Long-term Stability Research Articles

Post-measurement pairing quantum key distribution with local optical frequency standard

Abstract The idea of post-measurement coincidence pairing simplifies substantially long-distance, repeater-like quantum key distribution (QKD) by eliminating the need for tracking the differential phase of the users’ lasers. However, optical frequency tracking remains necessary and can become a severe burden in future deployment of multi-node quantum networks. Here, we resolve this problem by referencing each user’s laser to an absolute frequency standard and demonstrate a practical post-measurement pairing QKD with excellent long-term stability. We confirm the setup’s repeater-like behavior and achieve a finite-size secure key rate (SKR) of 15.94 bit/s over 504 km fiber, which overcomes the absolute repeaterless bound by 1.28 times. Over a fiber length 100 km, the setup delivers an impressive SKR of 285.68 kbit/s. Our work paves the way towards an efficient muti-user quantum network with the local frequency standard.

Unraveling the Electron Transport Propellant Mechanism of Oxygen Vacancy for Boosting Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis in Alkaline Seawater.

Currently, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline seawater still faces problems such as low catalyst activity and Cl- poisoning of active sites. In this work, an electron transfer facilitator of oxygen vacancies is introduced as a driving force for electronic transmission, which enhances the electron-metal-support interactions (EMSI) effect while introducing a charge protective layer, realizing killing two birds with one stone. In situ characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that the EMSI effect enhances the H* transfer step at the interface. At the same time, due to oxygen vacancies for the enhanced EMSI, Ru forms an electron-rich layer, avoiding the poison of Cl- on active sites in seawater for HER. As a result, the Ru/Ni(OH)2-x has an overpotential of only 156mV at a current density of 1.0 A cm-2 in alkaline seawater. After assembling anion-exchange-membrane water electrolyzers (AEMWE), the Ru/Ni(OH)2-x has a flat efficiency of ≈70% at different current densities, low energy consumption and price of per gallon gas equivalent (GGE) H2 produced. Owning to the well Cl- tolerance, the catalyst also maintains long-term stability at 0.5 A cm-2, indicating its great potential for industrial feasibility.

A Rare Case of Peripheral Osteoma of the Alveolar Bone of the Maxilla in a 13-Year-Old Boy

Background: This report aims to augment the presently limited knowledge on the characteristics of jawbone osteomas in children by presenting an exceptionally rare case of this tumor located on the buccal aspect of the alveolar process of the maxilla in a 13-year-old boy. Methods: A well-defined, painless, bony, hard, spherical enlargement on the maxillary alveolar ridge was identified and thoroughly evaluated through clinical examination, panoramic radiographs, CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography) scans, and histopathological analysis. The tumor was surgically removed, and the patient participated in postoperative clinical follow-ups for eight years. Results: Based on the clinical characteristics and CBCT scan findings, a jawbone tumor was suspected. After histopathological analysis, the definitive diagnosis was a peripheral trabecular osteoma. There were no signs of tumor recurrence during the postoperative follow-up period. Conclusions: This report presents the youngest documented case of peripheral osteoma in the maxillary alveolar ridge, and highlights the need to consider this rare lesion in the differential diagnosis of similar pathological changes in this region, even in pediatric patients. The absence of clinical signs of recurrence over eight years of follow-up underscores the long-term stability and favorable prognosis of peripheral jawbone osteoma in children.

Inactivation of Aspergillus Species and Degradation of Aflatoxins in Water Using Photocatalysis and Titanium Dioxide

Aflatoxins (AF) are highly toxic secondary metabolites produced by various species of Aspergillus, posing significant health risks to humans and animals. The four most prominent types are aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2). These mycotoxins are prevalent in various environments, including water sources and food products. Among these mycotoxins, AFB1 is recognized as the most toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic to humans. Consequently, most efforts to mitigate the impact of AF have been focused on AFB1, with photocatalysis emerging as a promising solution. Recent research has demonstrated that using semiconductor photocatalysis, particularly titanium dioxide (TiO2), combined with UV–visible irradiation significantly enhances the efficiency of AF degradation. TiO2 is noted for its high activity under UV irradiation, non-toxicity, and excellent long-term stability, making it a favorable choice for photocatalytic applications. Furthermore, TiO2 combined with visible light has demonstrated the ability to reduce AF contamination in food products. This article summarizes the working conditions and degradation rates achieved, as well as the advantages, limitations, and areas of opportunity of these methodologies for the degradation of AF and preventing their production, thereby enhancing food and water safety.

Weakly solvating nonaqueous electrolyte enables Zn anode with long-term stability and ultra-low overpotential

Developing nonaqueous electrolytes for zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) is increasingly considered a promising solution to address the crucial issues associated with aqueous electrolytes, including hydrogen evolution, side reactions, and dendritic growth. However, most organic solvents tend to form a double-toothed or multi-toothed Zn-O strong coordination structure with Zn2+ through the donor O atom, which significantly impedes the de-solvation kinetics and results in an undesired overpotential during Zn deposition. A promising strategy is employing nitrogenous solvents to construct a weakly solvated structure with Zn-N coordination and simultaneously permit a high proportion of anion entry into the solvation sheath. Inspired by this, a weakly solvating nonaqueous electrolyte is designed using methylimidazole (EMI) and Zn(TFSI)2 as the solvent and salt, respectively, in which Zn(EMI)4.99(TFSI)1.01 is determined the most stable thermodynamic configuration. During the deposition process, the TFSI– anion in the solvated sheath is preferentially reduced, resulting in forming a double-layer solid electrolyte interface (SEI) that is rich in ZnF2, ZnS, and ZnNx favorable inorganic components. As expected, the designed nonaqueous electrolyte offers a long-term stable Zn plating/stripping performance over 7900 h (∼ 11 months) and an ultra-low overpotential of 20 mV. The Zn||Cu asymmetric cell exhibits an average Coulombic efficiency as high as 99.43%, providing a novel insight and avenue for promising nonaqueous electrolyte design.

Seed-Mediated Synthesis of High Loading PtCo Intermetallic Compounds Enhanced Catalytic Efficacy and Long-Term Stability for Oxygen Reduction Reaction.

Atomically ordered intermetallic Pt-based nanoparticles, recognized as advanced electrocatalysts, exhibit superior activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cell cathodes. Nevertheless, the formation of these ordered structures typically necessitates elevated annealing temperatures, which can accelerate particle growth and diminished reactivity. In this study, we synthesized carbon-supported platinum-cobalt intermetallic compounds (PtCo-IMCs) with sub-4 nm particle sizes and uniform distribution. These catalysts, characterized by high platinum content and exceptional ORR activity, are specifically tailored for heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) applications. The PtCo-IMCs exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic performance and durability compared to conventional Pt-based catalysts, utilizing platinum nanoparticles as nucleation sites to promote growth. This method effectively retained smaller particle sizes while achieving a higher degree of ordering and alloying during high-temperature annealing. Optimization of the annealing temperature resulted in peak activity and stability at 800 °C. The mass activity (MA) of the PtCo-800 catalyst was 2.7-fold and 1.8-fold that of the commercial Pt/C and disordered PtCo catalysts, respectively. Additionally, the single cell employing the PtCo-800 catalyst showed a minimal voltage loss of only 27 mV at a current density of 2 A cm-2 after 30,000 cycles of the accelerated durability test (ADT), underscoring its long-term stability.

Creep mechanical behavior and damage characteristics of laminated slate under thermal-mechanical coupling

To study the long-term stability of geothermal tunnels within a laminated rock mass, creep tests were conducted on slate with different bedding angles under different temperatures. In this study, we investigated the creep rate and macroscopic failure characteristics of slate with various bedding angles (0–90°). The coupled damage was considered, and combining with the unsteady fractional order theory, a constitutive model that can describe nonlinear behavior of laminated slate under thermal loading was established. The results show that gradual increases in temperature from 20 to 150 °C and loading from 10 to 115 MPa lead to increased rock damage, which leads to accelerated creep and eventual failure of the rock. The long-term strengths of slate with a bedding angle of 0 °C at temperatures of 20, 50, 80, 110, and 150 °C were found to be 126.21, 118.25, 106.18, 94.58, and 85.14 MPa, respectively, and its mechanical properties exhibited anisotropy. The proposed creep model effectively captures the three-stage creep characteristics of high-temperature layered rocks. The results of this study provide theoretical guidance for the long-term stability assessment of geothermal drilling in surrounding rock.

Development of a magnetic α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 heterogeneous nanorod-based electrochemical biosensing platform for HPV16 E7 oncoprotein detection

The prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer have always been the focus of medical research. In this study, a label-free, rapid, simple, sensitive, and specific method for the detection of HPV16 E7 oncoprotein was developed. The electrochemical biosensor platform was constructed by magnetic self-assembly of α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4@Au nanocomposites onto the surface of magnetic glass carbon electrode (MGCE), and the nanocomposite was connected to aptamer through AuS bond to construct a probe to capture HPV16 E7. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were applied to verify the performance of the constructed biosensor. The condition optimization and performance analysis were carried out by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under optimal conditions, the biosensor exhibited a strong linearity between current value and the logarithm of HPV16 E7 oncoprotein concentration in the range of 10 pg/mL – 0.1 μg/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 159 fg/mL and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 530 fg/mL, and it also revealed excellent reproducibility, long-term stability, and anti-interference ability. In a word, the biosensor would contribute to the early diagnosis of oncoprotein HPV16 E7 and had promising application prospects.

Template-free synthesis of hollow titanium dioxide microspheres and amorphous titanium dioxide microspheres with superior lithium and sodium storage performance

Hierarchical hollow TiO2 microspheres (H-TiO2) and amorphous solid TiO2 microspheres (A-TiO2) were synthesized using a template-free method. Initially, quasi-monodisperse solid TiO2 microspheres (A-TiO2) were obtained by controlled thermal hydrolysis of titanium sulfate, forming aggregates of amorphous particles, followed by solvothermal treatment to convert the solid structure into a hollow and crystalline H-TiO2 structure. SEM and TEM images revealed that the morphological evolution from A-TiO2 to H-TiO2 conforms precisely to the inside-out Ostwald ripening mechanism. The unique hollow layered structure endows H-TiO2 with a large specific surface area of 93.3 m2/g and a rich porous structure. When used as an anode material for LIBs and SIBs, H-TiO2 exhibits superior cycling stability and rate performance compared to A-TiO2. For LIBs, H-TiO2 achieves a reversible capacity of 342.2 mA h g−1 at a 0.2C charge/discharge rate and retains unprecedented long-term stability at high current densities (258.5 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles at 5C and 220.4 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles at 10C). For SIBs, H-TiO2 exhibits a reversible capacity of 271.7 mA h g−1 at 0.2C, with specific capacities of 173.4 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1C and 101.4 mA h g−1 after 2000 cycles at 5C. Furthermore, kinetic calculations demonstrate that H-TiO2 possesses higher Li+ and Na+ diffusion rates, adsorption capacities, and conductivity, further explaining its excellent electrochemical performance.

A Review of Harmonic Detection, Suppression, Aggregation, and Estimation Techniques

The rapid growth of power electronics-based devices, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems, has introduced nonlinear components into power systems, generating high-frequency harmonics that distort current and voltage waveforms. These distortions pose significant risks to the stability of power grids, potentially leading to equipment malfunctions, reduced efficiency, and even system failures. To address these challenges, advanced harmonic detection, suppression, and estimation techniques are required to ensure the reliable operation of modern power systems. This paper comprehensively reviews the most widely used methods for managing harmonic distortions, focusing on recent harmonic detection, suppression, and estimation advancements. Key techniques, such as Fourier analysis and wavelet transforms, are compared alongside emerging machine learning-based approaches and adaptive filtering methods, which offer enhanced accuracy in real-time and dynamic environments. Additionally, advancements in harmonic suppression technologies, including passive, active, and hybrid filtering, are discussed for their effectiveness in mitigating harmonic impacts. Furthermore, the paper explores harmonic aggregation techniques that assess the cumulative impact of multiple harmonic sources and innovative estimation models that improve harmonic quantification under complex grid conditions. With the growing integration of renewable energy and electric vehicles, this review highlights the importance of advanced harmonic management strategies to ensure the safety, efficiency, and long-term stability of power systems.

Surface Speciation in Microwave-Assisted CO Oxidation over Perovskites─The Role of Water and Activation Pretreatment.

As a model for the energy-efficient aftertreatment of exhaust gas components, we studied microwave-assisted (MW) CO oxidation over a (La,Sr)CoO3-δ (LSC) perovskite oxide catalyst under dry and humidified conditions. We found that the use of a MW-based process can offer multiple advantages over traditional thermocatalysis in this scenario, as the nature of the MW-solid interaction offers quick, adaptive, and energy-efficient heating as well as improved yield and lower light-off temperatures. As found by combined CO and water MW-desorption experiments, the presence of technically relevant amounts of water leads to a competition for surface active sites and thus slows the reaction rate without indications for a fundamental change in the mechanism. Remarkably, the performance loss related to the presence of water was less pronounced in the MW-assisted process. Additionally, while we recorded a temperature-dependent degradation of the reaction rate in extended MW-catalysis experiments both in dry and humidified conditions, it quickly recovered after a short reactivation MW-treatment. Our study confirms that surface reaction can be driven by the use of MW-radiation in a similar magnitude that can be achieved by thermal activation at significantly higher temperatures. The nature of the effect of the MW-treatment on the structural and electronic surface properties of the LSC material was investigated by X-ray absorption (XAS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We found evidence of a significant structural, chemical, and electronic reorganization of the oxide surface, possibly consistent with the occurrence of overheated surfaces or "hotspots" during MW-exposure, which may explain the increased catalytic and heating properties of the LSC after the MW-pretreatment. The good catalytic performance, quick response to MW-heating, and long-term stability of the catalyst all indicate the promising potential of a MW-based process for the energy-efficient exhaust aftertreatment using noble-metal-free oxide catalysts.

ZnMnCoS/rGO nanocomposite for an effective bifunctional electrode for overall water splitting and supercapacitor applications

Abstract Future energy storage and energy conversion devices will benefit from the development of active electrode materials that serve as both an electrocatalysts and an energy storage device. Recently, mixed metal sulfides are cheaper and have improved electrical and electrochemical performance than their oxide/hydroxide similarly has garnered a lot of interest for use in energy storage and electro catalysis applications. In this, mixed metal sulfides, as zinc manganese cobalt sulfide (ZMCS) and reduced graphene oxide composite zinc manganese cobalt sulfide (rZMCS) were successfully synthesized via hydrothermal route for overall water splitting and supercapacitor. The prepared materials are characterized through x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope with elemental mapping and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The ZMCS and rZMCS electrodes exhibit an over-potential of 258 and 170 mV for HER and 302 and 230 mV for OER at a density of current is 10 mA cm2 in 3 M KOH. Overall water splitting is carried out for rZMCS electrodes and it shows the long-term stability of 15 hrs. The specific capacitances of ZMCS and rZMCS electrodes are 1065 F g1 and 1167 F g1 at 1 A g1. The obtained electrode could maintain 96 % and 98 % until 5000 cycles. Asymmetric supercapacitor device rZMCS//rGO delivers a total amount of energy and power is 47.6 Wh kg1 and 925 W kg1 with could maintain 86 % upto 10000 cycles. The outcomes draw attention to the produced electrode able to be practical as a multifunctional electrode for energy storage and conversion devices.

Imparting P vacancy in Ni-doped CoP derived from double-ligand MOF strategy as robust electrocatalyst

Efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts are pivotal for electrocatalytic water splitting applications. Here, a dual-ligand (dithiooxamide and 2-methylimidazole) MOF-derived Ni–CoP has been successfully prepared. The 1D nanowire hydroxide is employed as template precursor to obtain the regular morphology of MOFs. The Co and P in dual-ligand MOF-derived Ni-CoPv exhibits different electronic state compared to single-ligand (2-methylimidazole) MOF-derived Ni–CoP. Importantly, the Ni-CoPv possesses larger number of P vacancy and poor crystal degree. Based on above-mentioned results, Ni-CoPv exhibits superior activity for HER, which requires only 263 mV to reach 500 mA cm−2 without IR correction and shows long-term stability. The HER process for Ni-CoPv follows the V–H mechanism. As a bifunctional electrocatalyst, Ni-CoPv electrode requires 1.57 V to reach 10 mA cm−2 for the water splitting. Compared to Ni–CoP-M derived from single-ligand MOF, Ni-CoPv exhibits higher intrinsic activity HER/OER. We pave a simple way for the construction of a kind of CoP catalyst with rich P vacancies.

Branch-leaf-like MgCo2O4@Ni(OH)2 and chrysanthemum-like CuCo2O4@Ni(OH)2 core-shell electrode materials for high-performance asymmetric supercapacitors

The creation of nanocomposites with appropriate core-shell heterostructures is crucial for enhancing the energy density and long-term stability of asymmetric supercapacitors. In this paper, the unique and novel chrysanthemum-like CuCo2O4@Ni(OH)2 (CCO@NiH) and branch-like MgCo2O4@Ni(OH)2 (MCO@NiH) core-shell nanomaterials have been prepared on highly conductive nickel foam (NF) by a simple and cost-effective method to have large specific surface areas, promoted synergistic effect between the components, resulting in significantly high specific capacitance (Cs) for CCO@NiH (3382 F−1) and MCO@NiH (4438 F−1) composite electrode materials. Impressively, the Cs values of CCO@NiH/NF and MCO@NiH/NF only decreases by 9.3 % and 7.5 % after 10,000 cycles at 10 A g−1. Furthermore, the assembled asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) of CCO@NiH/NF//AC and MCO@NiH/NF//AC show an operating voltage of 1.7 V which is much higher than the theoretical value (1.5 V) and demonstrate the high energy densities (69.9 Wh Kg−1 at 847.15 W Kg−1 and 76.32 Wh Kg−1 at 857.42 W Kg−1).

Analysis Time-Delayed SEIR Model with Survival Rate for COVID-19 Stability and Disease Control

This paper presents a mathematical model to examine the transmission and stability dynamics of the SEIR model for COVID-19. To assess disease progression, the model incorporates a time delay for the time delay and survival rates. Then, we use the Routh–Hurwitz criterion, the LaSalle stability principle, and Hopf bifurcation analysis to look at disease-free and endemic equilibrium points. We investigate global stability using the Lyapunov function and simulate the model behavior with real COVID-19 data from Indonesia. The results confirm the impact of time delay on disease transmission, mitigation strategies, and population recovery rates, demonstrating that rapid interventions can significantly impact the course of the epidemic. The results indicate that a balance between transmission reduction and vaccination efforts is crucial for achieving long-term stability and controlling disease outbreaks. Finally, we estimate the degree of disease control and look at the rate of disease spread by simulating the genuine data.

Flux Synthesis of Robust Polyimide Covalent Organic Frameworks with High-Density Redox Sites for Efficient Proton Batteries.

Aqueous proton batteries are attracting increasing attention in the large-scale next-generation energy storage field. However, the electrode materials for proton batteries often suffer from low specific capacity and unsatisfactory cycle durability. Herein, we synthesize two highly crystalline and robust polyimide covalent organic frameworks (COFs) through a solvent-free flux synthesis approach with benzoic acid as a flux and catalyst. The as-synthesized COFs possess enriched redox-active sites for proton storage and intrinsic Grotthuss proton conduction, rendering them ideal candidates for proton electrode materials. The optimal COF electrodes achieve a high specific capacity of 180 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g, among the highest COF-based proton batteries, and exhibit an outstanding rate capability of up to 100 A/g and long-term cycling stability with capacity retention of 99% after 5000 cycles at 5 A/g. The assembled full cells deliver a specific capacity of 150 mAh/g at 0.2 A/g with a maximum energy density of 72 Wh/kg and a maximum supercapacitor-level power density of 64 kW/kg, surpassing all reported COF-based systems. This work paves a new avenue for the design of electrode materials for aqueous proton batteries with high energy density, power density, rate capability and long-term cycling stability.

Engineered Nickel-Iron Nitride Electrocatalyst for Industrial-Scale Seawater Hydrogen Production.

Seawater electrolysis under alkaline conditions is a crucial technology for sustainable hydrogen production. However, achieving the long-term stability of the electrocatalyst remains a significant challenge. In this study, it is demonstrated that surface reconstruction of a transition metal nitride (TMN) can be used to develop a highly stable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst. Rapid introduction of phosphate groups (PO4 3-) accelerates the in situ surface reconstruction of Ni3FeN, generating a catalyst, with a conductive nitride core and Cl--resistant hydroxide shell that demonstrates outstanding performance, maintaining stability for over 2500 h at 1 A cm-2 current density in alkaline seawater. In situ characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the dynamic evolution of active sites, providing insights into the mechanisms driving long-term stability. This work not only introduces an efficient approach to TMN-based catalyst design but also advances the development of durable electrocatalysts for industrial-scale seawater hydrogen production.

Tailoring high-performance bipolar membrane for durable pure water electrolysis

Bipolar membrane electrolyzers present an attractive scenario for concurrently optimizing the pH environment required for paired electrode reactions. However, the practicalization of bipolar membranes for water electrolysis has been hindered by their sluggish water dissociation kinetics, poor mass transport, and insufficient interface durability. This study starts with numerical simulations and discloses the limiting factors of monopolar membrane layer engineering. On this foundation, we tailor flexible bipolar membranes (10 ∼ 40 µm) comprising anion and cation exchange layers with an identical poly(terphenyl alkylene) polymeric skeleton. Rapid mass transfer properties and high compatibility of the monopolar membrane layers endow the bipolar membrane with appreciable water dissociation efficiency and long-term stability. Incorporating the bipolar membrane into a flow-cell electrolyzer enables an ampere-level pure water electrolysis with a total voltage of 2.68 V at 1000 mA cm–2, increasing the energy efficiency to twice that of the state-of-the-art commercial BPM. Furthermore, the bipolar membrane realizes a durability of 1000 h at high current densities of 300 ∼ 500 mA cm–2 with negligible performance decay.

Long-term stability of productivity increases with tree diversity in Canadian forests

The temporal stability of forest productivity is a key ecosystem function and an essential service to humanity. Plot-scale tree diversity experiments with observations over 10 to 11 y indicate that tree diversity increases stability under various environmental changes. However, it remains unknown whether these small-scale experimental findings are relevant to the longer-term stability of natural forests. Using 7,500 natural forest plots across much of Canada, monitored over three to four decades on average, we provide strong evidence that higher temporal stability (defined as the mean productivity divided by its SD over time) is consistently associated with greater tree functional, phylogenetic, and taxonomic diversity across all lengths of observations. Specifically, increasing functional diversity from its minimum to maximum values increases stability, mean productivity, and the temporal SD of productivity by 14%, 36%, and 28%, respectively. Our results highlight that the promotion of functionally, phylogenetically, and/or taxonomically diverse forests could enhance the long-term productivity and stability of natural forests.

Exploring Botryosphaeran, a (1 → 3)(1 → 6)-β-D-Glucan, as a Matrix for the Stabilization of Laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus Florida onto a Zinc Oxide Quantum Dots Platform for the Electrochemical Determination of 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol.

This work describes the development of a novel biosensor obtained by immobilizing laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus Florida onto a glassy carbon electrode platform modified with zinc oxide quantum dots. For enzyme immobilization, the exopolysaccharide botryosphaeran from Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 was used. Although both biomaterials are from different fungal sources, laccase immobilization was guaranteed, which was demonstrated by the excellent stability of the fabricated biosensor device for the voltammetric determination of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP). Under the optimal experimental conditions, the cathodic current from the square-wave voltammograms presented a linear dependence on the 2,6-DMP concentration within the range of 10-400 nmol L-1, with a limit of detection of 9 nmol L-1. This bioanalytical device exhibited excellent repeatability and long-term storage stability.