Abstract
The optimisation tests of sodium percarbonate (biocide) with the formula 2Na2CO3·3H2O2, as a green oxidizing agent for biological deactivation of chicken manure, were carried out. The microbiological analysis of fresh manure which consisted of the enumeration of bacteria, fungi and eggs of intestinal parasites showed that the number of bacteria Enterobacteriaceae, i.e. 8.3 log10CFU/g, and the bacteria E. coli, i.e. 6.96 log10CFU/g, exceeded the required level in organic fertilizers. The Response Surface Methodology for three input parameters (biocide concentration, temperature and time) on the value of E. coli bacteria was applied. The obtained values of the coefficient of the multiple correlation R2 and the adjusted coefficient Radj2 were 0.90 and 0.75, respectively, which indicate a good fit of the data obtained with the model and the experimental data. It was concluded that a decrease in the count of the analysed microorganisms followed an increase in the sodium percarbonate concentration, an increase in the temperature and a longer time of contact of the manure sample with the biocide. The content of bioavailable macronutrients (P, N, Ca, Mg, K) in water extracts of fresh chicken manure before and after its biological deactivation was determined with the ICP-OES method. The concentration of phosphorous in fresh manure extract was 310 mg/l and decreased after addition of one of the following agents: 7.5 wt.% of sodium percarbonate to 66.9 mg/l or 3.0 wt.% of traditional hygienizing agent, i.e. calcium hydroxide to 5.7 mg/l.. The results of the concentration of N in chicken manure with sodium percarbonate was also higher than in sample with calcium hydroxide, i.e. 1040.0 mg/l and 860.0 mg/l, respectively. While the addition of 2Na2CO3·3H2O2 decreased the content of Ca, Mg and K in fresh chicken manure.
Highlights
Biowaste management is an important research issue aimed at both the economical utilization of livestock wastes as well as its effective use
A significant influence of the temperature on the number of E. coli bacteria was observed, which was 6.96 log10CFU/g in the fresh sample, and in the sample subjected to the temperature of 105 °C, it decreased to 2.43 log10CFU/g
Multiple microbiological tests were conducted concerning the content of microorganisms in the samples of poultry manure which, when applied directly as a fertilizer, can pose a serious threat to human life
Summary
Biowaste management is an important research issue aimed at both the economical utilization of livestock wastes as well as its effective use. Poland is the European Union’s third largest producer of poultry meat and hen eggs. The data published in 2017 (Statistics Poland 2017) show that the vast majority of Polish poultry production are egg laying hens and broilers (92%); the rest are turkeys (5.6%), ducks (1.9%) and geese (0.5%). A serious problem with the increase in poultry production is the significant amount of biowaste, i.e. manure, dead birds and slaughterhouse waste. Poultry waste may be applied to produce biogas in the process of anaerobic digestion (Pavlostathis and Giraldo-Gomez 1991; Williams 1999; Wu et al 2019) in which through biochemical transformations, biogas is produced. There are known and applied processes of direct combustion of poultry manure to generate heat. It is estimated that the calorific value of the material depends on its moisture, the content of which in the material may vary greatly (20–50%) and lie respectively between 9.0 and 13.5 GJ/ t (Dagnall et al 2000; Kelleher et al 2002)
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