Long-term Transport Research Articles

Survival of a surrogate African swine fever virus-like algal virus in feed matrices using a 23-day commercial United States truck transport model.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a member of the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) and is stable in a variety of environments, including animal feed ingredients as shown in previous laboratory experiments and simulations. Emiliania huxleyi virus (EhV) is another member of the NCLDVs, which has a restricted host range limited to a species of marine algae called Emiliania huxleyi. This algal NCLDV has many similar morphological and physical characteristics to ASFV thereby making it a safe surrogate, with results that are applicable to ASFV and suitable for use in real-world experiments. Here we inoculated conventional soybean meal (SBMC), organic soybean meal (SBMO), and swine complete feed (CF) matrices with EhV strain 86 (EhV-86) at a concentration of 6.6 × 107 virus g-1, and then transported these samples in the trailer of a commercial transport vehicle for 23 days across 10,183 km covering 29 states in various regions of the United States. Upon return, samples were evaluated for virus presence and viability using a previously validated viability qPCR (V-qPCR) method. Results showed that EhV-86 was detected in all matrices and no degradation in EhV-86 viability was observed after the 23-day transportation event. Additionally, sampling sensitivity (we recorded unexpected increases, as high as 49% in one matrix, when virus was recovered at the end of the sampling period) rather than virus degradation best explains the variation of virus quantity observed after the 23-day transport simulation. These results demonstrate for the first time that ASFV-like NCLDVs can retain viability in swine feed matrices during long-term transport across the continental United States.

Confinement, chaotic transport, and trapping of active swimmers in time-periodic flows.

Microorganisms encounter complex unsteady flows, including algal blooms in marine settings, microbial infections in airways, and bioreactors for vaccine and biofuel production. Here, we study the transport of active swimmers in two-dimensional time-periodic flows using Langevin simulations and experiments with swimming bacteria. We find that long-term swimmer transport is controlled by two parameters, the pathlength of the unsteady flow and the normalized swimmer speed. The pathlength nonmonotonically controls swimmer dispersion dynamics, giving rise to three distinct dispersion regimes. Weak flows hinder swimmer transport by confining cells toward flow manifolds. As pathlength increases, chaotic transport along flow manifolds initiates, maximizing the number of unique flow cells traveled. Last, strong flows trap swimmers at the vortex core, suppressing dispersal. Experiments with Vibrio cholerae showed qualitative agreement with model dispersion patterns. Our results reveal that nontrivial chaotic transport can arise in simple unsteady flows and suggest a potentially optimal dispersal strategy for microswimmers in nature.

Techniques and Methods for Measuring the Texture of Processed and Fresh Agro-Food Products – A Review

Abstract The measurement of texture is a widely used method in postharvest and food research. The majority of the textural characteristics of fresh foods, such as vegetables and fruit, are frequently employed as maturity indicators in order to meet long-term storage, transportation and customer fulfillment requirements. Understanding the textural features is also crucial for controlling processing processes like drying, heating, and frying on processed foods. The sensory qualities of the texture have been evaluated using a variety of methods. The methods for measuring texture that are most frequently used are objective tests using a variety of tools. The set of physical qualities referred to as a food’s textural properties includes those that arise from the structural elements of the food, are primarily perceived through touch, are associated with the distortion, disappearance, and the response of food under the action of a force and are evaluated objectively by functions of quantity, distance or time. Due to their well-balanced supply of nutrients, including sugars, organic acids, vitamins, pro-vitamins, and minerals, as well as non-nutritional, advantageous components like fiber and secondary metabolites, fresh fruit and vegetables are vital dietary items for human nutrition. Production processes need to be managed sustainably while producing high-quality products. At harvest, the maturity stage is typically an important factor not only affecting the product quality at harvest but also the susceptibility of the product postharvest. In postharvest, the main task is maintaining the good quality of perishable products for as long as possible to avoid food waste and economic losses. Consequently, knowledge of factors related to produce quality in the pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest stages is relevant for the producer, harvest manager, storage manager, packaging facility personnel, local markets, global distributors, wholesalers, and consumers. The word quality is consistently used throughout the production-to-consumption chain, but its definition changes depending on where in the chain you are. Yet, in each of these stages, quality refers to the product’s level of excellence and lack of defects (absence of defects and blemishes, cultivar-typical ripeness, freshness, a non-harmful amount of residues considering pesticides and other chemicals, and cleanliness). Texture represents one of the four principal factors defining food or fruit quality, together with appearance, flavor, and nutritional properties, and plays a key role in consumer acceptability and recognition of agro-foods.

Turbulent Transport of Dust Particles in Protostellar Disks: The Effect of Upstream Diffusion

We study the long-term radial transport of micron to millimeter-size grains in protostellar disks (PSDs) based on diffusion and viscosity coefficients measured from 3D global stratified-disk simulations with a Lagrangian hydrodynamic method. While gas drag tends to transport dust species radially inwards, stochastic diffusion can spread a considerable fraction of dust radially outwards (upstream) depending on the nature of turbulence. In gravitationally unstable disks, we measure a high radial diffusion coefficient D r ∼ H 2Ω with little dependence on altitude. This leads to strong and vertically homogeneous upstream diffusion in early PSDs. In the solar nebula, the robust upstream diffusion of micron to millimeter-size grains not only efficiently transports highly refractory micron-size grains (such as those identified in the samples of comet 81P/Wild 2) from their regions of formation inside the snow line out to the Kuiper Belt, but can also spread millimeter-size calcium–aluminum-rich inclusions formed close to the Sun to distances where they can be assimilated into chondritic meteorites. In disks dominated by magnetorotational instability, the upstream diffusion effect is generally milder, with a separating feature due to diffusion being stronger in the surface layer than in the midplane. This variation becomes much more pronounced if we additionally consider a quiescent midplane with lower turbulence and larger characteristic dust size due to nonideal MHD effects. This segregation scenario helps to account for the dichotomy of the spatial distribution of two dust populations as observed in scattered light and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array images.

Adsorption of PFAAs in the Vadose Zone and Implications for Long-Term Groundwater Contamination.

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent environmental contaminants that sorb to air-water and solid interfaces throughout the vadose zone. These sorption processes lead to decadal leaching of PFAS from the source zones to groundwater systems. While these processes are increasingly well understood, critical gaps exist in describing the vertically variable adsorption in the presence of vadose zone heterogeneity and methods for efficiently upscaling the laboratory observations to predict field-scale PFAA transport and retardation. In this work, we build upon fundamental theories and scalable relationships to define a semi-analytical framework for synthesizing and upscaling PFAA adsorption in heterogeneous vadose zone systems. Solid-phase and air-water interfacial adsorption are quantified mechanistically for several PFAAs and then applied to a contaminated site in Northern Wisconsin. The results highlight the dominance of air-water and organic carbon solid-phase adsorption processes in the vadose zone. Strong sorption heterogeneity─driven by depth-dependent adsorption mechanisms─produces complex spatially variable retardation profiles. We develop vadose zone retardation potentials to quantify this field-scale heterogeneity and propose vertical integration methods to upscale spatially resolved information for transport modeling. This work highlights the importance of accounting for multiscale and multiprocess heterogeneity for accurately describing and predicting the long-term fate and transport of PFAAs in the subsurface.

Comparative study on numerical simulation based on CALPUFF and wind tunnel simulation of hazardous chemical leakage accidents

CALPUFF, as a Lagrangian puff modeling system, is mostly used in the field of atmospheric environment research and risk assessment. CALPUFF performs well for short-term and short-range release scenarios over complex terrain, as well as long-term and long-range transportation. Therefore, this article uses the CALPUFF model to simulate a toxic gas leakage accident in a hazardous chemical plant in an urban area, focusing on the influence of local buildings. Wind tunnel experiments are performed in accordance with the CALPUFF experiments to assess the model’s accuracy in cases of chemical leakage accidents. The results of the wind tunnel experiment are superimposed on the map of CALPUFF calculation, and the quantitative analysis is also performed. The comparative results show that the simulation results of the CALPUFF are mainly affected by factors such as wind direction, wind speed, and the complexity of the surface environment. With less influence of buildings, such as the south and north wind, the CALPUFF simulation is consistent with the wind tunnel experiment, having a correlation coefficient of over 0.7 in most cases, while under the east wind, the consistency is significantly lower due to the influence of buildings. In addition, it is found that the wind tunnel experiment is more accurate in the near field of the pollution source, while CALPUFF is more suitable for simulating the overall trend of gas dispersion. The comparison and evaluation of the capabilities of different methods on gas dispersion simulation are helpful in guiding the emergency response during hazardous chemical leakage accidents.

Effect of relative humidity on the quality and safety of peeled almond kernels (Prunus dulcis Mill.) during simulated maritime transport/storage.

Long-term transport and storage of peeled almonds under unsuitable conditions may cause the product's rejection. To get knowledge in this topic, peeled almonds were stored at 25°C and 60, 70, and 80% relative humidity (RH). The maintenance of high RH (80%) caused some visual defects after 4 months. Even though the 60, 70, and 80% RH did not clearly affect the production of primary and secondary products formed in the lipid oxidation during the 6 months of storage, sometimes an increase in the values of the specific extinction at the wavelength of 268nm (K268 ) was observed at 80% RH, suggesting the occurrence to some extent of secondary oxidation. Concerning microbial counts, the almonds stored at 60 and 70% RH presented a satisfactory microbial quality until 6 months; however, at 80% RH, the mold counts were higher than the reference values after 2 months. Several mycotoxins were detected at low levels, including aflatoxins B1 and G1, although some showed higher amounts at 80% RH. In general, it is recommended that almond producers and industrials should consider the use of low RH (<80%) for maritime transport and long-term storage of almond kernels. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: High levels of relative humidity during storage/transport of almond kernels favor fungal growth, mycotoxin production, and secondary oxidation (rancidity). It is recommended to keep the almond kernels under low RH(<80%) in maritime transport and long storage, especially in tropical countries.

One-year spatiotemporal variations of air pollutants in a major chemical-industry park in the Yangtze River Delta, China by 30 miniature air quality monitoring stations

Fine chemical industrial park (FCIP) is a major source of atmospheric pollutants in China. A long-term high spatial resolution monitoring campaign on air pollutants had been firstly conducted in a major FCIP in Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from December 2019 to November 2020. The grid-based monitoring platform consisting of 30 miniature air quality monitoring stations (AQMSs) provided comprehensive coverage of a FCIP, and long-term monitoring studies solved the problem of lack of clarity about pollution sources in industrial parks. Overall, NO2 pollution was particularly high in the pharmaceutical industry, while TVOCs and O3 pollution were most serious in the textile dyeing industry, with PM pollution much higher in the metal smelting industry than in other industries, and in the leather industry, O3 pollution was relatively severe. The spatial and temporal variations of air pollutants showed that higher PM, CO and NO2 concentrations were revealed in winter while lower in summer due to better meteorological diffusion conditions. TVOCs concentrations were higher with an average of 1954 ppb in summer possibly due to their increased volatilization from their sources at higher ambient temperatures. O3 concentrations were at their peaks in spring (88.8 μg m−3) and early fall (78.5 μg m−3). The daily trends of O3 precursors (TVOCs and NO2) were clearly negatively correlated with O3, and they showed bimodal peaks due to anthropogenic activities, plant emissions, lowering of the mixed boundary layer, etc. The O3 formed in FCIP was judged to be NO2-limited during the monitoring period based on the ratios of NO2 to TVOCs. Therefore, the effective strategy to reduce O3 formation in FCIP is to decrease the ambient NO2 concentration. Based on Pearson correlation coefficients, it appeared that WS promoted O3 formation through long-term transport and that high air temperatures also contributed to O3 formation in the environment. It was also stated in the study that the closer the residential area is to the industrial sources, the more significant the correlation. Thus, the results of this study will also be helpful for policymakers to design pollutant control strategies for different industries to mitigate the impact of pollutants on human health.

Influence of coarse aggregate settlement induced by vibration on long-term chloride transport in concrete: a numerical study

Influence of coarse aggregate settlement induced by vibration on long-term chloride transport in concrete: a numerical study

해상운임지수와 중고 벌크선박 가격의 동태적 인과성 분석

This study is an empirical analysis of the effect on the ship prices due to changes in ocean freight rates in terms of demand. It consists of freight panel data (BDI, BHSI, BPI, BCI) for 14 years from 2008 when the financial crisis occurred to 2021 when abundant liquidity flowed into COVID-19, and bulk ship prices were for 5 years old and 10 years old of Handy, Panamax, and Cape ship. As a result of the Granger causality test, It was found that each freight affects the wire price in both directions, but BCI does not affect not only the Cape linear price but also other linear prices. This is presumed to be due to the fact that the number of Cape ship is significantly small, large size cargo collection is difficult, and that the charterer prefers long-term transportation contracts to secure the ships continuously, which should be studied in detail through follow-up research.

Evaluation of deadspace effects created by heat and moisture exchange filter during artificial lung ventilation in newborns

Heat and moisture exchange filters create additional dead space, comparable in volume to physiological, in premature newborns. It makes carbon dioxide remove difficultу. Reducing the dead space volume by increasing the flow in the ventilator circuit can lead to the hypocapnia. Aim of the study was to determine the safety and efficiency of gas flow boost in the ventilator circuit to hypercapnia compensation created by the additional dead space. Material and methods. The effect of the additional dead space created by a heat and moisture exchange filter on hemoglobin saturation and partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the end of expiration in premature newborns at flows of 5 and 6 l/min was studied. Results and discussion. It has been demonstrated that flows of 5–6 l/min satisfactorily compensate for the effect of additional deadspace without hypocapnia. Conclusions. It is possible to recommend the widespread use of heat and moisture exchange filters in newborn weighing at least 1.0 kg during long-term transportation.

The Influence of Evaporation and Seasonal Effects on the Water Content in the Unsaturated Zone: A Multi-Year Laboratory Study

The unsaturated zone of the subsurface plays a critical role in the environmental fate and transport of a wide range of environmental contaminants, and is also important for plant growth and agriculture. Quantitative prediction of processes in the unsaturated zone requires knowledge of how water content varies with elevation above the water table, a relationship known as the capillary pressure (Pc)–saturation (S) relationship. While the Pc–S relationship is conventionally thought of as being primarily a property of the porous medium and fluids, previous work found evidence suggesting that it actually results from a dynamic equilibrium between capillary forces and phenomena driven by evaporation. The focus of this work was on gaining a further understanding of the role of evaporation on the Pc–S relationship. The work made use of a tall instrumented laboratory column connected to an external reservoir for maintaining water table height. Following an initial imbibition experiment, the column was saturated and allowed to drain, and then water content was monitored in the column as a function of height over 1207 days (3.31 years). While initial imbibition and drainage were rapid, on the order of hours, redistribution and evaporation effects became apparent over longer time scales (hundreds of hours). A drying front moving downward in the column was apparent from changes in the slopes of saturation vs. time curves as it passed individual sensors; unlike previous experiments with a more fully-vented column, the evaporation front appeared to stall, balanced by the capillary-driven upward flow of water. Over the full multi-year duration of the experiment, seasonal trends in water saturation were apparent, with significant, reversible variations observed that closely followed atmospheric conditions. Specifically, saturation above the water table appeared to increase during the spring and summer months and decrease during the fall and winter months, despite the constant water table location, consistent with a changing driving force for evaporation. This result may suggest the likelihood of seasonal effects in the long-term transport and fate of contaminants in the unsaturated zone.

Integrated Lipidomic and Metabolomics Analysis Revealing the Effects of Frozen Storage Duration on Pork Lipids.

Frozen storage is an important strategy to maintain meat quality for long-term storage and transportation. Lipid oxidation is one of the predominant causes of the deterioration of meat quality during frozen storage. Untargeted lipidomic and targeted metabolomics were employed to comprehensively evaluate the effect of frozen duration on pork lipid profiles and lipid oxidative products including free fatty acids and fatty aldehydes. A total of 688 lipids, 40 fatty acids and 14 aldehydes were successfully screened in a pork sample. We found that ether-linked glycerophospholipids, the predominant type of lipids, gradually decreased during frozen storage. Of these ether-linked glycerophospholipids, ether-linked phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine containing more than one unsaturated bond were greatly influenced by frozen storage, resulting in an increase in free polyunsaturated fatty acids and fatty aldehydes. Among these lipid oxidative products, decanal, cis-11,14-eicosenoic acid and cis-5,8,11,14,17-dicosapentaenoic acid can be considered as potential indicators to calculate the freezing time of unknown frozen pork samples. Moreover, over the three-month frozen storage, the first month was a rapid oxidation stage while the other two months were a slow oxidation stage.

Quantification of long-term fate and health-risk of remobilized radiocesium through porous and fractured aquifers below a dam

Understanding the long-term fate and transport of radiocesium (137Cs) through porous and fractured aquifers is critical for the risk assessment of nuclear accidents. In particular, characterizing 137Cs transport below a dam storing potable water is critical for assessing the risk of 137Cs migration. In this study, a 2D cross-sectional aquifer model was developed based on Paldang Reservoir in South Korea, and transport of desorbed 137Cs beneath a dam was investigated systematically. Various scenarios investigated 137Cs transport within the reported ranges of distribution coefficient (Kd) and local temperature conditions (basal heat flow and reservoir-bottom temperature) affecting the 137Cs desorption rate and hydrogeologic heterogeneity (hydraulic conductivity and fracture networks). The characteristics of the 137Cs plume represented by the average plume concentration and the migration rate of the mass center were assessed, and the health risk of chronic exposure for humans was predicted. In base-case (K=8.64×10−2 m/day and Kd=10 mL/g), approximately 0.06 % of initially released 137Cs was transported downstream over 300 years; the maximum migration rate was 5.1×10−4 m/day, and a maximum annual radioactive dose was 4.5 mSv/y after 230 years. The notable effect of Kd on the migration rate (5.1×10−5 ∼ 9.9×10−4 m/day) and annual dose (9.1×10−11 ∼ 130 mSv/y) indicates that the Kd is a critical parameter that controls the transport of 137Cs in the subsurface aquifer. The effect of temperature on 137Cs transport was relatively insignificant, but it still had a noticeable effect, especially on the desorption rate. In addition, 50 realizations of heterogeneous K and Kd were generated to evaluate the influence of physical and chemical heterogeneity on 137Cs transport. The migration rate and annual dose of 137Cs plume showed large variability when K and Kd were correlated. Finally, 137Cs transport was evaluated in fractured aquifers and assessed the importance of fracture orientation and connectivity.

USE OF A MODIFIED SPECIFIC GRAVITY DEVICE TO DETERMINE VIABILITY AND QUALITY OF HUMAN CRYOPRESERVED EMBRYOS: A PILOT TRIAL

Cryopreservation is currently the only effective means of long-term embryo storage, transport, and genetic testing of human and animal embryos. It also provides for significant flexibility in ART practices. However, cryopreservation can also lead to embryo damage, affecting embryo viability and post-thaw development. Previous research from this lab has demonstrated that a Modified Specific Gravity Device (MSGD) can be used to determine the viability status and future development potential of embryos in various animal species. The current pilot trial describes the use of the MSGD to predict post-thaw survival of donated cryopreserved human blastocysts.

Traffic Data Recovery From Corrupted and Incomplete Observations via Spatial-Temporal TRPCA

Traffic information can be used for real-time traffic management and long-term transportation planning to increase traffic efficiency and safety. However, data containing both missing and deviating values, can seriously affect the accuracy of traffic information, even leading to incorrect results in traffic data analysis. In this paper, we propose a novel tensor-based data recovery method named spatial-temporal tensor robust principal component analysis (ST-TRPCA) to recover traffic data from corrupted and incomplete observations. Specifically, we not only fully account for the spatial-temporal properties of traffic data to increase the data recovery accuracy, but also utilize tensor factorization and its low-dimensional representation to improve computational efficiency. The extensive experimental results performed on real-world traffic dataset under various scenarios show that ST-TRPCA outperforms other state-of-the-art methods in both missing data recovery and anomaly detection, especially when the traffic data are severely corrupted.

Modeling spatial spillover effect on intersection crash propensity: a case study at the county level in Ohio

The characteristics of intersection crashes are not only affected by the subject intersection where the crash occurs but also are correlated with environmental conditions of neighboring analysis zones. There are few studies on intersection crash analysis to solve certain spatial effects on microscopic safety issues by proactively incorporating highway safety improvement measures into the long-term transportation planning process. The objective of this paper is to develop a heuristic traffic safety analysis system where spatial spillovers analysis is integrated into roadway safety assessment to incorporate micro variables and macro variables. With K-means clustering technique in a GIS environment, 8 hotspot counties are identified from 88 counties in Ohio, which have high intersection crash propensity. The rest of counties are identified as general counties. Then, an innovative integrated Generalized Linear Model is adopted to identify 11 and 20 significant variables that contribute to the intersection crash propensity in hotspot counties and general counties, respectively. To verify compatibility of intersection crash frequency models with macro-level and micro-level measurement, Reading Road in Cincinnati, Hamilton County (hotspot county) and I-71 in Mason City and Lebanon City of Warren County (general county) are used as examples for the test, and the results show a good consistence.

Transportation programs under financial uncertainty: Identification of needs for future research

To meet their short-term and long-term transportation goals, nationwide transportation agencies prepare infrastructure programs. Such programs, which consist of projects to be undertaken during the planning horizon, are developed in a highly complex and dynamic environment. Successful implementation of these programs is dependent on multiple uncertainties, with financial uncertainty being key among them. The literature has extensively discussed financial uncertainty at both the project and the program levels. However, financial uncertainty is generally addressed under the assumption of a single central funding source. These studies assume that there is no restriction on the use of money and on what projects are eligible for funds from a given funding category (source). However, multiple funding categories and project eligibility restrictions are prevalent across most transportation agencies. This study aims to address this gap by understanding the role of financial uncertainty when coupled with multiple funding categories and other project eligibility restrictions. The study is motivated by the practical needs of decision-makers at the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). To better understand the needs of practitioners, the authors carried out an exploratory case study to identify the complexities involved in the transportation programming process. Additionally, this scenario analysis illustrates the potential implications of the current practices and procedures. The study's findings reveal a clear need to expand the current literature to account for multiple funding categories during transportation programming. The recommendations provided for future research can assist in enhancing the robustness of transportation programming models and augmenting the financial risk management literature.

The role of boundary layer height in India on transboundary pollutions to the Tibetan Plateau

The aerosols over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) play an important role in radiative budget and hydrologic cycle over Asia even the northern hemisphere. Adjacent to the major emission sources of air pollutants, transboundary pollutions transported to the TP due to the unique geographical location and climatic characteristics, is an important exogenous driver of multi-layer changes over the TP. The influence of boundary layer height (BLH) in India to the transboundary pollution over the TP from 1980 to 2018 was investigated in the study. Results showed that air pollutants transported to the TP is more efficient within the boundary layer compared with free troposphere. The BLH decreases with the rate of 1.8 m/season in these decades. Moreover, it also has a significant correlation with AOD (-0.4). Accompanied with westerly wind and the topographic forcing in the higher boundary layer, dust particles were uplifted from the northern India to the high altitude. Compared with a higher BLH, the lower BLH is difficult for the long transport of pollutants with weaker westerly wind over the TP and its difference of dust concentration with 0.2 μg m-3 in the upper troposphere. The solar radiation enhancement increases the sensible heat and accelerate the upward of the atmosphere in high BLH events, which uplifts the pollutants accumulated in lower troposphere to higher altitudes and provides thermodynamic conditions for the pollutants transorted to the TP with westerly winds. This study provides confidence for the source, long-term transport of the TP aerosol, and its environmental and climatic impacts on climate systems in the Northern Hemisphere.

전력변환장치 캐비넷에서의 내부발열 개선을 위한 열유동 분석 및 유통안전성 향상을 위한 진동특성 분석

PCS needs to freely switch AC and DC to connect the battery, external AC loads and renewable energy in both directions for energy efficiency. Whenever converting happens, power loss inevitably occurs. Minimization of the power loss to save electricity and convert it for usage is a very critical function in PCS. PCS plays an important role in the ESS(Energy Storage System) but the importance of stabilizing semiconductors on PCB(Printed Circuit Board) should be empathized with a risk of failure such as a fire explosion. In this study, the temperature variation inside PCS was reviewed by cooling fan on top of PCS, and the vibration characteristics of PCS were analyzed during truck transportation for reliability of the product. In most cases, a cooling fan is mounted to control the inner temperature at the upper part of the PCS and components generating the heat placed on the internal aluminum cooling plate to apply the primary cooling and the secondary cooling system with inlet fans for the external air. Results of CFD showed slightly lack of circulating capacity but simulated temperatures were durable for components. The resonance points of PCS were various due to the complexity of components. Although they were less than 40 Hz which mostly occurs breakage, it was analyzed that the vibration displacement in the resonance frequency band was very insufficient. As a result of random-vibration simulation, the lower part was analyzed as the stress-concentrated point but no breakage was shown. The steel sheet could be stable for now, but for long-term domestic transportation, structural coupling may occur due to accumulation of fatigue strength. After the test completed, output voltage of the product had lost so that extra packaging such as bubble wrap should be considered.