Long Term Evolution Technology Research Articles

Perfomansi Parameter Carrier to Noise Interference Ratio (C/N+I) terhadap Penggunaan Metode Physical Cell Identitiy (PCI) Teknologi 4G LTE 1800 MHz

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a fourth generation technology (4G) developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). LTE is able to provide downlink speeds of up to 100 Mbps and uplink of 50 Mbps. Interference is a signal whose presence in telecommunications networks is undesirable, has a disturbing nature and can reduce the performance of telecommunications networks including 4G LTE technology In this study, physical cell identity (PCI) method was used to improve carrier performance to noise interference ratio which resulted in an increase in the value of 5.08 dB to 5.14 dB with a difference of 0.06 dB

5G-Based Systems Design for Tactile Internet

Tactile internet is defined as a network that offers a response to a physical process or an object in perceived real time. The development of new radio (NR) and long-term evolution (LTE) technologies with tailored high-reliability and low-latency design is expected to reliably transmit data in milliseconds, leading to the promising realization of tactile internet with applications in areas such as factory automation, education, gaming, and healthcare. In this paper, from a physical layer and medium-access control (PHY/MAC) perspective, we discuss the systems design of ultrareliable and low-latency communications (URLLC) in NR and LTE technologies, both belonging to the fifth-generation (5G) wireless technologies. Motivated by the safety and privacy requirements of tactile internet, we also outline the 5G security landscape, major categories of attackers, and potential countermeasures. Finally, we provide a case study of factory automation as an example of the proposed 5G-based tactile internet.

Peeking Over the Cellular Walled Gardens - A Method for Closed Network Diagnosis -

A cellular network is a closed system, and each network operator has built a unique “walled garden” for their network by combining different operation policies, network configurations, and implementation optimizations. Unfortunately, some of these combinations can induce performance degradation due to misconfiguration or unnecessary procedures. To detect such degradation, a thorough understanding of even the minor details of the standards and operator-specific implementations is important. However, it is difficult to detect such problems, as the control plane is complicated by numerous procedures. This paper introduces a simple yet powerful method that diagnoses these problems by exploiting the operator-specific implementations of cellular networks. We develop a signaling collection and analysis tool that collects control plane messages from operators and finds problems through comparative analysis. The analysis process consists of three different control plane comparison procedures that can find such problems effectively. These individual procedures use a time threshold, control flow sequence, and signaling failure as the basis for comparison. To this end, we collect approximately 3.1 million control-plane messages from 13 major cellular operators worldwide. As a case study, we analyze the circuit-switched fallback technology that triggers generation crossover between third generation and long-term evolution technologies.

Security Requirement and Standards for 4G and 5G Wireless Systems

In this article, we give an overview on the security requirements and standards for the fourth generation (4G) long term evolution (LTE) and the fifth generation (5G) wireless systems. Compared with the third generation (3G) universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS), the LTE system not only improves the network capacity and coverage but also provides better performance of data rate, access latency, energy efficiency (EE), and spectrum efficiency (SE) [1]. With the increasing data usage and the new multimedia applications, LTE technologies have been proposed by the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) as the broadband mobile wireless networks with packet switched, IP-based technology solely, fully inter-working with different access technologies, different types of base stations and relay nodes. To support more use cases with unique service requirements, 5G wireless systems are developed. There are eight advanced features for 5G wireless systems, 1-10 Gbps connections to end points in the field, 1 millisecond latency, 1000x bandwidth per unit area, 10-100x number of connected devices, 99.999% availability, 100% coverage, 90% reduction of network energy usage and up to ten years battery life for low power devices [2]. These advanced features make 5G wireless systems capable of supporting many new use cases, new industry applications, a multitude of devices and applications to connect society at large. Due to the introduction of new characteristics, there are many new security requirements in the design of the security architectures of the 4G LTE and 5G wireless systems.

Design of Simulation System for LTE-U Using 5 GHz Band in MATLAB

Unused spectrum is being a limited commodity for the telecom industry. However, up to 500 MHz of unlicensed spectrum in 5 GHz band is in use for several applications and services, particularly in WiFi around the world. Unlicensed spectrum has foreseen to play a vital role in 5G. It is already under discussion at different forums that how the unlicensed band advantage can promote 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. Long Term Evolution Unlicensed (LTE-U) is an extension of existing LTE mobile networks, and allow LTE technology to use unlicensed bands as an adjunct to the licensed band. It will not only deliver a better user experience to end users but also boost capacity for network operators. In this paper, a Simulink based LTE PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) model is introduced which uses the 5 GHz band according to the specifications prescribed by LTE-U Forum and 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project). It demonstrates multi-codeword transmission within a small cell from an eNodeB to a User Equipment (UE). LTE enabling technologies like OFDMA, closed-loop spatial multiplexing, turbo channel coding and link adaptations are used to design this model. Minimum mean square error (MMSE) technique as a linear detection method is used for spatially multiplexed Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). Bit error rate is analyzed for QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM and compared for hard and soft decisions MMSE based MIMO detection. Fairly improved throughputs are obtained for multi-antenna configurations considering the low mobility scenarios and low correlation settings between links.

Delay and Reliability of Load-Based Listen-Before-Talk in LAA

With the release of the 5 GHz unlicensed spectrum has emerged licensed-assisted access, in which long-term evolution (LTE) operators compete with Wi-Fi users for a share of the unlicensed spectrum so as to augment their licensed spectrum. Subsequently, there has been the need to develop a LTE channel access mechanism that enables harmonious coexistence between Wi-Fi and LTE. Load-based listen-before-talk (LB-LBT) has been adopted as this LTE channel access mechanism by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Theoretical modelling of LB-LBT schemes has focused on throughput and fair channel-time sharing between Wi-Fi and LTE technologies. We explore a LB-LBT scheme that belongs to LBT category 4, as recommended by the 3GPP, and develop a model for the distribution of the medium access control (MAC) delays experienced by the Wi-Fi packets and LTE frames. The model, validated by simulations, reveals design insights that can be used to dynamically adjust the LB-LBT parameters not only to achieve channel-time fairness, but also to guarantee MAC-delay bounds, with specified probability.

Delivering Fairness and QoS Guarantees for LTE/Wi-Fi Coexistence Under LAA Operation

Licensed assisted access (LAA) enables the coexistence of long-term evolution (LTE) and WiFi in unlicensed bands, while potentially offering improved coverage and data rates. However, cooperation with the conventional random-access protocols that employ listen-before-talk (LBT) considerations makes meeting the LTE performance requirements difficult, since delay and throughput guarantees should be delivered. In this paper, we propose a novel channel sharing mechanism for the LAA system that is capable of simultaneously providing the fairness of resource allocation across the competing LTE and Wi-Fi sessions as well as satisfying the quality-of-service guarantees of the LTE sessions in terms of their upper delay bound and throughput. Our proposal is based on two key mechanisms: 1) LAA connection admission control for the LTE sessions and 2) adaptive duty cycle resource division. The only external information necessary for the intended operation is the current number of active Wi-Fi sessions inferred by monitoring the shared channel. In the proposed scheme, LAA-enabled LTE base station fully controls the shared environment by dynamically adjusting the time allocations for both Wi-Fi and LTE technologies, while only admitting those LTE connections that should not interfere with Wi-Fi more than another Wi-Fi access point operating on the same channel would. To characterize the key performance trade-offs pertaining to the proposed operation, we develop a new analytical model. We then comprehensively investigate the performance of the developed channel sharing mechanism by confirming that it allows to achieve a high degree of fairness between the LTE and Wi-Fi connections as well as provides guarantees in terms of upper delay bound and throughput for the admitted LTE sessions. We also demonstrate that our scheme outperforms a typical LBT-based LAA implementation.

Phase Synchronization Impact on Throughput Performance in LTE Network

This paper presents a study of phase synchronization impact on throughput in Long Term Evolution (LTE) network with different transport protocols. Phase synchronization is needed for advanced features in LTE and other precise technologies with minimal clock error of Nano seconds. An End to End LTE testing environment is built by using real User Equipment (UE) and LTE core network for studying the throughput impact due to Phase Synchronization in different transport modes. This experimentation is carried out for comparing the throughput of the system with Frequency Synchronization Mode (FM) and Frequency & Phase synchronization Mode (FPM). A novel study has been conducted on throughput for TCP and UDP traffic in different LTE bandwidths, based on real traffic conditions. The study shows that system performance in Uplink (UL) and Downlink (DL) throughput has improved by using Frequency along with Phase synchronization in LTE network using GPS as a clock source.

EXTRAPOLATION METHOD FOR MAXIMAL AND 24-H AVERAGE LTE TDD EXPOSURE ESTIMATION.

The Long-Term Evolution (LTE) system represents the evolution of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System technology. This technology introduces two duplex modes: Frequency Division Duplex and Time Division Duplex (TDD). Despite having experienced a limited expansion in the European countries since the debut of the LTE technology, a renewed commercial interest for LTE TDD technology has recently been shown. Therefore, the development of extrapolation procedures optimised for TDD systems becomes crucial, especially for the regulatory authorities. This article presents an extrapolation method aimed to assess the exposure to LTE TDD sources, based on the detection of the Cell-Specific Reference Signal power level. The method introduces a βTDD parameter intended to quantify the fraction of the LTE TDD frame duration reserved for downlink transmission. The method has been validated by experimental measurements performed on signals generated by both a vector signal generator and a test Base Transceiver Station installed at Linkem S.p.A facility in Rome.

Review and Comparative Analysis of Stream Cipher for LTE Technology

With the advancement in the telecommunication system, fast evolution in mobile communication has been observed. Besides this there are many applications in the wireless sensor network which needs limited resources such as low gate count, low power consumption, low memory etc. These applications are mobile phones, smart grids, electronic identity cards, and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Devices) tags. In this paper, we have discussed about the evolution of communication technology from first generation to fourth generation. We have also studied the security issues of LTE (long Term Evolution) technology. We have surveyed the various stream ciphers and comparative analysis of the various stream ciphers has also been done. On the basis of comparative analysis we have provided the research direction for the future work.

Coexistence scheme of licensed-assisted access using long-term evolution and wireless local area network for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks have continuously evolved to provide better services and satisfy user demands. Through this, the number of wireless sensors and the amount of mobile traffic are exponentially growing every year. Long-term evolution technology can effectively resolve the problems caused by traffic growth; however, there are still limitations. Licensed-assisted access using long-term evolution technology has greatly improved the performance of existing long-term evolution heterogeneous networks with carrier aggregation. However, the existing wireless local area network sensor nodes remain a challenge. The licensed-assisted access using long-term evolution access point should efficiently handle the problem of monopolizing spectrum resources used by existing wireless local area network sensor nodes. In this article, we investigate an optimized time slot allocation technique for the coexistence of wireless local area network and licensed-assisted access using long-term evolution sensor nodes. In order to maximize the throughput of each wireless local area network and licensed-assisted access using long-term evolution sensor node in the proposed algorithm, we designed an objective function based on the number of wireless local area network/licensed-assisted access using long-term evolution sensor nodes and the queue size of each sensor, after which we developed the optimal parameters using Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions. Through extensive simulations, we show that the proposed scheme can significantly outperform the other existing techniques with respect to the throughput, channel utilization, delay, and transmission fairness.

QoS-Aware Frequency-Based 4G+Relative Authentication Model for Next Generation LTE and Its Dependent Public Safety Networks

Increasing demands for high-speed broadband wireless communications with voice over long term evolution (LTE), video on demand, multimedia, and mission-critical applications for public safety motivate 4th-generation (4G) and 5G communication development. The flat IP-based LTE and LTE-Advanced technologies are the expected key drivers for 5G. However, LTE, with its elapsed security mechanism and open nature, leaves a huge loophole for intruders to jeopardize the entire communication network. The time-and bandwidth-consuming authentication procedure in LTE leads to service disruptions and makes it unfit for public safety applications. To cater the prevailing LTE security and service requirements, we propose the 4G plus relative authentication model (4G+RAM), which is composed of two dependent protocols: 1) Privacy-protected evolved packet system authentication and key agreement protocol for the initial authentication (PEPS-AKA) and 2) 4G plus frequency-based re-authentication protocol for the re-authentication of known and frequent users (4G+FRP). The 4G+RAM supports seamless communication with a minimum signaling load on core elements and conceals users’ permanent identifiers to ensure user privacy. We simulate the proposed protocols for formal security verification with the widely accepted automated validation of Internet security protocols and applications tool. A comparative analysis of bandwidth consumption is also performed and proved that the proposed 4G+RAM outperforms the existing solutions.

A method of assessment of LTE coverage holes

Analyzing coverage holes in mobile networks is still an important problem that needs to be addressed, mainly in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks, which have been recently deployed. However, each type of coverage hole has to be handled depending on the effect they have on the users. In particular, they are characterized by causing abnormal disconnections or inter-Radio Access Technology (RAT) handovers when there is an underlying RAT available to maintain the connection released by the LTE network at the cost of reducing the service performance. Therefore, in this paper, an approach to detect cells with coverage holes and diagnose their type and severity is proposed. Furthermore, this paper proposes a method capable of analyzing the impact each coverage hole has on the users both in LTE and in the underlying RAT at the same time. To that end, it performs an inter-technology follow-up of those users that leave LTE technology to continue their services in the underlying RAT and then quantifies the effect of the coverage hole by means of a new inter-technology indicator estimated from the mobile traces of both RATs. The proposed system has been validated using data from a live LTE network and its co-located 3G network, showing its effectiveness in detecting coverage holes and diagnosing their type.

A Review of Scenarios and Enabling Technology Directions for 5g Wireless Communications

An increase in user base of the 4th generation LTE (Long Term Evolution) grid is observed in recent times while 5th generation LTE technology is still undergoing standardization and testing phase. The formation of Ultra-Dense Networks (UDN) of wireless connectivity with mixed cells organization and ambit of not more than 50 meters is expected from the new LTE standard. It is also expected that the new standard shall upsurge the spectral adeptness associated with 4G networks and guarantee data handover speed of more than 10 Gbps. The 5th generation systems specifications are quite unclear from the viewpoint of outlining the grid planning processes. A key task is the scheduling of handovers not only between homogeneous but also heterogeneous networks while guaranteeing Quality of Service (QoS) criteria.

The New 4G Pilot for CBTC [Transportation Systems

On 6 August 2014, Alstom and Huawei announced a long-term evolution (LTE) fourth-generation (4G) pilot for the metro market to demonstrate the performance of a multiservice broadband radio network for communications-based train control (CBTC). Alstom has been working on LTE since the technology has been available from the telecom industry. This pilot will use Huawei's LTE technology following the memorandum of understanding (MoU) signed by the two companies in April 2014.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) Scheduling Algorithms in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

Many applications of wireless sensor network such as smart metering, environment monitoring and health care [1] use a large number of sensor nodes, which generate a huge amount of traffic with the specification of the different QoS requirements. Broadband transmission can be achieved through the mobile systems. Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the main efficient broadband technology in current mobile communications. Introducing Wireless sensor networks into the Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, can be achieved successfully but with some challenges, such as the traffic overload due to a large number of sensor nodes. Traffic scheduling plays an important role in LTE technology; this can be achieved by assigning the shared resources among users in an efficient and optimized manner. This paper discusses the effect of many types of scheduling algorithms on the downlink performance, this can be done in terms of throughput, block error rate (BLER) and fairness measurements using a MATLAB-based system level Simulator is provide which from Vienna University under License Agreement for ”Academic Usage” [8]. An effective radio scheduler to optimize the distribution of radio resources among the sensor nodes is also studied. The guaranteed QoS user demands can be considered as a great challenge in the current field of research. General Terms Computer Network, Wireless Networks, Modeling, Scheduling, Algorithms.

Features of equalization in LTE technology with MIMO and SC-FDMA

The Long Term Evolution (LTE) is one of communication standards for next-generation mobile phones, which has evolved the high-speed data communication standard HSDPA for the mainstream 3G (third generation) mobile phone system W-CDMA at present. Data communication volume of mobile phones is rapidly increasing at present due to dissemination of smart phones and mobile communication. Therefore, expansion of communication band (capacity) is a critical issue for communication carriers. Because the LTE that allows high-speed data communication with low delay is superior in terms of the radio wave use efficiency, many of major communication carriers in the world have indicated a policy of adopting the LTE. The rapid dissemination of the LTE in the future is expected. In this report we overview the fundamental techniques of equalization in LTE technology with MIMO and SC-FDMA in channels where the maximum delay exceeds the length of the Guard Interval. The goal of employing narrow band subcarriers is to obtain a channel that is roughly constant over each given sub band, which makes equalization much simpler at the receiver. There are considering advantage and disadvantage three types equalization techniques: time domain, frequency domain and turbo equalization. On base of these compeering are giving practical recommendation for choice method of equalization. To enhance this frequency use efficiency, antenna technologies, including Multi Input Multi Output (MIMO) that allows transmission/reception with multiple antennas and Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA) that allows multiple access between base stations, have been introduced. Furthermore, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) are used as multiplexing systems.

Renewed Modes of Transportation [Transportation Systems

On 6 August 2014, Alstom and Huawei announced a long-term evolution (LTE) fourth-generation (4G) pilot for the metro market to demonstrate the performance of a multiservice broadband radio network. Alstom has been working on LTE since the technology has been available from the telecom industry. This pilot will be using Huawei's LTE technology following the memorandum of understanding (MoU) signed between the two companies in April 2014.

Hybrid Channel Estimation Technique with Reduced Complexity for LTE Downlink

This paper proposes a hybrid channel estimation (CE) method for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing technique for use in long-term evolution technology with application suitable for highly mobile devices, such as in passenger trains. This method, termed hybrid linear (HL) estimator, combines three different CE algorithms, namely, blocked-based least square (B-LS), fast fading-based LS (FF-LS), and linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) estimators. This proposed estimation adaptively employs a given algorithm based on the mobility condition of the receiver. The computational complexity of HL estimator is reduced nearly to the half compared with LMMSE. The performance of proposed estimator is compared with the B-LS and FF-LS in terms of throughput and mean square error (MSE). Results show that the HL performs better than the B-LS and FF-LS in both MSE and throughput. The proposed method offers a good bit-error-rate for different velocities.

Adapting LTE M-2-M Protocol Standard to Fulfil Latency Requirements for IEC 61850 GOOSE Messages

Generic Object Oriented Substation Event (GOOSE) Messages face a great challenge in its communication requirements especially in latency point of view. The appearance of the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) has opened a new way that can be used due to its great performance, compared with previous wireless technologies. In order to use LTE technology within the GOOSE message transfer, several points must be put into consideration, and additional requirements need to be within both LTE User Equipment (UE) side and network side. In this paper, we are going to adapt part of the LTE standards to fulfil the requirements of GOOSE messages which needs latency more than or equal to 20 ms, using an experimental approach. The results show that LTE can satisfy the target requirements of latency within the acceptable Bit Error Rate (BER).