Long-term Income Research Articles

Inequality and identity salience

This paper provides a simple model of identity salience that is applied to the phenomenon of the recent rise in right-wing populism in the Western world. Trade and capital flows, skill-biased technological change, and migration have led to declining employment and wages in these economies and a parallel rise in economic and cultural populism, tapping into nativist sentiments. We argue that when long-term income stagnation for most of the population and decline for some go together with high rates of income growth at the very top, one has zero-sum economics and that naturally raises the possibility of using various kinds of social identities to claim a bigger share of a fixed sized pie. We show that in ethnically or racially polarized societies this naturally leads to the salience of social identities that enable majority ethnic groups to vote for policies that exclude minority groups so that they get a greater share of a dwindling surplus. In contrast, in more ethnically and racially homogeneous societies, this would instead lead to the demand for more pro-redistribution policies that involve greater provision of public goods.

Racial/Ethnic Variation in the Relationship Between Educational Assortative Mating and Wives' Income Trajectories.

Prior work has examined the relationship between educational assortative mating and wives' labor market participation but has not assessed how this relationship varies by race/ethnicity. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we estimate group-based developmental trajectories to investigate whether the association between educational assortative mating and wives' income trajectories varies by race/ethnicity. The presence, prevalence, and shapes of prototypical long-term income trajectories vary markedly across racial/ethnic groups. Whites are more likely than Blacks and Hispanics to follow income trajectories consistent with a traditional gender division of labor. The association between educational assortative mating is also stronger for Whites than for Blacks and Hispanics. White wives in educationally hypogamous unions make the greatest contribution to the couple's total income, followed by those in homogamous and hypergamous unions. Black and Hispanic wives in hypogamous unions are less likely than their peers in other unions to be secondary earners. These findings underscore the need for studies of the consequences of educational assortative mating to pay closer attention to heterogeneity across and within racial/ethnic groups.

Trainee Perspectives of Private Equity's Impact on Ophthalmology.

Objective The accelerated involvement of private equity (PE) in ophthalmology has many potential implications for the future of the field. The aim of this study was to evaluate trainee perspectives on PE's impact on ophthalmology. Methods An electronic survey was sent to trainees via an online ophthalmology research newsletter. The survey assessed for career goals and perspectives on the involvement of PE and its impact across a variety of attributes. Results A total of 41 United States-based respondents responded to the survey, 68% were medical students and 32% were residents or fellows. Seventy-eight percent of respondents reported they would not consider working for a PE-owned practice. There was a negative perceived impact of PE for physician autonomy, long-term physician income, career advancement, and quality of care. There was a positive perceived impact for the number of physician extenders, more referral sources, financial support, bargaining with insurance companies, starting physician salary, and administrative burden. All respondents agreed (76% strongly agree, 24% somewhat agree) that education about practice options and ownership structures is important to include in residency program education, with preferred modalities of small group discussions and on-site learning. Conclusions Trainees broadly perceive PE to negatively impact the practice of ophthalmology. While there were attributes perceived to be positively impacted by PE, these were not felt to be as important as those which may be negatively affected. New modalities for education about practice ownership options are necessary, and small group discussions and on-site learning may be of the highest yield for trainees.

Changes in employment status and income before and after newly diagnosed depressive disorders in Taiwan: a matched cohort study using controlled interrupted time series analysis.

We explored long-term employment status and income before and after depression diagnosis among men and women and at different working ages in Taiwan. Data from 2006 to 2019 were obtained from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Individuals with newly diagnosed depressive disorder aged 15 to 64 years during the study period were identified. An equal number of individuals without depression were matched for their demographic and clinical characteristics. Employment outcomes included employment status, which was categorized into employed or unemployed, and annual income. Based on the occupation categories and monthly insurance salary recorded in the Registry for Beneficiaries of the NHIRD, a subject was defined as unemployed if he or she differed from the income earner or the occupation category was unemployed. Monthly income was defined as zero for unemployed subjects and proxied as monthly insurance salary for others. Annual income was the sum of monthly income in each observation year. A total of 420,935 individuals with depressive disorder were included in the study, and an equal number of individuals with not diagnosed depression served as controls. Employment rate and income were lower in the depression group than in the control group before the year of diagnosis, with a difference of 5.7% in employment rate and USD 1,173 in annual income. This gap increased considerably after the year of diagnosis (7.3% in employment rate and USD 1,573 in annual incomes) and further widened in the subsequent years (8.1% in employment rate and USD 2,006 in annual incomes in the 5th following year). The drops in the employment rate and income caused by depression were more evident in men and older age groups than in women and younger age groups, respectively. However, the reduction in employment rate and income in the following years after the diagnosis was more considerable among younger age groups. The effect of depression on employment status and income was significant during the year of diagnosis and continued afterwards. The effect on employment outcomes varied between genders and across all age groups.

Estimation of short- and long-term floor and ceiling prices for manure in a crop and livestock farms exchange

Abstract Organic matter is a key element of soil fertility. However, in-soil stocks of organic matter are in decline in specialized crop farms. Reintroducing organic fertilizers could be a way to increase or at least maintain organic matter stocks in these soils. Straw/manure exchanges between crop farms and livestock farms could improve overall land fertility and thus the long-term income of farmers. Here we used a bioeconomic model to estimate the agronomic and economic benefits of straw/manure exchanges as part of a strategy to improve soil fertility. Iterative simulations were run with prices of farmyard manure varying from €0 to €20 ton−1 to identify the price at which a crop farm can buy manure and sell straw without degrading its net income (manure ceiling price) compared to purchasing mineral fertilizer only and ploughing back straw. Parallel simulations were run to identify the price at which a livestock farmer can sell manure and buy straw without degrading its net income (manure floor price) compared to keeping all manure on the farm and buying straw on the market. The key new contributions of this study are that it (i) considers the characteristics of manure beyond its short-term fertilizing value, i.e., better mineralization of humus and a 10% increase in crop yields, (ii) estimates both the economic and agronomic benefits of manure and (iii) assesses the impacts of uncertainties on manure effects and prices. The results show that it is profitable for a French farmer in a conventional field crop system to buy manure at a price between €10 ton−1 in the short term and €18 ton−1 in the long term. The results also show that it is still economically advantageous for a livestock farmer to sell part of their manure, even at a very low price. This study shows that it is possible to better distribute manure resources over a territory in a way that enriches the soils of crop farms without degrading the soils of livestock farms.

湿地保护、生态旅游与农民增收——以云南拉市海湿地为例

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 湿地保护、生态旅游与农民增收——以云南拉市海湿地为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202201100080 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家社会科学基金项目（18VSJ100）；国家自然科学基金项目（41571519）；中国人民大学2020年度拔尖创新人才培育资助计划成果 Wetland conservation, ecotourism and farmers' income: A case study of Lashihai Wetland in Yunnan, China Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:生态保护与经济发展之间的矛盾是发展中国家普遍存在的问题。近年来中国开展了大规模的生态保护行动，但对于这些行动的经济效应评估主要集中在森林和草地保护，而对湿地保护鲜少关注。选取云南一个典型的高原湿地，基于当地实施的退耕还湿政策，运用倾向得分匹配（PSM）和双重差分法（DID）检验了退耕还湿对农民收入和生态旅游的长期动态影响，并进一步讨论了政策效果的异质性以及补偿资金在湿地保护中的作用。研究发现：（1）退耕还湿具有显著的增收效应，使人均收入提高了约40%，并促进了生态旅游的发展；（2）随着时间推移，退耕还湿对农民收入和生态旅游的促进作用不断增强，在多重因素的综合影响下，农民通过生计转型实现长期增收；（3）退耕还湿存在明显的异质性影响。在不同收入群体中，低收入和高收入群体的增收效应最明显，而对生态旅游的影响则主要体现在高收入群体中；此外，距离湿地资源越近的地区，农民越倾向于通过开展生态旅游实现增收；（4）补偿资金在湿地保护中具有双重作用，不仅在保护行动前期作为安全网维持农民收入不降低，而且作为启动市场和吸引民间资本参与的种子资金，进一步支持了生态旅游的发展。研究结果能够为湿地保护与社会经济协调发展提供新的实证证据。 Abstract:The conflict between ecological conservation and economic development is a common concern for the developing countries. In recent years, the Chinese government has carried out large-scale ecological conservation initiatives, but assessments of the economic effects of these initiatives have mainly focused on forest and grassland conservation, with little attention paid to wetland conservation. This paper provides some empirical evidences to understand the economic impact of wetland conservation in a region where development has been constrained by wetland conservation. The paper selects a typical highland wetland in Yunnan Province and uses propensity score matching (PSM) and difference in difference (DID) to examine the long-term dynamic effects of wetland conservation on farmers' income and ecotourism livelihoods based on the local policy of the Farmland to Wetland Conversion Program (FWCP), and further discusses the heterogeneity of policy effects and the role of compensation funds in wetland conservation. The results show that:(1) the FWCP has a significantly positive impact on the farmers' income, increasing per capita income by about 40% and promoting the development of eco-tourism livelihoods. (2) As time goes by, the role of the FWCP in promoting farmers' income and eco-tourism has continued to increase. Under the combined effect of multiple factors, the farmers achieved long-term income growth through livelihood transformation. (3) The FWCP has obviously heterogeneous effects. Among different income groups, low-income and high-income groups have the most obvious income-increasing effect, while the impact on ecotourism by the FWCP is mainly reflected in high-income groups, so there may be a risk of exacerbating local income inequality. In addition, the closer to the wetland resources, the more farmers tend to increase their income by developing ecotourism. (4) Compensation funds have a dual role in wetland conservation. Not only does it act as a safety net to maintain farmers' incomes from decreasing in the early stages of conservation action, but it also serves as seed money to stimulate market and induce social capital participation, further supporting the development of ecotourism. The findings of this paper can provide new empirical evidence for the coordinated development of wetland conversation and socio-economics. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

청년 1인 가구의 주거선택 특성에 관한 연구

This study analyzes the effect of variables such as social, economic, and regional characteristics on the types of housing occupancy, focusing onthe single-person households of young people. The results of the empirical analysis are as follows: In terms of tapys of housing occupancy, the proportion of 30s who living in a rented house is decreasing. In the perspective of gender, young adult males show a higher purchase rate of their own house than that of young adult females. In terms of educational background, college graduates show the highest rate of their own house purchase. In terms of work types, white color workers show the highest rate of their own house purchase. The policy implications of this study are as follows: First, in order to increase the purchase efficiency of youth’s own house, it is necessary to loosen the LTV regulations of young households who hold sufficient repayment ability with long-term fature income or to partially ease them for young households, maintaining the regulations on debt service ratio(DSR) Second, the real estate market deregulation is required to achieve the Yun administration’s pledge of the supply of 2.5 million housing, considering the real estate market triggered by the shortage of housing supplyy. Sufficient housing supply should be made through both the support of housing expenses for the residents in natural greens and the develoment of the areas, the utilization of state-owned lands and abandoned private lands, the utilization of the existing houses in station areas, and the housing projects for the young, etc. The limitation of this study is to target at only young households based on the Framework Act on Youth, not to encompass the households characteristics of middle-aged and elderly class placed in the dead zone of welfare.

Financial Deepening in Nepal: An Asymmetric Analysis With Per Capita Income and Private Sector Credit

This study examines the asymmetric relationship between private sector credit and per capita income defining financial deepening using annual time-series data from 1994 to 2021. The analysis employed Zivot unit-root testing to identify a significant break in the model and NARDL cointegration analysis to account for this structural break, while also assessing the long-term asymmetric relationship. Findings suggested a cointegrating relationship with private sector credit, indicating that positive shocks in private sector credit contribute to its growth, thereby boosting per capita income and promoting financial deepening in Nepal. Although short-term negative shocks in the private sector were notable, their impact on long-term income growth was minimal. The study highlights the government's role in fostering positive growth of private sector credit to enhance financial deepening in Nepal, cautioning against excessive credit disbursement during recessions or crises, which could undermine financial deepening in the long run; however, the short-run policy revisions during the time of crises are thinkable. This study addresses a geographical gap in prior research by incorporating nonlinearity and structural break unit-root tests, previously unexplored, thereby introducing a novel contribution to the existing body of literature.

CUSTOMER ORIENTATION OF THE BANK AS THE BASIS OF THE CUSTOMER-ORIENTED BUSINESS MODEL OF THE BANK

The main purpose of this study is to deepen the theoretical foundations of defining the content of the concept of "customer focus" and assessing the level of customer focus, as well as to provide a practical perspective on the customer-oriented activities of the bank. The study covers a set of issues related to the allocation of customer focus as an independent object of management in the bank, characterization of the methodology for assessing the level of customer focus of the banking institution and determining the directions of improving the customer focus of the bank as an important element of the banking business, the main effect of which should be an increase in profits in the process of the bank. The methodology of the study, which reveals the topic of the article, is: analysis and synthesis of the theoretical basis for the content of the concept of "customer focus", its generalization and decomposition of approaches to defining the content of customer focus; the method of synthesis is used in the process of defining the concept. Also, in the process of research and implementation of its goals, general scientific and analytical methods of assessing the level of customer focus were used. Results. The study of the content of customer orientation based on the decomposition of different approaches to its definition allowed to formulate the author's definition of customer orientation in the bank as a tool of partnership between the bank and consumers to meet the needs of the latter, as well as to prevent their expectations, aimed at obtaining a constant long-term income by the bank due to the key competencies of its staff and the transition to a customer-oriented model of banking institution. The author's definition differs from the existing ones in that it considers customer orientation at two levels of interaction with customers: at the level of the bank as an organizational structure and at the level of personnel who contact with customers directly and indirectly, and also focuses on the bank's orientation to the desires and needs of the customer and the ability to anticipate them. Without equating the level of customer satisfaction with the level of customer focus, it can be said that there is a logical connection between these concepts and conclude that the measurement of customer NPS can be used as an indicator of customer focus. Practical implications. In the world banking practice, the introduction of NPS calculation is widely used and influences the decision-making process regarding the bank's business model, in which customer focus plays a key role. The ways of increasing the level of customer orientation of the staff and implementing a customer-oriented business model of the bank, highlighted by the author, have a wide prospect of further implementation in the activities of financial institutions.

FINANCIAL HARDSHIP AND INCOME SECURITY AND MENTAL HEALTH AMONG OLDER WORKERS: MULTI-CHANNEL SEQUENCE APPROACH

Abstract Drawing on the life course perspective and multi-channel sequence approach, this research identifies long-term financial hardship and income security patterns among older adults and examines their relationship with depressive symptoms. Data were from the 2010 to 2018 HRS with 3,077 older workers aged 62–71 in 2010. Four clusters of key sequences were identified: 1) High food and low medical insecurities with private pension plans (43%); 2) Moderate food and low medical insecurities with gradually acquired private pension plans (13%); 3) High food and low medical insecurities with both private and employment-based pension plans (40%); 4) High food insecurity with employment-based pension plans(3%). Regarding the association with depressive symptoms, a group of people who experienced high food and low medical insecurities with private pension plans (b= 0.14, p < 0.1) and those who experienced moderate food and low medical insecurities with gradually acquired private pension plans (b= 0.32, p < 0.01) were more likely to have depressive symptoms compared to those high food and low medical insecurities with both private and employment-based pension plans. These findings highlight the heterogeneity of long-term patterns of financial hardships and patterns of income security, including the limited accessibility for a pension plan through their occupation and that an individual pension plan may not be sufficient to ensure mental health in later life. The results imply the importance of dual security of private and employment-based pensions on their mental health and provide important insights for future tailored income support programs for older adults.

Practical aspects of estimation of influence of groups of lobbyism are on priorities of strategy of development of rural areas and agricultural enterprises

In the article certainly priorities of the strategic planning of rural areas development and agricultural enterprises recognition weak stimulus of transformation of expectations on the real actions of groups of lobbyism in the conditions of risks which generate potentially negative risk decisions in accordance with standard rational expectations. There is disparity between subjective expectations and rational actions of groups of lobbyism in the conditions of institutional features of the partner organizations predefined prognoses in relation to strategy of rural areas development in previous periods and forming of subjective expectations about the prospects of deepening a particular branch aspects of European integration and subsequent institutional approchement of regional development policy for providing food security. Systematic uncoincidences between legalistically declared and really incarnate through the institutes of development strategy predetermine disparities of structure in a particular branch investments in an agro-food subcomplex for food security providing at national level. Inconsistency of priorities of agro-food subcomplex strategic development between entrepreneurs interested in permanent expansion of raw material export of plant-based products with the low degree of processing to the high marginal oversea markets and farms, oriented mainly to the internal consumers, predetermines disproportion of capital generuting for development of separate branches. Potential influence of groups of lobbyism at national level in transformation of development priorities of branches of agriculture recognition the limited influence of public opinion of habitants in rural areas at regional level predetermines strengthening of disproportion of development and standard of rural population living in different territorial areas, forming the important aspect of socio-economic reality. Disproportion and recurrence of dynamics of increase of the labour productivity increases for agricultural producers. Achievement of UN Sustainable Development Goals priorities becomes complicated in the conditions of stochastic network reactions of groups of lobbyism on calls in a national agro-food subcomplex. The network going near activity of groups of lobbyism predetermines strengthening of competition for bringing in of solvent agricultural producers to membership in institutional organization and their possibilities from development of analytical instruments. In a national agro-food subcomplex more widespread lobbyism is at parliamentary and ministerial level by comparison to private lobbyism of interests in concrete subject of entrepreneurial activity. Basic attention is spared development and realization at support of groups of lobbyism decisions from the questions of simplification access to land-tenure, enhancement output to the oversea markets with an export raw material agricultural produce and simplifications of terms of access foreign agricultural chemistry to the national market. At regional level influence of groups of lobbyism is related to the point forming of advantages for the profitability increase of separate subjects of entrepreneurial activity. A long-term income stimulates agricultural enterprises strategy priorities of development through the groups of lobbyism. Greater possibilities for lobbying of strategy priorities in a national agro-food subcomplex at large agricultural enterprises. Farms in the conditions of competition are limited in income generating and have less possibilities for lobbying of acceptable decisions in a national agro-food subcomplex. Potential possibilities of income generating in concrete industry of agriculture stimulate the subjects of entrepreneurial activity to increase activity of own participation on bringing in of different groups of lobbyism for advancement of the forecast administrative decisions from development of constituents of national agro-food subcomplex. The groups of lobbyism are oriented on simplification of procedures of regulator influence on development of branches of agriculture in Ukraine. In the period of post-war reсovery of national agro-food subcomplex influence of groups of lobbyism on making decision from the questions of industries development is transformed recognition necessity of food security providing at national and regional level.

Trauma Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (T-SBIRT) Implemented within TANF Employment Services: An Outcome Study

The current study tested a trauma screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (T-SBIRT) interview protocol as implemented within Temporary Assistance to Needy Families programming. Using a non-experimental process evaluation and quasi-experimental outcome evaluation (N = 88), the study assessed four research questions. First, do T-SBIRT providers reach model adherence rates above 90%? Second, do over 90% of T-SBIRT completers experience the intervention as tolerable? Third, is T-SBIRT completion associated with decreases in mental health symptoms? Fourth, is T-SBIRT completion linked to reductions in positive mental health screenings? Process data emerged from provider-completed integrity checklists. Participant-completed baseline and follow-up surveys furnished outcome data, i.e., mental health indicators from validated scales of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Descriptive statistics answered questions one and two; multivariate analyses addressed questions three and four. Results revealed that providers realized adherence rates at 98.5%; 91.3% of completers found the protocol tolerable; and completers reported significant reductions in depression symptoms, PTSD symptoms, and positive PTSD screenings relative to a comparison group. Findings recommend integrating T-SBIRT into social services to promote participant mental health and potentially enhance program outcomes. Future T-SBIRT research should include a randomized controlled trial assessing long-term mental health, employment, and income outcomes.

Choosing the optimal marketing plan to create long-term residual income in socio-economic systems

This article discusses the issues of the multi-level marketing (MLM) industry, examines in detail the principles of the functioning of the MLM business, the knowledge of which can be useful when choosing a company for your goals. Currently, a huge number of people do not understand the principles of their marketing, its type, and as a result, they cannot explain the strategy and the payout system. Therefore, before choosing a partner, you should clearly define your own goals. That is, if you need a good manager, you need to pay attention to companies with a good "retail". If the need is for "quick" income, then companies with an appropriate marketing plan (MP) should be considered. If the goal is - stable development of the network, passive income, then we can consider companies with a completely different MP. The article analyzes the existing MPs in the MLM industry, identifies the strengths and weaknesses of each of them in order to select the optimal one for creating long-term residual income. The most suitable, for solving the problem, was chosen - a balanced MT. This type of MP is based on a stepped one with a branch and has a deep commission part. Due to this fact, the interests of all MP participants (consumers, distributors and leaders of high qualifications) are taken into account. Also, the strength of a balanced MT is the ability to clearly build a chain from expectations to results. The results obtained in the work will allow both a novice distributor and a growing leader to achieve high productivity in their activities in the MLM industry in the shortest possible time.

Motivations behind the forest managers’ decision making about mixed forests in the Czech Republic

The practice of planting even-aged spruce monoculture has long tradition in the Czech Republic. Although these stands are due to climate change expected to suffer from increasing severity and frequency of extreme weather events, their conversion has been too slow. Hence, to suggest policies that will effectively support the conversion from spruce monocultures to the recommended mixed stands, the drivers behind forest managers decision making must be understood.In this study we aim to reveal the attitudes of Czech forest managers towards even-aged spruce monocultures and mixed stands and understand the drivers behind their decision making in terms of developing mixed forests. To this end, a questionnaire survey among 52 Czech forest managers was conducted; the enterprises employing the respondents were in charge of 29% of forest land in the Czech Republic. The results showed that forest managers are well-informed about alternative mixed stands and ameliorative and soil-improving species, which they consider not only ecologically advantageous but also economically acceptable. We revealed that the decision making of forest managers is affected by a combination of multiple factors: (a) long-term experience with spruce profitability, particularly the ability to provide not only long-term income but also short term yield; (b) steady high spruce-timber tradability; (c) a steady business-as-usual mindset of forest managers; and (d) missing effective measures for preventing damage by wild ungulates.

Long-term relatedness and income distribution: understanding the deep roots of inequality

Abstract This article explores the role of long-term relatedness between countries, captured by an index of genetic distance, in driving worldwide differences in income inequality. The main hypothesis is that genetic distance gives rise to barriers to the international diffusion of redistributive policies and measures, and institutions, leading to greater income disparities. Using cross-country data, I consistently find that countries that are genetically distant to Denmark—the world frontier of egalitarian income distribution—tend to suffer from higher inequality, ceteris paribus. I also demonstrate that genetic distance is associated with greater bilateral differences in income inequality between countries. Employing data from the European Social Survey, I document that second-generation Europeans descending from countries with greater genetic distance to Denmark are less likely to exhibit positive attitudes towards equality. Further evidence suggests that effective fiscal redistribution is a key mechanism through which genetic distance to Denmark transmits to greater income inequality.

Agritourism sector of Kazakhstan: attracting foreign direct investment

The investment policy of each country is aimed to increase investment in potential areas of economy. Tourism in the world market, including in agricultural sector, has become an attractive industry for investors who are planning long-term income. The goal is to analyze how effective it is to attract foreign direct investment in agro-tourism complex of Kazakhstan. To achieve this goal, methods of organizing interviews with specialists and a survey of existing representatives of tourism business were used. The results were obtained by integrating qualitative and quantitative analysis in the course of survey with targeted audience selection. Results – the positive impact of investments of foreign countries in agritourism was revealed, since developing countries are most interested and need to invest in tourism activities. The initiative is justified by the fact that targeted bank deposits have both direct and indirect impact on other market segments, creating new jobs, developing services, and improving infrastructure. Conclusions – the estimated position of entrepreneurs in rural tourism revealed the low potential of the republic for external sources of financing, since there are a number of factors that reduce investment opportunities. Taking into account the negatively affecting inhibitors, recommendations have been developed to increase investment activity based on the analysis of secondary data with the study of foreign experience and primary materials obtained during the collection of information and interviews. For comparison, the example of Uzbekistan was used, with similar economic, cultural and historical characteristics. In addition, business tourism of this destination positions the tourist product, having resources similar to those of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the world stage.

INFLUENCE OF INCOME INEQUALITY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, UNEMPLOYMENT ON INDONESIAN POVERTY IN 1992-2019

Indonesia cannot avoid the issue of poverty because it is a developing nation with a growing population. During the period from 1992 to 2019, the number of poor people in Indonesia fluctuated, fluctuating between increases and decreases each year. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct an analysis in order to determine the factors that contribute to poverty. This study's aims to examine the impact of income inequality, economic growth, and unemployment on poverty in Indonesia between 1992 and 2019. Time series data are utilized. The data utilized for analysis are secondary data from the World Bank and the Central Statistics Agency (hereinafter referred to as BPS). Through the E-views 10 software, the analysis tool employs the Engle Granger-Error Correction Model. The findings indicate that (1) short- and long-term income inequality has a negligible impact on poverty in Indonesia and (2) short- and long-term economic growth has a positive impact on poverty in Indonesia. on the long term, poverty in Indonesia has a significant impact In Indonesia, between 1992 and 2019, unemployment has no significant short-term impact on poverty, but a significant long-term impact.

Relationship between employment values and college students' choice intention of slow employment: A moderated mediation model.

This study examines the impact of employment values on college students’ choice intention of slow employment, as well as the role of employment anxiety and social support in this process. A questionnaire survey is conducted among students from several universities in Haidian and Changping Districts of Beijing to test a theoretical model. It is found that the employment long-term income orientation and employment cost avoidance orientation significantly positively predicted the choice intention of slow employment, and employment anxiety plays a mediating role in this relationship. The short-term income orientation of employment significantly negatively affects the choice intention of slow employment. Social support moderates the impact of the long-term and short-term employment income orientation on employment anxiety and the mediation effect of employment anxiety. This study contributes to the literature on college students’ employment psychology and behavior, and it provides an approach for colleges and universities, society at large, families, and college students to reduce the choice intention of slow employment and achieve fuller employment.

Global land-use intensity and anthropogenic emissions exhibit symbiotic and explosive behavior

SummaryThe intensification of land use is accelerating and remains a threat to achieving environmental sustainability. Although prior literature identifies unsustainable demand for resources as crucial to ecosystem vitality, we highlight explosive behavior and indicators associated with changing global land-use intensity and emissions. We assess emission footprints, forestry, and agricultural land-use intensity across income groups. We find that long-term income growth above US$1005/capita has mitigation effects on emissions, whereas emissions stimulate the global expansion of land use for agricultural and forestry activities. Urban expansion has diminishing effects on agricultural lands in developed countries, which may alter future agricultural production and food consumption. The heterogeneous effects across countries demonstrate the need for domestic context, including cultural and historical factors, in assessing forest decline, agricultural expansion, and land-use intensity. The co-benefits of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) in developing economies are crucial to mitigating emissions while improving forest-dependent livelihoods.

Returning to school after COVID-19 closures: Who is missing in Malawi?

During the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, almost all countries implemented school closures to prevent disease transmission. However, prolonged closures can put children at risk of leaving school permanently, a decision that can reduce their long-term potential and income. This study investigated the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic and associated school closures reduced school attendance in Malawi, a low-income African country. We used longitudinal data from a cohort of adolescents interviewed before (2017/18; at age 10–16) and after (2021; at age 13–20) the pandemic school closures. Of those students who had been attending school prior to school closures, we find that 86% returned when schools re-opened. Dropouts were more pronounced among older girls: over 30% of those aged 17–19 did not return to school. This resulted in further lowering the gender parity index to the greater disadvantage of girls. We also found that students already lagging behind in school were more likely to dropout. Thus, our data suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has magnified gender inequalities in schooling, at least partially erasing recent progress towards inclusive education. Urgent investments are needed to find and re-enroll lost students now, and to create more resilient and adaptable educational systems before the next pandemic or other negative shock arrives.