Longer Pulse Research Articles

Изменение состояния поверхности монокристаллического германия в результате имплантации ионами серебра и отжига световыми импульсами

Single-crystal c-Ge plates implanted with Ag+ ions with an energy of E=30 keV, current density of the ion beam J = 5 μA/cm2 and a dose of D=2.5×1016 ion/cm2 were subjected to rapid thermal annealing by single light pulses of various durations from 1 up to 9.5 s. By scanning electron microscopy and optical reflection spectroscopy measurements it was shown that after ion implantation an amorphous porous Ag:PGe layer of spongy structure, consisting of Ge nanowires, is formed on the surface of c-Ge substrates. It was found that the annealing with an increase in the pulse duration up to 5 s successively leads to an increase in the Ge nanowire diameters from 26 to 35 nm. With longer pulses, the porous Ag:PGe structure is destroyed and Ag evaporates from the implanted layers.

Design studies of a continuous-wave normal conducting buncher for European X-ray Free Electron Laser

A three-cell 1.3 GHz, Normal Conducting (NC) buncher is designed for a possible future upgrade of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (Eu-XFEL) to operate in a continuous-wave (CW)/ long pulse (LP) mode. The RF geometry of the buncher is optimized for high shunt impedance, large mode separation as well as multipacting free in the operation range. The nominal buncher voltage is 400 kV with an RF power dissipation of 14 kW, and its shunt impedance is ∼50% higher than existing CW bunchers. The RF power coupler cell is optimized for field symmetry to minimize coupler kick effect on beam dynamics. The thermal load due to RF power dissipation is analyzed using Multiphysics simulations in CSTMWS and a cooling scheme is designed.

Printed Cu–Ag Phases Using Laser‐Induced Forward Transfer

Laser‐induced forward transfer (LIFT) is an additive manufacturing technique where short laser pulses are focused through a transparent substrate onto a thin, uniform, metal layer jetting micrometer‐scale droplets yielding high‐resolution 3D metal structures. Herein, LIFT printing from multilayered metal donors, and from compositional metal mixtures, is explored and presented. A comprehensive study of this sort has been lacking so far. LIFT printing from Cu–Ag structured donors is thoroughly studied. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis reveals the formation of a metastable Cu–Ag phase reflecting the high cooling rate of the metal droplets. Tuning properties of the printed metal structures is made possible by controlling the pulse width and the donor layers’ properties. Longer pulses (10 ns) jetting from cosputtered donors yield better homogeneity than shorter pulses (1 ns) from donors made of distinct sputtered layers. These homogenic structures also display better resistance to chemical etching. This study opens the door to designing various phases and structures with different electrical and mechanical properties by using LIFT of multimaterials donors.

Impact of Pulse Mode on Dusting Effect for Holmium Laser Lithotripsy: In Vitro Evaluation With Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate Stones

ObjectiveTo assess the distribution of stone fragments (<0.25->2 mm) after in vitro dusting laser lithotripsy with varying pulse modes using canine calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) stones. Recent work demonstrates that fragments <0.25 mm are ideal for dusting, and we hypothesized advanced pulse modes might improve this outcome. MethodsA 3D-printed bulb was used as a calyceal model containing a single COM stone. A 230-core fiber (Lumenis) was passed through a ureteroscope (LithoVue, Boston Scientific). Contact laser lithotripsy by a single operator was performed with dusting settings (0.5J x 30Hz; Moses Pulse120H) to deliver 1kJ of energy for each trial. Short pulse (SP), long pulse (LP), Moses Distance (MD) and Moses Contact (MC) modes were tested with 5 trials for each parameter. Primary outcome was mass of fragments <0.25, <0.5, <1, and <2 mm. Laser fiber tip degradation was measured using a digital caliper. ResultsMass of stone fragments <0.25 mm varied from 34.6%-43.0% depending on the pulse mode, with no statistically significant differences between modes. MC (98.5%) produced a greater mass of fragments <2 mm compared to LP (86.1%; P = .046) but not SP (92.0%). Significantly less fiber tip burnback occurred with MC (0.29 mm) and MD (0.28 mm), compared to SP (0.83 mm; P < .0005). ConclusionRegardless of pulse mode, greater than one-third of the mass of COM stone was reduced to fragments <0.25 mm following contact laser lithotripsy. MC produced a greater mass of fragments <2 mm compared to LP and demonstrated less fiber tip burnback compared to SP.

RRAM-based CAM combined with time-domain circuits for hyperdimensional computing

Content addressable memory (CAM) for search and match operations demands high speed and low power for near real-time decision-making across many critical domains. Resistive RAM (RRAM)-based in-memory computing has high potential in realizing an efficient static CAM for artificial intelligence tasks, especially on resource-constrained platforms. This paper presents an XNOR-based RRAM-CAM with a time-domain analog adder for efficient winning class computation. The CAM compares two operands, one voltage and the second one resistance, and outputs a voltage proportional to the similarity between the input query and the pre-stored patterns. Processing the summation of the output similarity voltages in the time-domain helps avoid voltage saturation, variation, and noise dominating the analog voltage-based computing. After that, to determine the winning class among the multiple classes, a digital realization is utilized to consider the class with the longest pulse width as the winning class. As a demonstrator, hyperdimensional computing for efficient MNIST classification is considered. The proposed design uses 65 nm CMOS foundry technology and realistic data for RRAM with total area of 0.0077 mm2, consumes 13.6 pJ of energy per 1 k query within 10 ns clock cycle. It shows a reduction of ~ 31 × in area and ~ 3 × in energy consumption compared to fully digital ASIC implementation using 65 nm foundry technology. The proposed design exhibits a remarkable reduction in area and energy compared to two of the state-of-the-art RRAM designs.

Pulse Energy and Pulse Duration Effects in the Ionization and Fragmentation of Iodomethane by Ultraintense Hard X Rays

The interaction of intense femtosecond x-ray pulses with molecules sensitively depends on the interplay between multiple photoabsorptions, Auger decay, charge rearrangement, and nuclear motion. Here, we report on a combined experimental and theoretical study of the ionization and fragmentation of iodomethane (CH_{3}I) by ultraintense (∼10^{19} W/cm^{2}) x-ray pulses at 8.3keV, demonstrating how these dynamics depend on the x-ray pulse energy and duration. We show that the timing of multiple ionization steps leading to a particular reaction product and, thus, the product's final kinetic energy, is determined by the pulse duration rather than the pulse energy or intensity. While the overall degree of ionization is mainly defined by the pulse energy, our measurement reveals that the yield of the fragments with the highest charge states is enhanced for short pulse durations, in contrast to earlier observations for atoms and small molecules in the soft x-ray domain. We attribute this effect to a decreased charge transfer efficiency at larger internuclear separations, which are reached during longer pulses.

Integration of Engineered "Spark-Cell" Spheroids for Optical Pacing of Cardiac Tissue.

Optogenetic methods for pacing of cardiac tissue can be realized by direct genetic modification of the cardiomyocytes to express light-sensitive actuators, such as channelrhodopsin-2, ChR2, or by introduction of light-sensitized non-myocytes that couple to the cardiac cells and yield responsiveness to optical pacing. In this study, we engineer three-dimensional “spark cells” spheroids, composed of ChR2-expressing human embryonic kidney cells (from 100 to 100,000 cells per spheroid), and characterize their morphology as function of cell density and time. These “spark-cell” spheroids are then deployed to demonstrate site-specific optical pacing of human stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) in 96-well format using non-localized light application and all-optical electrophysiology with voltage and calcium small-molecule dyes or genetically encoded sensors. We show that the spheroids can be handled using liquid pipetting and can confer optical responsiveness of cardiac tissue earlier than direct viral or liposomal genetic modification of the cardiomyocytes, with 24% providing reliable stimulation of the iPSC-CMs within 6 h and >80% within 24 h. Moreover, our data show that the spheroids can be frozen in liquid nitrogen for long-term storage and transportation, after which they can be deployed as a reagent on site for optical cardiac pacing. In all cases, optical stimulation was achieved at relatively low light levels (<0.15 mW/mm2) when 5 ms or longer pulses were used. Our results demonstrate a scalable, cost-effective method with a cryopreservable reagent to achieve contactless optical stimulation of cardiac cell constructs without genetically modifying the myocytes, that can be integrated in a robotics-amenable workflow for high-throughput drug testing.

MR-guided blood-brain barrier opening induced by rapid short-pulse ultrasound in non-human primates.

Opening the blood-brain barrier (BBB) with focused ultrasound and microbubbles (MBs) has potential use in non-invasive targeted therapy for central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Rapid short-pulse (RaSP) ultrasound with a microsecond sequence has been proposed as a minimally disruptive and efficient method for opening the BBB. This work aimed to test the feasibility and safety of BBB opening in a non-human primate model using combined RaSP ultrasound sequence and MBs. The BBB of 2 rhesus macaques were opened with RaSP and the commonly used 10 millisecond long pulse (LP), combined with microbubble (SonoVueTM, 0.2 µL/g) injection in a bolus. The transducer's central frequency was 300 kHz, and the acoustic pressure was set to 0.56 MPa calibrated in water. The BBB opening procedure was guided and evaluated with contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. The relative signal enhancement was compared between RaSP and LP sonication. T2-weighted fast-spin echo (FSE) and T2*-weighted gradient echo (GRE) sequences were scanned to evaluate edema and micro-bleeding at the end of the procedure. The relative signal enhancement was significantly higher (P<0.01) in the focal area compared to a similar area of the opposite hemisphere at all time points after sonication in each monkey, indicating the successful opening of the BBB. The relative signal enhancement in RaSP reached more than 60% of that with LP in our experiment, while the energy deposition was only 6% of LP. No edema or hemorrhage was found on magnetic resonance images after RaSP. Combined RaSP ultrasound and MBs for the BBB opening is a practical method in large animal models.

Effect of Er:YAG laser pulse duration on repair bond strength of resin-based and hybrid CAD/CAM restorative materials

Besides the output power and pulse frequency, the pulse duration of Er:YAG laser is an important parameter for conditioning the restorative material surface. This study aimed to investigate the effect of six different pulse modes of Er:YAG laser on the repair bond strength of a hybrid ceramic and two resin-based CAD/CAM restorative materials. Twenty-eight specimens (5 × 5 × 4 mm) were prepared for each CAD/CAM block (Lava Ultimate-(LU), Vita Enamic-(VE), and GC Cerasmart-(GCC)) and randomly divided into seven groups. The specimens except the control group were irradiated using Er:YAG laser at 3 W and 20 Hz using quantum square pulse (QSP), super short pulse (SSP), short pulse (SP), medium short pulse (MSP), long pulse (LP), and a very long pulse (VLP). A micro-hybrid resin composite (Filtek Z250, 3 M ESPE, USA) was placed up to 4 mm on each CAD/CAM specimen in two increments. Bar specimens (1 × 1 × 8 mm) were obtained using a cutting device and thermocycled 10,000 times at 5–55 °C. Microtensile bond strength (µTBS) test was performed at a 1 mm/min crosshead speed. Data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD tests (p < 0.05). µTBS was significantly affected by both pulse duration and material type (p < 0.001). Pulse duration and material type showed a statistically significant interaction (p < 0.001). Except for QSP, shorter pulse modes resulted in a higher repair bond strength. VLP mode is not recommended to be used in repair procedures with the materials tested.

Imaging the Efficiency of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Doped with Acid-Functionalized Carbon Nanotube and Iridium Oxide Electrode Coatings for Microstimulation.

Electrical microstimulation has shown promise in restoring neural deficits in humans. Electrodes coated with materials like the conducting polymer poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with acid‐functionalized carbon nanotubes (PEDOT/CNTs, or PC) exhibit superior charge injection than traditional metals like platinum. However, the stimulation performance of PC remains to be fully characterized. Advanced imaging techniques and transgenic tools allow for real‐time observations of neural activity in vivo. Herein, microelectrodes coated with PC and iridium oxide (IrOx) (a commonly used high‐charge‐injection material) are implanted in GCaMP6s mice and electrical stimulation is applied while imaging neuronal calcium responses. Results show that PC‐coated electrodes stimulate more intense and broader GCaMP responses than IrOx. Two‐photon microscopy reveals that PC‐coated electrodes activate significantly more neuronal soma and neuropil than IrOx‐coated electrodes in constant‐voltage stimulation and significantly more neuronal soma in constant‐current stimulation. Furthermore, with the same injected charge, both materials activate more spatially confined neural elements with shorter pulses than longer pulses, providing a means to tune stimulation selectivity. Finite element analyses reveal that the PC coating creates a denser and nonuniform electric field, increasing the likelihood of activating nearby neural elements. PC coating can significantly improve energy efficiency for electrical stimulation applications.

Focused Ultrasound Mechanical Disruption of Ex Vivo Rat Tendon.

Around 30 million tendon injuries occur annually in the U.S. costing $ 114 billion. Conservative therapies, like dry needling, promote healing in chronically injured tendons by inducing microdamage but have mixed success rates. Focused ultrasound (fUS) therapy can noninvasively fractionate tissues through the creation, oscillation, and collapse of bubbles in a process termed histotripsy; however, highly collagenous tissues, like tendon, have shown resistance to mechanical fractionation. This study histologically evaluates whether fUS mechanical disruption is achievable in tendons. Ex vivo rat tendons (45 Achilles and 44 supraspinatus) were exposed to 1.5-MHz fUS operating with 0.1-10 ms pulses repeated at 1-100 Hz for 15-60 s with peak positive pressures <89 MPa and peak negative pressures <26 MPa; other tendons were exposed to dry needling or sham. Immediately after treatment, tendons were flash-frozen and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or alpha-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase ( α -NADH-d) and evaluated by two reviewers blinded to the exposure conditions. Results showed successful creation of bubbles for all fUS-treated samples; however, not all samples showed histological injury. When the injury was detected, parameter sets with shorter pulses (0.1-1 ms), lower acoustic pressures, or reduced treatment times showed mechanical disruption in the form of fiber separation and fraying with little to no thermal injury. Longer pulses or treatment times showed a combination of mechanical and thermal injury. These findings suggest that mechanical disruption is achievable in tendons within a small window of acoustic parameters, supporting the potential of fUS therapy in tendon treatment.

Effect of different types of adhesive systems on the bond strength and marginal integrity of composite restorations in cavities prepared with the erbium laser-a systematic review.

There are inconclusive results regarding etching and bonding protocol to achieve optimal bond strength and marginal integrity of adhesive composite resin restorations in erbium laser prepared cavities. This systematic review aimed to consider which adhesive system protocol may be optimal in achieving the bond strength and marginal integrity in erbium laser-prepared cavities, comparable to that obtained with conventional method of cavity preparation. This review was developed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement with literature search based on all publications during the period January1, 2000-October 10, 2020, in three databases: MEDLINE, Google Scholar and ScienceDirect. The necessary information was extracted by two independent authors. The search resulted in 139 articles from all databases, and a total of thirty-one articles met the inclusion criteria. The results indicated that the selection of adhesives depending on their pH and composition and the laser pulse duration and pulse energy used plays an important role in predicting the adhesion and marginal integrity. The 10-MDP containing moderate self-etch adhesives has demonstrated predictable outcomes. Longer pulse durations used for cavity preparations may indicate the use of etch-and-rinse (EnR) or moderate self-etch adhesives (SEA) to allow better resin infiltration in deep craters formed due to laser irradiation. However, further studies with more standardizations in relation to adhesives and laser parameters are needed.

Analysis of electrostimulation and electroporation by high repetition rate bursts of nanosecond stimuli

Exposures to short-duration, strong electric field pulses have been utilized for stimulation, ablation, and the delivery of molecules into cells. Ultrashort, nanosecond duration pulses have shown unique benefits, but they require higher field strengths. One way to overcome this requirement is to use trains of nanosecond pulses with high repetition rates, up to the MHz range. Here we present a theoretical model to describe the effects of pulse trains on the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes modeled as resistively charged capacitors. We derive the induced membrane potential and the stimulation threshold as functions of pulse number, pulse duration, and repetition rate. This derivation provides a straightforward method to calculate the membrane charging time constant from experimental data. The derived excitation threshold agrees with nerve stimulation experiments, indicating that nanosecond pulses are not more effective than longer pulses in charging nerve fibers. The derived excitation threshold does not, however, correctly predict the nanosecond stimulation of cardiomyocytes. We show that a better agreement is possible if multiple charging time constants are considered. Finally, we expand the model to intracellular membranes and show that pulse trains do not lead to charge buildup, but can create significant oscillations of the intracellular membrane potential.

Fast and robust exciton preparation in a coupled semiconductor quantum dot–metal nanoparticle system using shortcuts to adiabaticity

We study the efficient preparation of the exciton state in a hybrid nanostructure composed by a semiconductor quantum dot and a metallic nanoparticle, when starting from the ground state, using pulses derived with the method of shortcuts to adiabaticity. We show with numerical simulations that high levels of exciton population can be obtained for a wide range of interparticle distances and for short pulse durations. This behavior appears also to be robust against small positioning errors of the system. The fidelity of the population inversion degrades for smaller distances and longer pulses, as the nonlinear terms in the equations, expressing the quantum dot–metal nanoparticle interaction, become stronger and affect the evolution for longer times. The present work is expected to help schemes toward the generation of single photons on demand or ultrafast nanoswitches, where the controlled population inversion in semiconductor quantum dots coupled to metal nanoparticles is an important task.

Retropulsion force in laser lithotripsy\u2014an in vitro study comparing a Holmium device to a novel pulsed solid-state Thulium laser

PurposeTo investigate retropulsion forces generated by two laser lithotripsy devices, a standard Ho:YAG and a new pulsed solid-state Thulium laser device.Materials and methodsTwo different Dornier laser devices were assessed: a Medilas H Solvo 35 and a pulsed solid-state Thulium laser evaluation model (Dornier MedTech Laser GmbH, Wessling, Germany). We used a 37 °C water bath; temperature was monitored with a thermocouple/data-logger. Representative sets of settings were examined for both devices, including short and long pulse lengths where applicable. For each setting, ten force values were recorded by a low-force precision piezo sensor whereby the laser fibre was either brought into contact with the sensor or placed at a 3 mm distance.ResultsThe mean retropulsion forces resulting from the new Tm:YAG device were significantly lower than those of the Ho:YAG device under all pulse energy and frequency settings, ranging between 0.92 and 19.60 N for Thulium and 8.09–39.67 N for Holmium. The contact setups yielded lower forces than the distance setups. The forces increased with increasing pulse energy settings while shorter pulse lengths led to 12–44% higher retropulsive force in the 2.0 J/5 Hz comparisons.ConclusionThe Tm:YAG device not only significantly generated lower retropulsion forces in all comparisons to Holmium at corresponding settings but also offers adjustment options to achieve lower energy pulses and longer pulse durations to produce even lower retropulsion. These advantages are a promising add-on to laser lithotripsy procedures and may be highly relevant for improving laser lithotripsy performance.

Mechanical modeling of metal thin films on elastomers for femtosecond laser patterned interconnects

In this work, we present the mechanical analysis of thin Au/Ti film deposited on elastomer substrate, e.g. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) comparing to samples on Kapton®. After deposition, the metal was patterned by ultrashort (270 femtosecond) pulse laser ablation. Minimizing the thermal damage to the substrate, reducing Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) compared to previously demonstrated laser patterning with longer pulses. One of the major issues in the metallization of thick elastomers is the formation of wrinkles followed by brittle cracks in the metallic thin film during the process, deteriorating the metal lines performance and reliability. Such cracking has not been observed on polyimide. The crack formation was investigated using stress analysis of the metallic-elastomeric system, assuming that cracking appears when the stress in the metal film is exceeding a critical value. A general mechanical model and analysis of a multilayer and multi-material laminated system is presented and applied to the specific case of Au/Ti on PDMS. Using this model, the root cause for the stress development in the metallic film has been investigated.A series of samples had been prepared using various elastomer substrates made of Sylgard 184, Dow Corning PDMS. A series of samples was prepared using different monomer/cross-linker ratios in the range of 1:2 to 1:19 monomer to cross-linker weight percentage ratio. Using the thin film stress analysis, the inner stress between and inside the different layers was calculated. Based on the calculations, we could estimate the specific stress in the metallic film. Using this value, we could choose the right specific materials that would not surpass their critical failure stress. This hypothesis was tested and verified by the failure analysis conducted by optical microscope and scanning electrons microscopy (SEM) secondary electrons (SE) images. We report here on a good correlation between the mechanical analysis predictions and the various samples integrity. Therefore, using that model, we could define a “safe zone”, i.e. for what elastic modulus and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) there are no “mud-crack” defects.

Early-time symmetry quantifying with thin-shell capsule radiography for pulse shaped implosion

To achieve ignition with high gain in inertial confinement fusion, precise symmetry control is one of the key issues to guarantee the PdV work converting into the inner energy efficiently and maximize the pressure of the hot spot. The shaped pulse is used to maintain a low adiabat of the shell. A longer pulse and more compressible shell require more rigorous symmetry control, especially the driven symmetry during the picket pulse and main pulse. A surrogate capsule with high Z materials is usually used for the early-time symmetry tuning. The passive diagnosis of the re-emission spheres gives the time-resolved measurement of the first 2 ns, and the precision is mainly affected by the weak signals due to the low radiation temperature of the hohlraum. To compare with the re-emission technique with high Z surrogate capsule, we demonstrated the early-time symmetry tuning for picket pulse by using thin-shell capsule radiography technique. Combined with 1D hydrodynamics simulation and backlit imaging simulation, the driven asymmetry was quantified. A view factor assessment was also carried out by IRAD3D and coincided with the experimental consequences.

Burnback: the role of pulse duration and energy on fiber-tip degradation during high-power laser lithotripsy.

High-power holmium lasers have become popular for ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy and dusting. Our aim was to investigate the effect of pulse duration and pulse energy on fiber-tip degradation when using high-power settings for popcorn lithotripsy. BegoStones were fragmented in a glass bulb to simulate renal calyx, using a 120W Ho:YAG laser. A 242μm fiber was placed via the ureteroscope 2mm distance from stones (popcorn model). To assess the effect of pulse duration on fiber-tip degradation, long pulse (LP) and short pulse (SP) settings were compared at settings of 1.0Jx20Hz (20W), 0.5Jx70Hz (35W), and 1.0Jx40Hz (40W). To assess the effect of pulse energy on tip degradation, 40W SP settings (0.5Jx80Hz, 0.8Jx50Hz, and 1.0Jx40Hz) were tested. Pulse duration was measured using a photodetector and peak power was then calculated using the pulse duration and pulse energy. Experiments were conducted for 4min. Fiber-tip length was measured before and after using a digital caliper. Fiber-tip degradation was least when using LP for all settings tested (p < 0.01). For 40W settings, tip degradation was significantly lower when using a pulse energy of 0.5J compared to 0.8J or 1.0J (p < 0.004). LP mode results in less fiber burnback for all power settings tested. Total power is more important than frequency in the development of burnback. However, high-power 40W settings can be utilized with less burnback if lower pulse energies are used. Understanding these parameters can improve the longevity of the laser fiber and improve procedural efficiency.

Electroduction on Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 and Chromobacterium violaceum

Electroduction is a fast, simple and very efficient transformation method with a wider range of bacteria strains which involved physical process by exposing to high electricity. A successful transfer of a 21.6 kb cosmid vector pLAFR1 into Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 and Chromobacterium violaceum was achieved with the maximum efficiency of about 35 X 102 and 24 X 102 transformants, respectively, at the electrical field strength of 5kV/cm with longer pulse length range between 8.3 and 8.5 milliseconds. Doubling the pulse length and a decrease or increase in the electrical field strength of 5kV/cm resulted in a reduction in the total number of transformants. The electroduction parameters were very important to make this transformation method works efficiently.

Time-Dependent Thermo-Electro-Magneto-Mechanical Analysis of the TF Coil in Damavand Upgrade Tokamak With Longer Pulse Operation

To reach a more efficient plasma operation, a new configuration is planned for Damavand tokamak toward a longer pulse scenario. The current pulses in the magnetic system will be ten-times extended. This introduces major thermal impacts on the toroidal field (TF) coils due to Joule heating in addition to electromagnetic loads. Each TF coil consists of a winding pack (WP) with epoxy-impregnated glass-mica tape enclosed in an aluminum case. In this work, the combined thermo-electro-magneto-mechanical behavior of the TF coil components is investigated in the long pulse operation. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been involved to simulate a water cooling in the TF coil using COMSOL. Therefore, the study involves various analyses on the Lorentz force density, thermal load due to the Joule heat, stabilized temperature, heat dissipation, stresses and strains, and TF deviation in vacuum vessel due to the TF coil deformation. Every shot introduces a rise in the temperature of the coil. Thus, depending on the cooling conditions, in a series of consecutive shots, the temperature reaches a limit which is crucial for the mechanical analysis. As a result, although the thermal stress on the WP is highly increased in every long pulse, the total stress (i.e., combined thermal-magnetic stress) decreases compared to the value in the presently short pulse operation. The total stress in the WP can be lower than its magnetic stress due to an increase in elasticity of the coil during the longer pulses, while this result is the opposite for the casing and the epoxy resin.