Longer Contact Time Research Articles

The Affecting Factors of Reject Bottles in Bottle Washing Machine

Technological developments and business today are in a very fierce competition, many companies are trying to become the fronliner of the market leaders of their products, therefore many companies are trying to find innovation and diversification to be different from the others. The quality parameter is one of the most important things for the development of the company's business, without maintaining quality it is impossible for the business to develop, and to run smoothly and generate optimum profit. This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of dirty bottle conditions, caustic concentration, contact time and temperature on reject bottles in bottle washing machines in relation to increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of production machines in a beverage company. This type of research is a causal associative explanation to determine the cause and effect relationship of several parameters and this study uses the measurement from several different parameters. This study uses SPSS version 23 software application to describe, analyze correlation and multiple regression of the effect of reject bottles. Based on the research results, it was found that a significant influence between the independent variables (bottle condition, caustic concentration, contact time and temperature) had an effect on the percentage of reject bottles, but of the four parameters the most significant parameter for reject bottles was the bottle condition factor. It is necessary to sort the condition of the bottles, the caustic concentration must be maintained, the caustic solution is deposited to remove impurities so as to improve its performance, longer contact times and high temperatures can increase the cleaning process so as to reduce bottle rejects.

Influence of grain size distribution towards improvements of turbidity, colour and suspended particles in a riverbank filtration process - a column study

Riverbank filtration (RBF) system is an efficient and natural treatment technology which, consists of high capacity pumping wells, located adjacent to river. It takes advantage of natural attenuation processes that occur as surface water infiltrate through the riverbed to produce potable water. This research determined the influence of media size distribution, and its hydraulic conductivity and porosity as filter media, of sand and gravel. The efficiency of column model for riverbank filtration system to remove turbidity, colour and suspended solids was also determined. The best condition of column model to remove contaminants with different flowrates and different types filter media used was identified through this research. The column study was conducted with three different types of filter media; C1 (sand), C2 (gravel) and C3 (sand + gravel) and with three different flowrates; 20 mL/min, 25 mL/min and 40 mL/min. Based on the results, C3 (sand + gravel) shows the highest percentage removal for turbidity, colour and suspended solids, which were 28.5%, 59.1%, 71.4% and 29.4%, respectively, although at difference flowrates. The highest percentage of removal of suspended solids (71.4%) occurs at 25 mL/min. The highest percentage of removal of colour (59.1%) occurs at 40 mL/min. Longer contact time might improve the removal of these contaminants.

Effect of Green Oxidizing Agent on Inhibition of Escherichia coli Present in Livestock Wastes

The optimisation tests of sodium percarbonate (biocide) with the formula 2Na2CO3·3H2O2, as a green oxidizing agent for biological deactivation of chicken manure, were carried out. The microbiological analysis of fresh manure which consisted of the enumeration of bacteria, fungi and eggs of intestinal parasites showed that the number of bacteria Enterobacteriaceae, i.e. 8.3 log10CFU/g, and the bacteria E. coli, i.e. 6.96 log10CFU/g, exceeded the required level in organic fertilizers. The Response Surface Methodology for three input parameters (biocide concentration, temperature and time) on the value of E. coli bacteria was applied. The obtained values of the coefficient of the multiple correlation R2 and the adjusted coefficient Radj2 were 0.90 and 0.75, respectively, which indicate a good fit of the data obtained with the model and the experimental data. It was concluded that a decrease in the count of the analysed microorganisms followed an increase in the sodium percarbonate concentration, an increase in the temperature and a longer time of contact of the manure sample with the biocide. The content of bioavailable macronutrients (P, N, Ca, Mg, K) in water extracts of fresh chicken manure before and after its biological deactivation was determined with the ICP-OES method. The concentration of phosphorous in fresh manure extract was 310 mg/l and decreased after addition of one of the following agents: 7.5 wt.% of sodium percarbonate to 66.9 mg/l or 3.0 wt.% of traditional hygienizing agent, i.e. calcium hydroxide to 5.7 mg/l.. The results of the concentration of N in chicken manure with sodium percarbonate was also higher than in sample with calcium hydroxide, i.e. 1040.0 mg/l and 860.0 mg/l, respectively. While the addition of 2Na2CO3·3H2O2 decreased the content of Ca, Mg and K in fresh chicken manure.

Selecting Controls for Minimizing SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol Transmission in Workplaces and Conserving Respiratory Protective Equipment Supplies.

With growing evidence of inhalation of small infectious particles as an important mode of transmission for SARS-CoV-2, workplace risk assessments should focus on eliminating or minimizing such exposures by applying the hierarchy of controls. We adapt a control banding model for aerosol-transmissible infectious disease pandemic planning to encourage the use of source and pathway controls before receptor controls (personal protective equipment). Built on the recognition that aerosol-transmissible organisms are likely to exhibit a dose–response function, such that higher exposures result from longer contact times or higher air concentrations, this control banding model offers a systematic method for identifying a set of source and pathway controls that could eliminate or reduce the need for receptor controls. We describe several examples for workers at high risk of exposure in essential or return to work categories. The goal of using control banding for such workers is to develop effective infection and disease prevention programs and conserve personal protective equipment.

Rebound Dynamics of Two Droplets Successively Impacting an Inclined Surface

The dynamic behaviors of two droplets successively impacting inclined surfaces are simulated by a three-dimensional pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model based on multi-relaxation-time. The effect of velocity ratio of two successive droplets on the contact time is investigated and two rebounding regimes are identified depending on whether the coalesced droplet retouches the surface or not. Increasing the velocity ratio leads to a stronger interaction between the two droplets and the phenomenon of coalesced droplet retouching the surface is observed when the velocity ratio exceeds a threshold, resulting in a longer contact time. An outcome map of droplet rebounding is obtained at various velocity ratios and contact angles of surface. It is found that the coalesced droplet cannot rebound from the surface at a larger velocity ratio and a lower contact angle of surface. Furthermore, the effect of the length between impact points on the contact time is exhibited, and a longer length is beneficial to coalesced droplet rebounding.

Effects of Synthetic Procedures and Postsynthesis Incubation pH on Size, Shape, and Antibacterial Activity of Copper (I) Oxide Nanoparticles

Copper (I) oxide nanoparticles (Cu2O NP) were synthesized by reducing CuSO4 with glucose in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol as a capping agent. We used three different synthetic procedures with a fast reaction (procedure 1p), a fast-then-slow reaction (procedure 2p), and a slow-then-fast reaction (procedure 3p). The reaction rates were controlled by changing the temperature and the speed of adding reagents. The synthesized Cu2O NP were subsequently incubated for 24 h in a pH 6 solution (Cu2O NP6) or a pH 8 solution (Cu2O NP8) at 5°C. XRD and SEM images analysis revealed that the 1p procedure produced smaller NP, while the 2p procedure produced larger but more uniform NP. The 3p procedure produced the largest NP with a higher size variation. The 24-hour acidic postsynthesis incubation resulted in an etching effect, which reduced the size and size variation of Cu2O NP6. To evaluate the antibacterial activity, E. coli suspensions were mixed with the obtained Cu2O NP (32, 96, or 160 ppm) for different time intervals (1 or 24 h) and then grown on Petri dishes at 37°C for 24 h. Higher doses, smaller sizes of Cu2O NP, and longer contact times with the bacterial suspension resulted in higher inactivation efficiencies. Cu2O NP6 showed higher antibacterial effects at low doses, possibly due to the etching effect and the positive surface charge. Increasing the Cu2O doses from 32 to 96 and 160 ppm noticeably increased the antibacterial effect of the Cu2O NP8, but not significantly for Cu2O NP6. We suggested that the Cu2O NP6 suffered from agglomeration at high doses due to their high surface activity and low surface charges.

Pengaplikasian Kayu Apu (Pistia stratiotes L) Dalam Menurunkan Kadar BOD, COD dan TSS Pada Limbah Cair Laboratorium Di RSUD Besuki Kabupaten Situbondo

Hospital Laboratory wastewater contains organic compounds with a high enough concentration and possibly contain other chemical compounds and pathogenic microorganisms that can cause disease to the surrounding community. A way to overcome this problem is to do hospital laboratory liquid waste treatment. One alternative that can be used is the phytoremediation method using apu wood plants. Research on decreasing levels of BOD, COD and TSS in Besuki Public Hospital laboratory wastewater using Apu Wood (Pistia stratiotes L) was carried out in January - March 2019 with the aim to determine the decrease in laboratory wastewater BOD, COD and TSS after being given Apu (Pistia stratiotes L). The method used in treating liquid waste laboratory is phytoremediation. The results showed that after being treated as many as 10 treatments with the contact time of the apple plant for 1 day, 3 days and 6 days there was a significant decrease in BOD levels in the treatment with indigo P = 0,000 <0,05 for COD levels based on ANOVA output, known the value based on Anova sig table results is 0,000 <0,05 so it can be concluded that the average COD level after being treated is "DIFFERENT" significantly while the TSS parameter is ANOVA test with sig value 0,309> 0,05 which means "NO DIFFERENCE "Significantly on the treatment. It is recommended for further research, it should be endeavored to use plants that have resistance to waste, especially for contact time so that they can use higher waste concentrations with longer contact times. Keywords: BOD, COD, TSS, Apu Wood Plant (Pistia stratiotes L

Player–surface interactions: perception in elite soccer and rugby players on artificial and natural turf

ABSTRACTArtificial turf (AT) is common at all levels of soccer and rugby. Employing an interdisciplinary design, this study aimed to examine the extent to which the negative attitude commonly expressed by players concerning AT is based on the difference in technique between AT and natural turf (NT), or due to pre-existing biases. Thirty professional soccer and rugby players performed a defined set of movements with masked and normal perception conditions on NT and AT. Two-dimensional kinematic analysis (100 Hz) of characteristics in parallel to a psychological assessment of the impact of cognitive bias for a playing surface was assessed. No significant interaction effects between the level of perception and surface type were found. For AT, contact time (CT) was shorter across conditions, while for NT rugby players had longer CT during acceleration/deceleration phases and shorter flight times. Pre-existing negative bias against AT was found during the normal perception trials in the technology acceptance model (Usefulness and Ease of Use) and the general preference questions on how much the athlete would like to play a game on it. The results suggest that opinion was not driven by surface characteristics, but by a cognitive bias, players brought with them to the pitch.

Formulation of Antioxidant Emulgel containing Beluntas China (Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC)

Skin constantly exposed by the environmental stresses, such as pollutants, solar radiation, heat, and cold, which cause the free radicals that cause premature aging. This bad effects of free radicals can be reduced by natural antioxidants such as Beluntas china (Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC) extract. The antioxidants use of beluntas china extract for skin will be more optimal if it is applied by appropriate form, emulgel, which has stronger consistency and longer contact time than gel. The aim of this research was to formulate an antioxidant emulgel from beluntas china extract, which is effective, stable, and safe with the best gelling agent. The extract was formulated by variety types of gelling agents which were carrageenan, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and carbomer 934. Then, the physical stability was evaluated, including organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and freeze thaw. The results showed that formulation of carbomer 934 1% 2xIC50 extract concentration give the best physical stability evaluation for 60 days storage time.Keywords: antioxidant, beluntas china extract, emulgel, free radicals, skin

Surface Interactions between Water-in-Oil Emulsions with Asphaltenes and Electroless Nickel-Phosphorus Coating.

Surface interactions between emulsion drops and substrate surfaces play an important role in many phenomena in industrial processes, such as fouling issues in oil production. Investigating the interaction forces between the water-in-oil emulsion drops with interfacially adsorbed asphaltenes and various substrates is of fundamental and practical importance in understanding the fouling mechanisms and developing efficient antifouling strategies. In this work, the surface interactions between water drops with asphaltenes and Fe substrates with or without an electroless nickel-phosphorus (EN) coating in organic media have been directly quantified using the atomic force microscope drop probe technique. The effects of asphaltene concentration, organic solvent type, aging time, contact time, and loading force were investigated. The results demonstrated that the adhesion between water drops and the substrates was enhanced with higher asphaltene concentration, better organic solvent to asphaltenes, longer aging time, longer contact time, and stronger loading force, which was due to the growing amount and conformational change of asphaltenes adsorbed at the water/oil interface. Meanwhile, the adhesion between the water drop and the EN substrate was much weaker than that with the Fe substrate. The bulk fouling tests also showed that EN coating had a very good antifouling performance, which was in consistence with the force measurement results. Our work sheds light on the fundamental understanding of emulsion-related fouling mechanisms in the oil industry and provides useful information for developing new coatings with antifouling performances.

Evaluation of green sorption media blanket filters for nitrogen removal in a stormwater retention basin at varying groundwater conditions in a karst environment

Removing excess nutrient from stormwater runoffs is necessary to protect the water quality of receiving water bodies such as rivers, lakes, springs, and groundwater aquifers. Silver Springs Springshed, located in the vicinity of Ocala, Florida, has received widespread attention from the local government and residents due to its long-term nutrient impact, which has resulted in eutrophication. Blanket filters containing Bio-sorption Activated Media (BAM) were implemented with different depths of the vadose zone in a stormwater retention basin. The design combined the interaction with groundwater as an innovative Best Management Practice can potentially boost the performance of nutrient removal. Selected storm runoffs were collected at multiple points that cover the runoff timeframe to determine the pollutant load. Infiltrating water samples were collected at various depths within BAM using lysimeters to validate the treatment effectiveness. Significant pollutant load reduction of nutrients was confirmed with highest 99% and 91% removal of nitrate and nitrite (NOx) and total nitrogen (TN) at the deep blanket filter (with more groundwater intrusion impacts) due to more effective denitrification and longer contact time. Yet the highest pollutant load reduction of 93% and 84% removal of NOx and TN was also observed at the shallow blanket filter (with less groundwater intrusion impacts). On the other hand, better pollutant load reduction of ammonia in the BAM layer was found at the shallow blanket filter presumably due to more available oxygen for nitrification.

Polysulfone/wood flour/organoclay hybrid nanocomposites as efficient eco-friendly materials

ABSTRACT Herein, we report the preparation and characterization of hybrid polysulfone/wood flour/nanoclay (PSWF/nanoclay) nanocomposite films prepared by solution casting at room temperature and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM, X-ray diffractometry, and TGA. Long-term water-absorption and diffusion properties were determined by immersing the composites in water at room temperature for several weeks. Water absorption decreased with increasing nanoclay loading, while superior mechanical properties were observed with the addition of nanoclay particles. Furthermore, the ability of the PSFW/phosphonium-salt-modified-bentonite (PSFWBP) nanocomposite to adsorb methylene blue (MB) from water was studied in detail; more MB was adsorbed at higher pH, longer contact times, and higher PSFWBP loadings; however, higher temperatures detrimentally affected adsorption. Adsorption obeyed pseudo-second-order kinetics, with ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG determined to be −36.3 ± 0.5 kJ mol−1, −114.3 ± 0.72 J mol−1 K−1, and −2.81 ± 0.08 kJ mol−1 (at 293 K), respectively. PSFWBP efficiently removed MB from various real samples.

Determination and Evaluation of Lead Migration for Foods Prepared in Clay Pots

This work presents a study to evaluate the migration of lead to cooked foods prepared in clay pots produced in a small community in Brazil. Clay pots produced in Maragogipinho, Bahia, Brazil, go through an artisanal vitrification process by the addition of lead oxide to improve the visual appearance of the pot. To evaluate the migration of the lead to the food, samples of a fish-based delicacy (fish stew), with and without palm oil and coconut milk, were taken at different moments of contact with the clay container after cooking. Determination of lead concentrations was performed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and the concentrations found were higher than 2.0 mg kg−1, which is the value regulated by the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency. In addition, the highest concentrations of lead were detected in samples with a longer contact time with the pan. The longer the contact time was, the higher the lead content that migrated to the food. These results suggest that cooking and storing foods in the glazed clay pots pose a potential risk of lead contamination.

The Content Analysis of Bisphenol A (BPA) on Water in Plastic Glass with Varying Temperatures and Contact Times using UV-VIS Spectrophotometer

This study aims to analyze the content of Bisphenol A (BPA) on various temperatureandcontact timesbetween the plastic bag and water. For analysis of BPA, a sample made with variations of temperature (± 70°C, ± 80°C, ± 90°C) and contacttime(5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes) usingnine samples. To determine the concentration of BPA, Lambert-Beer law was employed.According to the analysis of data, the content of BPA on the temperature variation showed that the higher the temperature of the sample, the higher the content of Bisphenol A in the sample. The content of BPA with a variation of contact times stated that with the longer contact time, the higher the content of BPA.

Overuse injuries in runners of different abilities—a one-year prospective study

ABSTRACT The aim of this prospective study was to investigate differences in participant characteristics, previous injury, running dynamics during a long-distance run, and training between injured and uninjured runners in runners of different abilities. Center-of-mass acceleration data were collected during a long-distance overground run. Runners were then divided into four groups (elite, advanced, intermediate and slow) based on their finishing time. Participants completed training diaries and were monitored for 1 year. Seventy-six runners completed the prospective study with 39 (51.3%) sustaining a running injury (44% elite, 42% advanced, 54% intermediate, 59% slow). Differences between injured and uninjured runners within each group related to injury included: (1) elite injured runners ran with longer contact times and (2) more slow injured runners reported an injury in previous year, were heavier, had higher body mass and body mass index, ran with lower step frequencies, and ran a greater weekly distance. Advanced injured runners exhibited fatigue changes in step regularity and peak braking during the run that may be related to injury. These findings suggest that runners of different abilities may have different factors related to injury however due to the small sample sizes in the groups this needs to be explored further.

Behaviour of Si, Al, Fe and Mg during oxidative sulfuric acid leaching of low grade uranium ore: A kinetic approach

This paper deals with the behavior of reactive micaceous gangue minerals like chlorite and biotite during the oxidative sulfuric acid leaching of uranium ores taking case study of a typical low grade Indian uranium ore hosted by chlorite-biotite-muscovite-quartzo-feldspathic schist. The progress of the gangue minerals chemical reactivity was monitored kinetically by analyzing the concentration of Si, Al, Fe and Mg ions in the leach liquor and through SEM-EDS analysis of feed and leach residue. The kinetic plots were analysed using shrinking core model and the rate equations deduced for all the aforementioned four elements constituting the gangue indicated significant role played by concentration of sulfuric acid, redox potential, temperature of reaction and particle size in the diffusion controlled process, which is also substantiated from the thermodynamic parameters computed. The results indicated decreased particle size, increased sulfuric acid concentration, longer contact time, higher rate of agitation and increased redox potential results in higher concentration of Si, Al, Fe, Mg and U.

Characterization and upgradation of crude tire pyrolysis oil (CTPO) obtained from a rotating autoclave reactor

Many of the inferior fuel properties of crude tire pyrolysis oil (CTPO) can be attributed to the presence of polar organic compounds such as various oxygenates, nitrogen heterocycles and sulfur-containing compounds. An efficient, straightforward and scalable pathway of removing the polar fraction from CTPO is crucial in improving its fuel properties. In this work, CTPO produced by thermal pyrolysis (400 °C, 0.2 bar, 4 rpm, 5 h) of scrap automotive tires in a rotating autoclave reactor (8-tons) has been upgraded using silica gel (60–120 mesh) as adsorbent and petroleum ether as diluent. In two different strategies, CTPO was first diluted with petroleum ether and (1) passed through a column of silica gel (CoTPO) or (2) mechanically stirred with silica gel (StTPO) followed by solvent evaporation to afford upgraded oil. Both crude and upgraded TPO samples were extensively analyzed for chemical composition and fuel properties and compared with each other. Analytical techniques like GC–MS, 1H NMR, FTIR, and elemental analysis showed significantly less polar fractions in CoTPO and StTPO compared to CTPO. The cetane index of CoTPO and StTPO were found to be 35 and 40, respectively compared to 33 in CTPO. Sulfur content decreased by 19% and 34% in CoTPO and StTPO, respectively. The acid value of CoTPO and StTPO were found to be 0.8 and 0.6 compared to 12.2 in CTPO. The TGA data showed better thermal stability of upgraded oil samples. StTPO showed better chemical composition and fuel properties compared to CoTPO that can be explained by its longer contact time with silica gel adsorbent.

Formation of Multiple Nitrosamines from the Ozonation of Corresponding Precursor Secondary Amines: Influencing Factors and Transformation Mechanisms

Since nitrosamine disinfection by products is highly carcinogenic, they have attracted considerable attention due to their increased presence in ambient waterways and potable water supplies. For the present study, the potential formation of nitrosamines from corresponding precursor secondary amines during ozonation was investigated. The results revealed that five nitrosamines were observed during the ozonation of their corresponding secondary amines. The molar yields initially increased and then decreased with longer contact times and higher ozone doses. These phenomena indicated that ozone not only promoted nitrosamine formation but also degraded the formed nitrosamines. High pH had a positive influence on nitrosamine formation at room temperature. Further, coexisting substances including nitrate, nitrite, humic acid, and tert-butanol inhibited the generation of nitrosamines due to hydroxyl radical (·OH) competition and scavengers, whereas in the presence of hydroxylamine, nitrosamine formation increased considerably without ozone due to its capacity for independent formation between secondary amines and hydroxylamine. Further, the generation of nitrosamines from secondary amines was primarily attributed to O3 and ·OH oxidation, which was produced through the decomposition of ozone. The transformation pathways were mainly comprised of the indirect routes between the O3/·OH intermediates. The findings of this study were helpful toward expanding the knowledge of nitrosamine formation during the corresponding precursor secondary amine ozonation process.

Evaluation of Virex® II 256 and Virex® Tb as Disinfectants of the Dimorphic Fungi Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii.

To date, limited published data exists regarding the efficacy of commonly used disinfectants in inactivating the Risk Group 3 dimorphic fungal pathogens, Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii. Newer generation quaternary ammonium compounds, like Virex® II 256 and Virex® Tb, have not been previously evaluated. Herein, these disinfectants are evaluated against 10% bleach and 70% ethanol, for their ability to inactivate 5×107 arthroconidial spores of C. immitis RS or C. posadasii strain Silveira within 2, 5, 10 or 20 minutes contact time in aqueous solution. Evidence is provided that both Virex® II 256 and Virex® Tb are highly effective alternatives to 10% bleach or 70% ethanol for the disinfection of 5×107 arthroconidia of Coccidioides spp. within 2 minutes of contact time. 70% ethanol was seen as less effective in killing C.immitis RS arthroconidia and both 70% ethanol and 10% bleach were seen as less effective than the other disinfectants in killing C. posadasii strain Silveira, as longer contact times were required to completely inactivate the same number of arthroconidia.

Removal efficiency of metallic trace elements by slow sand filtration: study of the effect of sand porosity and diameter column

The removal potential of slow sand filtration was investigated in a continuous fixed-bed adsorption system as a replacement of current expensive methods for decontaminating water. This study was achieved on Tensift River water contaminated by metallic trace elements (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) that received directly wastewater of industrial unit of Zn and Pb extraction of Draa Lasfar mine near Marrakech city in Morocco. Results showed that removal efficiency of sand used in this process depends greatly on both sand porosity and diameter of column. Thus, higher decontamination efficiency was noted at higher column’s diameter and higher sand porosity. These results can be justified by the fact that higher diameter of column and sand porosity engenders a higher mass transfer zone due to an increase coefficient diffusion and longer contact time as well as shallow adsorption zone with exposition of new active binding sites to metallic pollutants on the sand surface. This result provides a larger service area leading to an increase in the volume of the treated solution water. In order to describe the column adsorption process used in slow sand filtration, it is crucial to predict the breakthrough curve (concentration-like profile) and adsorption capacity of sand under the given set of operating conditions (sand porosoty and diameter of column), based on the assumption that this process follows Langmuir kinetics of adsorption–desorption with no axial dispersion which describes that the rate driving force obeys the 2nd order irreversible reaction kinetics.