Long-term Orientation Research Articles

Cultural Values of Tourists as Moderators of the Satisfaction-Loyalty Link: An Empirical Investigation in the Hospitality and Tourism Context

Purpose - The role of customer satisfaction in predicting customer loyalty has attracted a great deal of attention from academics and practitioners in recent years. However, there have been limited empirical studies on this topic, particularly in the context of Korean tourism. Additionally, since tourists typically come from diverse cultural backgrounds, they may present a wide range of subsequent attitudes and behaviors, even after identical tourism experiences. This implies that the relationship between satisfaction and loyalty may appear vastly different in different tourists. In this vein, the purpose of the present paper is twofold: (1) to empirically examine the association between tourist satisfaction and tourist loyalty, and (2) to explore cultural values as potential moderators of the aforementioned tourist satisfaction-tourist loyalty link, namely long-term orientation and cultural intelligence. Design/Methodology/Approach - Using the expectancy disconfirmation paradigm as a theoretical backdrop, the present study proposed and tested the research hypotheses. Data were collected from a web-based survey of 400 tourists visiting South Korea. Findings - The findings of this study indicated that tourist satisfaction with a trip was positively related with tourist loyalty. The findings further revealed that the long-term orientation of tourists positively moderates the tourist satisfaction and tourist loyalty relationship, yet this moderating impact of long-term orientation varies in accordance with the level of cultural intelligence of tourists. Research Implications - With the increased recognition of importance of tourism in South Korea’s trade, this paper enhances the current understanding of the tourist satisfaction-tourist loyalty link and provides important insights into tourism management.

Impact Of Hofstede Cultural Dimensions on Online Impulse Buying Behavior Through Moderating Role Of E-WOM

The role of culture in shaping online impulse buying behavior has been stressed in the literature of consumer behavior. This study has attempted to explore the impact of cultural dimensions of masculinity, power distance, long-term orientation and restraint on online impulse buying behavior with moderating role of e-WOM in the context of e-retailing in Pakistan. The results of the data collected from 200 samples suggest that masculinity and restraint dimensions of culture have significant impact on online impulse buying behavior. However, the results for power distance and long-term orientation have not been found significant. Moreover, the relationship for masculinity with online impulse buying behavior is positively moderated by e-WOM. Further, the relationship for long-term with online impulse buying behavior is negatively moderated by e-WOM. However, the relationships of cultural dimensions of power distance and long-term with online impulse buying behavior is insignificantly moderated by e-WOM. The study recommends that relevant stakeholders particularly e-retailers may design the product and adopt strategies in the context of cultural background of the target consumers.

Culture and exit mechanisms: International evidence

This study aims to examine the effect of national culture on the choice of exit mechanism for private firms. Using an international dataset of private firms covering 60 countries from 1985 to 2019, we find that private firms in countries with high uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, indulgence vs. restraint, and individualism and low power distance and long-term orientation are more inclined to exit through mergers and acquisitions. Conversely, private firms in countries with low uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, indulgence vs. restraint, and individualism and high power distance and long-term orientation are more inclined to exit through initial public offerings. Our findings are robust to control for firm and country characteristics, market conditions, funds demand, payment method, subperiods, subsamples, cultural proxies, and composite cultural profile index. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of cultural dimensions in understanding exit mechanisms for private firms.

Robust Orientation Estimation from MEMS Magnetic, Angular Rate, and Gravity (MARG) Modules for Human-Computer Interaction.

While the availability of low-cost micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers initially seemed to promise the possibility of using them to easily track the position and orientation of virtually any object that they could be attached to, this promise has not yet been fulfilled. Navigation-grade accelerometers and gyroscopes have long been the basis for tracking ships and aircraft, but the signals from low-cost MEMS accelerometers and gyroscopes are still orders of magnitude poorer in quality (e.g., bias stability). Therefore, the applications of MEMS inertial measurement units (IMUs), containing tri-axial accelerometers and gyroscopes, are currently not as extensive as they were expected to be. Even the addition of MEMS tri-axial magnetometers, to conform magnetic, angular rate, and gravity (MARG) sensor modules, has not fully overcome the challenges involved in using these modules for long-term orientation estimation, which would be of great benefit for the tracking of human-computer hand-held controllers or tracking of Internet-Of-Things (IoT) devices. Here, we present an algorithm, GMVDμK (or simply GMVDK), that aims at taking full advantage of all the signals available from a MARG module to robustly estimate its orientation, while preventing damaging overcorrections, within the context of a human-computer interaction application. Through experimental comparison, we show that GMVDK is more robust to magnetic disturbances than three other MARG orientation estimation algorithms in representative trials.

Modern values of generation Z in a comparative analysis of the youth of Russia and China: myths and realities

This article presents the results of an empirical study aimed at identifying changes in the cultural values of young people from 18 to 23 years old in Russia and China for further comparative analysis of the results obtained. This survey was based on the theory of Dutch scientist G. Hofstede on the typology of cultural dimensions, which contains five parameters describing the differences between national cultures: power distance (from small to large); collectivism and individualism; femininity and masculinity; uncertainty avoidance (weak and strong), long-term orientation. Despite the fact that the process of globalization has a significant impact on the values of young people, making them more unified, regardless of the country and its national culture, nevertheless, the results of the conducted research reveal some differences in the characteristics of cultural identity of Chinese and Russian Generation Z.

China's National Public Cultural Security Construction under the Cultural Differences Between East and West

Since Hu Huilin's concept of China's national cultural security was proposed, it has inspired many qualitative studies, and then Han Yuan's team introduced quantitative research methods in 2021. On this basis, this study uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis to explore the current situation, challenges, and coping strategies of China's national cultural security, especially the impact of cultural differences between Chinese and Western cultures on China's cultural security in the context of globalisation. It also conducts a data-driven comparative study using Hofstede's National Culture Model and existing national cultural security assessment indicator systems. The analysis focuses on six cultural dimensions, including power distance, individualism masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, long-term orientation, and indulgence. The findings suggest that China differs significantly from the West in terms of individualism and long-term orientation, which has important implications for China's cultural policies and social structures. China's power distance and relatively low uncertainty avoidance index provide opportunities for the development of cultural innovation and diversity. Moreover, the balance between indulgence and restraint is equally important in preserving cultural diversity and promoting social harmony.

Cognitive Skills Within the Inner Development Goals (IDG) Framework

Our theoretical manuscript aims to explore the role that dimension two, ‘Thinking-Cognitive Skills’ of the Inner Development Goals (IDG) framework, can play in empowering sustainable careers and sustainable development. We begin by setting the scene before introducing the theoretical framework, which combines the IDG framework and Sustainable Career Ecosystems Theory (SCET). Our attention then turns to systematically considering each of the components of dimension two of the IDG framework. These include (a) critical thinking, (b) complexity awareness, (c) perspective skills, (d) sense-making, and (e) long-term orientation and visioning. The theoretical contribution comes from integrating the IDG framework and SCET. Practical implications come from offering eight pragmatic recommendations to empower students in the context of higher education to prepare for sustainable careers and sustainable development: (i) curriculum design, (ii) interdisciplinary approach, (iii) experiential learning, (iv) faculty development, (v) assessment and evaluation, (vi) campus culture, (vii) collaboration and external partners, and (viii) research and innovation. Limitations and a future research agenda are also provided.

Knowledge spillovers along the sustainable supply chain of China's listed companies: The role of long-term orientation

A new industrial development paradigm, the Fifth Industrial Revolution or ‘Industry 5.0’ is expected to humanise green technological innovation (GTI), social resilience, and sustainable development of industrial ecosystems. Emphasising the supplier-customer interaction, ‘Industry 5.0’ is technological revolution, which is a value-driven initiative that drives knowledge spillovers along the sustainable supply chain (SSC). In this context, enterprises are incorporating more GTI activities into their partners’ SSC strategies. This study employs samples of China's A-share listed companies covering the period from 2010 to 2021 to examine the spillover effects between customers’ GTI and suppliers total factor productivity (TFP). Both GTI and TFP indicators are important representations of ‘Industry 5.0’, with our major concerning on the enhancement of supplier's long-term orientation (LTO). We calculated TFP by the Olley-Pakes and Levinsohn-Petrin methods, dividing GTI indicators into three levels: substantial green technological innovation (SGTI), non-substantial green technological innovation (NGTI), and overall green technological innovation (OGTI). Our empirical results show that 1) Customer's GTI contributes to supplier's TFP, and supplier's LTO including environmental, social & governance (ESG) performance, and R&D input can strengthen this beneficial link; 2) customer's NGTI represents a significant differentiation in comparison with SGTI, where R&D investment weakens the positive relationship between customer's NGTI and supplier's TFP; 3) heterogeneity analysis indicates that the spillovers of customer's GTI on supplier's TFP are more pronounced among state-owned enterprises, high-tech enterprises, and non-polluting enterprises. Notably, the connectedness demonstrates dynamic patterns through 2SLS and GMM regressions, highlighting the importance of enterprises' SSC and LTO being the shock transmitters to their TFP. Our study is prone to benefit lawmakers, regulators, and firm executives responsible for analysing and assessing the SSC, providing more policy implications with future prospects for sustainable transformation in the upcoming ‘Industry 5.0’ era.

Nonlinear effect of employee ownership on organizational financial misdeeds: The moderating role of organizational size.

We used threshold theory to investigate the relationship between employee ownership and financial misdeeds. In particular, we theorized that monitoring and incentive benefits of employee ownership coupled with longer term orientation are two primary theoretical drivers for decreasing the incidence of financial misdeeds in employee-owned firms. Using a sample of 388 investment firms representing 3,421 firm-year observations between 2000 and 2015, we found that employee ownership has an inverted-J-shaped relationship with organizational financial misdeeds such that the negative effect of employee ownership is significant only at medium-to-high levels. We also found that the inverted-J-shaped relationship was stronger when an organization was smaller or practiced giving short-term incentives. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

The relationship between mental-health-related stigma among psychiatrists and country indicators across Europe

IntroductionMental health-related stigma occurs not only within the public community but is also an issue among healthcare professionals. The relationship between national culture and provider stigma remains yet to be empirically attested.ObjectivesWe performed a cross-sectional multicentre study across 32 European countries to investigate the attitudes of psychiatrists towards patients with mental health problems. We aimed to examine the relationship of attitude with country-specific indicators.MethodsWe measured stigmatizing attitudes using the Opening Minds Stigma Scale for Health Care Providers (OMS-HC) within an online survey among specialists and trainees in general adult, child and adolescent psychiatry. Its total score was correlated with the Human Development Index (HDI), the Democracy Index (DI), the Social Progress Index (SPI), the number of psychiatrists per 100,000 people, and the Hofstede dimensions. Latent class analysis was done to find subgroups of countries according to the stigmatizing attitudes of psychiatrists and the six Hofstede dimensions.ResultsAltogether, n=4245 participants completed the survey. The total score of the OMS-HC significantly correlated with the long-term orientation (r=0.453, p=0.015) and indulgence dimensions (r=-0.629, p<0.0001) and with the HDI (r=-0.503, p=0.005), DI (r=-0.418, p=0.024), SPI (r=-0.348, p=0.040). The latent class analysis separated high- and low-stigma countries. High stigma was associated with high power distance and uncertainty scores.ConclusionsFindings from this study not only expand knowledge of factors related to stigmatizing attitudes of healthcare professionals, but also enlighten the cultural aspects of the stigma that could contribute to the further development of anti-stigma programs.Disclosure of InterestD. Őri Grant / Research support from: Research grant form the Fulbright Association, P. Szocsics: None Declared, T. Molnár: None Declared, L. Bankovska Motlova: None Declared, O. Kazakova: None Declared, S. Mörkl: None Declared, M. Wallies: None Declared, M. Abdulhakim: None Declared, S. Boivin: None Declared, K. Bruna: None Declared, C. Cabaços: None Declared, E. A. Carbone: None Declared, E. Dashi: None Declared, G. Grech: None Declared, S. Greguras: None Declared, I. Ivanovic: None Declared, K. Guevara: None Declared, S. Kakar: None Declared, K. Kotsis: None Declared, I. Klinkby: None Declared, J. Maslak: None Declared, S. Matheiken: None Declared, A. Mirkovic: None Declared, N. Nechepurenko: None Declared, A. Panayi: None Declared, A. Pereira: None Declared, E. Pomarol-Clotet: None Declared, S. Raaj: None Declared, P. Rus Prelog: None Declared, J. Soler-Vidal: None Declared, R. Strumila: None Declared, F. Schuster: None Declared, H. Kisand: None Declared, A. Reim: None Declared, G. Ahmadova: None Declared, M. Vircik: None Declared, H. Yilmaz Kafali: None Declared, N. Grinko: None Declared, Z. Győrffy: None Declared, S. Rózsa: None Declared

Operational risk disclosure quality and national culture: Evidence from the E.U. Banking industry

In this study, we analyze the association between national culture and voluntary operational risk disclosure quality in the European Union banking industry. Complementarily, we assess whether the potential impact of culture differs between global banks and banks with low levels of internationalization. Finally, we consider the impact of the formal institutional environment. Our sample covers 15 countries, and we construct a disclosure score based on hand-collected data. Three main results were obtained. First, banks in societies that score higher on individualism or long-term orientation and lower on uncertainty avoidance or power distance have better disclosures. Second, in global banks, where executive board members interact with stakeholders from different cultures, these associations are absent. Finally, contextual factors also affect the association between culture and disclosure, but this substitution effect is weaker than the one we document for globalization. Our results are robust to instrumental variables estimation, the use of the GLOBE project’s cultural dimensions, and a subsample analysis of civil code law countries.

SELECTION AND IMPLEMENTATION ALTERNATIVES FOR THE MARKETING STRATEGY OF ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT

The purpose of the article is to justify modern approaches to the choice of marketing strategies and to develop practical recommendations for their implementation and management in the activities of agricultural enterprises. The methodological basis of the study was a synthesis of the results of applied research in economics, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists, which highlighted the basic theories of competitive advantage, competitiveness and marketing management. Results. The article examines the essence of the peculiarities of the system of strategic management of marketing activities of agricultural enterprises, provides a description of marketing strategies for managing the development of the enterprise, outlines methodical approaches to assessing the level of potential of marketing strategies in the activities of agricultural enterprises. The paper formulates the key objectives of marketing activities and allocates the tasks that are key in developing a marketing strategy. Thus, having analysed most of the classifications of marketing strategies, it can be concluded that strategies are developed for each individual enterprise depending on the mission of the enterprise, tactical and strategic development goals. It has been established that when choosing a marketing strategy it is necessary to concentrate efforts on the set goals, main features of the marketing strategy, such as: long-term orientation, based on the results of strategic marketing analysis, certain subordination in the hierarchy of corporate strategies, determined market orientation of activity (in relation to consumers and competitors). In addition, the company's marketing strategy determines its strengths, which allow it to win in competition. Practical results. The publication identifies specific features of marketing management of formation and implementation of strategies of innovative development of agricultural enterprises. The main factors of the external and internal environment that determine the adaptation of marketing activities and the management system of agricultural enterprises to their changes are noted. The proposed system of the competitive strategy of the enterprise, which includes a separate set of strategies: the ability to form competitive advantages, the application of the competitive strategy and the effective use of the competitive strategy of the enterprise. Value/Originality. The article systemises main types of marketing strategies, competitive strategies and strategies of innovation development. The competitive approach is based on the strategy and tactics of counteracting competitors. Within this approach, two ways of achieving competitive advantages can be used: the marketing strategy of the leader and the strategy of sustainable development of the competitive environment.

An empirical study of trade effect on culture

ABSTRACT Given the global dominance of American movies, they play a significant role in presenting U.S. ideology and culture to the world, thus raising concern of undermining domestic culture. This paper investigates whether trade shapes culture by studying the impact of imported American movies on Chinese cultural values measured by Hofstede Index. The results show that demand for American movies has a positive and statistically significant effect on individualism, power distance, long-term orientation and indulgence. While many studies show evidence that cultural similarity stimulates trade, there is almost no empirical evidence on how international trade affects culture. This study contributes to the literatures related to the relationship between culture and trade by filling this void. The findings of this study also have strong policy implications by bringing empirical evidence to the debate on free trade of cultural products.

Predicting User Preference for Innovative Features in Intelligent Connected Vehicles from a Cultural Perspective

The increasing level of intelligence in automobiles is driving a shift in the human–machine relationship. Users are paying more attention to the intelligent cabin and showing a tendency toward customization. As culture is considered to be an important factor in guiding user behavior and preference, this study innovatively incorporates cultural and human factors into the model to understand how individual cultural orientation influences user preference for innovative human-machine interaction (HMI) features. Firstly, this study considered five Hofstede cultural dimensions as potential impact factors and constructed a prediction model through the random forest algorithm so as to analyze the influence mechanism of culture. Subsequently, K-means clustering was used to classify the sample into three user groups and then predict their preferences for the innovative features in the intelligent cabin. The results showed that users with a higher power distance index preferred a sense of ceremony and show-off-related features such as ambient lighting and welcome mode, whereas users with high individualism were keen on a more open and personalized in-vehicle information system. Long-term orientation was found to be associated with features that help to improve efficiency, and users with a lower level of uncertainty avoidance and restraint were more likely to be attracted to new features and were also more willing to use entertainment-related features. The methodology developed in this study can be widely applied to people in different countries, thus effectively exploring the personal requirements of different individuals, guiding further user experience design and localization when breaking into a new market.

A meta-analytic integration of the theory of planned behavior and the value-belief-norm model to predict green consumption

Purpose This study aims to integrate the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the value-belief-norm (VBN) theory into a meta-analytic framework to synthesize green consumption literature. Design/methodology/approach By integrating the findings from 173 studies, a meta-analysis was performed adopting several analytical methods: bivariate analysis, moderation analysis and path analysis. Findings VBN- and TPB-based psychological factors (adverse consequences, ascribed responsibility, personal norms, subjective norms, attitude and perceived behavioral control) mediate the effects of altruistic, biospheric and egoistic values on green purchase intention. Further, inconsistencies in the proposed relationships are due to cultural factors (i.e. individualism-collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity–femininity, short- vs long-term orientation and indulgence-restraint) and countries’ human development status. Research limitations/implications The authors selected papers published in English; hence, other relevant papers in this domain published in other languages might have been missed. Practical implications The findings are useful to marketers of green offerings in designing strategies, i.e. specific messages, targeting different customers based on countries’ cultural score and human development index, to harvest positive customer responses. Originality/value This study is the pioneering attempt to synthesize the TPB- and VBN-based quantitative literature on green consumer behavior to resolve the reported inconsistent findings.

Sustainability Traps: Patience and Innovation

This paper argues that the joint relation between long-term orientation, environmental quality and innovation plays a key role in explaining the economic and the environmental dimension of sustainability. In our model multiple equilibria of economic development and environmental quality can arise due to a trade-off between the demand for innovation that promotes sustainability, and the ephemeral pleasure from polluting manufacturing that impedes it. Additional to traditional policies such as aid and technology transfers, policies that target behavioral changes through environmental protection may provide a double-dividend of economic and environmental sustainability through an environment-patience-innovation channel.

SOCIOLOGICAL NEXUS BETWEEN CULTURE AND TERRORISM IN TERMS OF HOFSTEDE’S DIMENSIONS

This study aims to indicate the cultural factors nexus terrorism in terms of Bourdieusian terminology’s conceptual framework, which synthesizes social, economic, and cultural explanations and thus proves useful for studying political and religious radicalization, extremism, and recruitment to terrorism. This analysis can be used to comparatively assess the countries’ cultural tendencies relevant to terrorism. In this study, Hofstede's culture scale, which is regarded as a paradigm and towering figure by most scholars was used. The research endeavors to illustrate the effects of Hofstede's cultural dimensions (widely known model of national culture) on Global Terrorism Index scores via a multiple linear regression model. Terrorists marginalized others and created their discourse to commit rhetoric narrated by fairy tales and protagonists. The findings expressed that whereas the power distance has an increasing effect on terrorism (while increasing terrorism), the long-term orientation has a mitigating effect (reduces terrorism). On the other hand, no significant results were obtained from the dimension of individualism versus collectivism, femininity versus masculinity, avoidance of uncertainty, and indulgence versus restraint. However; we evaluate that social media usage has a centralizing and affiliating effect between collectivism and individualism.

Does Culture Matter in the Tax Compilance Behaviour of SMEs? Evidence from Ghana

Several studies have shown that culture affects individual ethical behaviour, but very few studies have looked at the cultural influences of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) on their tax compliance practices. Tax non-compliance has been a major cause of revenue shortfall in many nations including Ghana. SMEs represent the majority of businesses in Ghana, thus non-compliance by SMEs may be the major cause of revenue shortfalls in the country. Scholars have adduced various factors for the non-compliance. Although some of these studies examine how specific cultural values impact tax compliance, there has not been any research in Ghana that examines the possibility of culture impacting SMEs’ tax compliance usingmajor national frameworks such as Hofstede Cultural Dimension theories. The paper uses Hofstede’s (2001) Cultural Dimension theories to examine the relationship between Ghanaian culture and the tax compliance behaviour of SME operators. Data were gatheredthrough a survey of 211 SMEs in the two major regions in Ghana, and analysis was conducted with structural equation modeling and ordinary regression. We found that the SME Owners exhibited some moderate levels of tax compliance behaviours. Again, SMEs arecharacterised by a high degree of uncertainty avoidance, a culture of femininity, a high degree of power distance, a long-term orientation, and a collectivist culture. The findings suggest that the power distance and longterm orientation cultures of SMEs accounted for their tax compliance behaviour. The study also found that older businesses that were very acquainted with the Ghanaian Culture were less likely to be tax-compliant than newer firms. This paper presents the Ghanaian perspective and bridges thecontext and issue gap identified in the body of knowledge.

Private Equity Investments in Support of Professional Athletes: Developing and Testing a Cross-Country Framework of Sporting and Venture Creation Performances in Countries With a Strong Long-Term Orientation

Overseas financial direct investments (ODIs) have been investigated with explanations of how investors generate a return on investment (ROI) and enable entries to new markets via sports club investments. However, investments in athletes have garnered less attention. This study explores private equity (PE) funds that could support professional athletes’ sporting performance and their second careers as entrepreneurs, actions that require a long-term approach. First, this study builds a sports entrepreneurship framework. Second, this study analyses secondary data on exceptionally strong sporting performance (Olympic Games medals), venture creation performance (the number of unicorns), and long-term orientation. As its theoretical contribution, this paper suggests that the tested framework could help future studies detail theories concerning sports startup ecosystems and agency problems. A managerial implication of the article is that sports club investments could be combined with PE fund investments to athletes in contexts dominated by funding types other than PE.

Das unwahrscheinliche Überleben des Bankhauses Gebr. Bethmann, 1919 bis 1948

Abstract The long-term orientation of family businesses is particularly evident in crises. The example of the Gebrüder Bethmann bank in Frankfurt am Main, whose state of crisis began during the First World War and continued almost uninterrupted until the 50s, shows how far business families are prepared to go. The essay traces the developments and shows the measures taken by the bank and the banking family to counter the crises and their consequences. It shows that Baron Moritz von Bethmann made himself an instrument of the National Socialists and implemented their policies in associations, societies and companies – particularly with regard to the ousting of Jews from German economic and social life. However, his political role did not help him to run his business more successfully or to preserve his family property. In order to at least preserve Bankhaus Gebr. Bethmann – already almost 200 years old at the time – for the family, he sacrificed almost all of the real estate and land owned by the von Bethmann family. Despite this high price, the bank remained in the family for only one more generation.