detected in genital tract of females for the first time and their morphometrics are provided. During current research, clearly expressed seasonal reproduction of this parthenogenetic species on the territory of Western Ukraine was revealed. Uterine eggs were observed only in genital tracts of females from the soil samples collected in the first decade of May but no female specimens with eggs were detected in numerous P. rex populations collected during summer period (June-September).

Pseudolella tenuis sp. n. and Paracomesoma leptum sp. n. (Nematoda, Araeolaimida) from Vietnam

Illustrated descriptions of two new nematode species found in artificial reservoirs for shrimp cultivation are given: Pseudolella tenuis sp. n. and Paracomesomaleptum sp. n. The former is morphologically close to P. bengalensis (Timm 1957) and P. capera Tchesunov 1978, but differs from P. bengalensis by a shorter body, comparatively longer pharynx, shorter and less slender tail, longer stoma, shorter ventral branch of the amphideal fovea, and shorter spicules and cephalic setae. It differs from P. capera by shorter cephalic setae, wider labial region, longer ventral branch of the amphideal fovea, and longer spicules. Paracomesomaleptum sp. n. is morphologically close to P. susannae Semprucci 2015 and P. minor Gagarin et Nguyen Dinh Tu 2014. From the former species it differs by its shorter and thicker body, shorter cephalic and subcephalic setae, and less numerous precloacal supplements in the male. This new species differs from P. minor by a less slender tail, shorter cephalic and outer labial setae, the presence of subcephalic setae, and longer spicules.

A New Species of Bidigiticauda (Nematoda: Strongylida) from the Bat Artibeus planirostris (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in the Atlantic Forest and a Molecular Phylogeny of the Molineid Bat Parasites

The nematode genus Bidigiticauda has 2 species (Bidigiticauda vivipara and Bidigiticauda embryophilum), which are parasites of bats from the Neotropical region. The present paper describes a new species of Bidigiticauda from a male Artibeus planirostris specimen collected in the Pratigi Environmental Protection Area in Bahia state, Brazil. The new species, Bidigiticauda serrafreirei n. sp., differs from B. embryophilum by having longer spicules, rays 5 and 6 arising from a common trunk and bifurcating in its first third, rays 3 and 4 emerging slightly separated from each other, and dorsal rays reaching the margin of the caudal bursa. The new species also differs from B. vivipara by the dorsal ray bifurcating at the extremity of the trunk. A molecular phylogenetic analysis was conducted to determine the evolutionary affinities of Bidigiticauda serrafreirei n. sp. within the Strongylida, which identified a clade that grouped Bidigiticauda with the other members of the Anoplostrongylinae. However, the molineid subfamilies did not group together, indicating that the family Molineidae is polyphyletic. Further analyses, which include additional taxa and genetic markers, should elucidate the complex relationships within the Molineidae, in particular its subfamilies and the evolution of the traits that define these groups.

Paranticoma lepta sp. n. and Elzalia bipectinella Hope amp; Aryuthaka, 2009 from water bodies of Vietnam.

Two nematode species found in water bodies of Vietnam are described and illustrated. Paranticoma lepta sp. n., found in mangroves of the Yen River estuary is morphologically close to P. bendaense Micoletzky, 1930 and P. tricerviseta Zhang, 2005. From the former species it differs by the shorter cephalic setae and shorter tail, more anteriorly located cervical setae and shorter spicules. From the second species it differs by its thicker body, comparatively longer tail, longer spicules and absence of tooth-like structures in stoma. An illustrated description of males and females of Elzalia bipectinella Hope Aryuthaka 2009 is given, originally described from mangrove forest in the Andaman Sea coastal zone of east Thailand. Females of this species are described for the first time.

Prodorylaimus baikalensis sp. n. and Mononchus minutus sp. n. (Nematoda) from Lake Baikal, Russia.

Two new nematode species found in Lake Baikal (Russia) are described and illustrated. Prodorylaimus baikalensis sp. n. is morphologically close to P. irminii Vinciguerra Orselli, 2011 and P. obesus Ahmad Jarajpuri, 1982. From the first species it differs by the shorter and thinner body, longer tail, longer odontostyle and greater number of ventromedian supplements. From the second species it differs by the longer and more slender tail, shorter odontophore, longer female prerectum and greater number of ventromedian supplements in males. Mononchus minutus sp. n. is similar to M. niddensis Skwarra, 1921 and M. agilis Gagarin Mataphonov, 2004. The new species differs from M. niddensis by the shorter body, more slender tail, longer buccal cavity, longer spicules and smaller number of ventromedian supplements in males. From M. agilis it differs by the shorter and thinner body, shorter tail, longer spicules and smaller number of ventromedian supplements in males.

ОПИСАНИЕ НОВОГО ВИДА СВОБОДНОЖИВУЩИХ НЕМАТОД, THERISTUS GIGAS SP. NOV. (NEMATODA, MONHYSTERIDA) ИЗ ИСКУССТВЕННОГО ВОДОЕМА ВО ВЬЕТНАМЕ

Illustrated descriptions of new species of free-living nematodes Theristus gigas sp.nov., found in ground of artificial reservoir in Vietnam. Th. gigas sp. nov. morphological similar to Th. polychaetophilus Hopper, 1966, but differs from it by longer outer labial setae and cephalic setae, more close to anterior body end located vulva, longer spicules and gubernaculum and another gubernaculum structure.

Monhystrella andreana sp. nov. (Nematoda: Monhysterida) from Chile

A description of Monhystrella andreana sp. nov. from brackish water lake Tierra del Fuego, Chile, is given. The new species differs from the most morphologically close M. macrura (de Man, 1880) mainly in shorter tail and pharynx (esophagus), and in longer spicules.

Two new species of free-living nematodes genera Microlaimus de Man, 1880 and Aponema Jensen, 1978 (Nematoda: Microlaimidae) from the Black Sea.

Two new species of the family Microlaimidae Micoletzky, 1922 are described and illustrated from the Black Sea. Aponema pontica sp. n. is morphologically closest to A.torosum in the shape of the body and spicules, size of amphids, but differs in having small and triangular cardia, absence of constriction in head region, shape of gubernaculum apophyses, rounded and weakly sclerotised lumen of pharyngeal bulb and longer spicules. Microlaimus paraglobiceps sp. n. morphologically resembles M.globiceps de Man, 1880 in the shape of the body, structure of the male sexual organs and presence of precloacal pore, but the main difference is a shorter body, cuticle finely annulated all over the body and absence of sexual dimorphism in the size of amphideal fovea.

First record and description of juvenile stages of Longidorus artemisiae Rubtsova, Chizhov & Subbotin, 1999 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) in Poland and new data on L. juglandicola Li\u0161kov\xe1, Robbins & Brown, 1997 based on topotype specimens from Slovakia

This paper presents the first geographical record of the needle nematode Longidorus artemisiae Rubtsova, Chizhov & Subbotin, 1999 outside Russia. This species was found in Poland near the city of Skierniewice in association with nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Morphometric and morphological data are provided, including the first description of juveniles of this species. Nematodes of the Polish population differ from the type-population in Russia in possessing a thicker body (lower ‘a’ index) in both sexes; males having a longer body and longer spicules; different sex ratio (1:2 in Polish population vs 1:1 in the type-population) and somewhat less expanded lips. Molecularly, the Polish population was characterised by sequencing D2-D3 28S rDNA and ITS1 markers. Additionally, new data on these two markers are provided for another species, Longidorus juglandicola Lišková, Robbins & Brown, 1997, obtained from topotype specimens from Slovakia. Surprisingly, despite the high morphological similarity of these two species, analysis of their phylogenetic position did not show close phylogenetic relation and several other species (less similar in general morphology) appeared more closely related to both L. artemisiae and L. juglandicola.