Long-term Development Objectives Research Articles

Innovative Approaches In Tni's Territorial Development To Utilize The Demographic Dividend For The Realization Of Indonesia's Golden 2045 Vision

This research examines innovations in territorial development by the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) in response to the demographic bonus with the goal of achieving the Indonesia Emas 2045 (Golden Indonesia 2045) vision. The study explores the phenomena and approaches used in leveraging demographic potential as a means to achieve long-term national development objectives. The research findings provide insights into the challenges and opportunities faced by the TNI in implementing territorial innovations and the implications of these efforts for realizing the Indonesia Emas 2045 vision. TNI's territorial development must adopt a comprehensive and forward-looking approach. It plays a pivotal role in preparing the younger generation to contribute to the realization of the Indonesia Emas 2045 vision. Through innovative methods, empowerment, and education that emphasize positive values, the younger generation can become agents of change who are competitive, ethically grounded, and dedicated to advancing Indonesia as a developed nation and playing a significant role on the global stage.

A Review Article on an Appraisal of Maritime Laws as a Mechanism of Community Governance for Sustainable Development Goals

As a result of the world's reliance on the blue economy, approximately 80 to 90% of commerce is marine; we cannot lament the Maritime’s interlinking associations with joint stability, social governance, and sustainable development, even in the least environment. There are robust links between maritime laws and community governance. These relationships are concerned with both socioeconomic and sociopolitical stability. Despite regular legislation to protect marine interests, challenges still need to be solved, which can only be accomplished via collaborative governance subject to maritime security. It is well-known that the blue economy, closely related to marine safety, is a source for assuring economic strength. This research aims to conduct a descriptive evaluation using a qualitative technique to highlight the concerns and challenges of naval legislation involving social control. This review will explicitly discuss the possible measures to overcome and eradicate the existing flaws by making suggestions to ensure communal management for desired outcomes regarding sustainable development goals, as well as strapping and long-term improvement of the socioeconomic and sociopolitical affairs between the states. This research will also discuss potential measurements and methods for determining desirable results for present requirements and future demands for altering Pakistani society to achieve long-term development objectives.

The Janus face of stateness: China's development-oriented equity investments in Africa

The post-2008 financial crisis era has witnessed a significant change in the global development landscape. Fiscal challenges have led countries that historically provided state-led, gift-like development assistance to adopt a more market-based means of development finance driven by self-interest. This allows us to reconsider the roles of the state and the market in development by focusing on the China-Africa Development Fund (CADFund), China's first official development-oriented investment fund and a subsidiary of the China Development Bank, the world's largest national development bank. This paper draws from interviews and participant observations involving CADFund, its partners, and project companies in Africa to examine how China's official finance mobilizes private investment to facilitate global development. The findings indicate that the state-led equity fund has catalyzed the start-up and expansion of Chinese overseas private enterprises by providing otherwise inaccessible equity support and channeling additional state-related resources to empower long-term business development. Meanwhile, stateness has created an adverse selection problem, preventing CADFund from choosing the most financially promising projects or withdrawing from the failing ones. The paper sheds light on the potential challenges facing development finance institutions in employing equity investment as a tool for reconciling long-term development objectives and short-term commercial objectives.

Ukrainian industry in the world "landscape": trends in the context of long-term development objectives

The article presents results of a scientific and analytical study of the main trends in the Ukrainian industry, which characterize the features of its functioning and development in the last two decades against the background of similar processes in the world. The main accents are made on the analysis of the compliance of tendencies in Ukraine with the world and European trends of dynamic and structural development of industry. The processes of implementation in the national industry of the SDG-9 sectoral goal as a set of tasks within the framework of the concept of sustainable and inclusive development of manufacturing have also been studied. For comparative analytical studies, information and analytical resources of recognized international institutions were used, which systematically carry out constant monitoring and rating assessments of the current state and development of processes in the world economy on general methodological principles. It has been established that currently the industry of Ukraine is dominated mainly by short-term trends, which are formed and quickly change under the influence of market fluctuations. Starting from 2013, the leading role in accelerating the negative phenomena is played by the foreign policy factor – the military aggression of the Russian Federation. A factor that significantly worsens the current state of competitiveness and the potential for long-term industrial development of Ukraine is the decline of high-tech industries share in the manufacturing industry. This led to a decrease in the pace and relative volumes of value added creation in Ukrainian industry in comparison with global and regional indicators. Based on the data of well-known world ratings (CIP, SDG), the most problematic areas of the national industry were identified in the context of solving priority tasks of long-term development in conditions of accelerating technological transformations. Strategic directions are proposed that should fall into the focus of a long-term state industrial policy – structural development, stable internal demand, balanced exports.

Nexus between Financial Development, Renewable Energy Consumption, Technological Innovations and CO2 Emissions: The Case of India

Concerns regarding environmental sustainability have generally been an important element in achieving long-term development objectives. However, developing countries struggle to deal with these concerns, which all require specific treatment. As a result, this study explores the interaction between financial development, renewable energy consumption, technological innovations, and CO2 emissions in India from 1980 to 2019, taking into account the critical role of economic progress and urbanization. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is used to quantify long-run dynamics, while the Vector Error Correction Model is used to identify causal direction (VECM). According to the study’s conclusions, financial development has a considerable positive impact on CO2 emissions. The coefficient of renewable energy consumption and technical innovations, on the other hand, is strongly negative in both the short and long run, indicating that increasing these measures will reduce CO2 emissions. Furthermore, economic expansion and urbanization have a negative impact on environmental quality since they emit a significant amount of CO2 into the atmosphere. The results of the robustness checks were obtained using the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), and the Canonical Cointegration Regression (CCR) approaches to verify the findings. The VECM results reveal that there is long-run causality in CO2 emissions, financial development, renewable energy utilization, and urbanization. A range of diagnostic tests were also used to confirm the validity and reliability. This study delivers new findings that contribute to the existing literature and may be of particular interest to the country’s policymakers in light of the financial system and its role in environmental issues.

Regional Differences in Benefits from the EU Common Agricultural Policy in Poland and Their Policy Implications

Although the beneficial impact of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) on the stabilization on farming income is undisputable, the distribution of benefits derived from the CAP between operators and regions gives rise to some controversy. The objective of this paper was to estimate regional differences in the benefits derived from the Common Agricultural Policy in Poland based on the partial equilibrium model of the European Union (EU) agricultural sector with simulated interventions. The expectations of farmers from different regions of Poland were represented as a non-cooperative game to define vectors of change in the agricultural policy. The theory of moves was applied to set the game between different groups of farmers. Our results demonstrate that both the 1st and the 2nd pillars of the CAP were more profitable to farmers from regions with a more advantageous agrarian structure and a higher agricultural potential compared to their peers from the regions with a fragmented agriculture. However, considering long-term development objectives of the Polish agriculture, the theory of moves outcome argues against compensating for these differences by increasing redistributive payments to farmers in less favorable regions. To prevent widening of regional differences and ensure the social and economic development of rural areas in regions with less favorable agrarian structures where agriculture is currently unable to compete, it would be critical to enhance conditions for alternative types of economic activities.

An analysis of compounding factors of epidemics in complex emergencies: a system dynamics approach

PurposeThis study aims to describe the compounding factors in a complex emergency, which exacerbate a cholera epidemic among vulnerable populations due to supply chain disruptions. Basic needs such as food, medicine, water, sanitation and hygiene commodities are critical to reduce the incidence rate of cholera and control the spread of infection. Conflicts cause damage to infrastructure, displace vulnerable populations and restrict the flow of goods from both commercial and humanitarian organizations. This study assesses the underlying internal and external factors that either aggravate or mitigate the risk of a cholera outbreak in such settings, using Yemen as a case study.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopts a system dynamics methodology to analyze factors that influence cholera outbreaks in the context of the Yemeni Civil War. A causal loop diagram with multiple components was constructed to represent the complexities of humanitarian situations that require critical decision-making. The model was built using data from humanitarian organizations, non-governmental organizations and practitioners, along with literature from academic sources. Variables in the model were confirmed through semi-structured interviews with a field expert.FindingsCompounding factors that influenced the cholera outbreak in Yemen are visualized in a causal loop diagram, which can improve the understanding of relationships where numerous uncertainties exist. A strong link exists between humanitarian response and the level of infrastructure development in a country. Supply chains are affected by constraints deriving from the Yemeni conflict, further inhibiting the use of infrastructure, which limits access to basic goods and services. Aligning long-term development objectives with short-term humanitarian response efforts can create more flexible modes of assistance to prevent and control future outbreaks.Research limitations/implicationsThe model focuses on the qualitative aspects of system dynamics to visualize the logistics and supply chain-related constraints that impact cholera prevention, treatment and control through humanitarian interventions. The resulting causal loop diagram is bounded by the Yemen context; thus, an extension of the model adapted for other contexts is recommended for further study.Practical implicationsThis study presents a systematic view of dynamic factors existing in complex emergencies that have cause-and-effect relationships. Several models of cholera outbreaks have been used in previous studies, primarily focusing on the modes and mechanisms of transmission throughout a population. However, such models typically do not include other internal and external factors that influence the population and context at the site of an outbreak. This model incorporates those factors from a logistics perspective to address the distribution of in-kind goods and cash and voucher assistance.Social implicationsThis study has been aligned with six of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), using their associated targets in the model as variables that influence the cholera incidence rate. Recognizing that the SDGs are interlinked, as are the dynamic factors in complex humanitarian emergencies, the authors have chosen to take an interdisciplinary approach to consider social, economic and environmental factors that may be impacted by this research.Originality/valueThis paper provides an insight into the underlying inter-relations of internal and external factors present in the context of a cholera outbreak in a complex crisis. Supply chains for food; water, sanitation and hygiene; and health products are crucial to help prevent, control and treat an outbreak. The model exposes vulnerabilities in the supply chain, which may offer guidance for decision makers to improve resilience, reduce disruptions and decrease the severity of cholera outbreaks.

Imperatives for post COVID-19 recovery of Indonesia’s education, labor, and SME sectors

The article assesses the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the Indonesian economy and the influence that repercussions from the pandemic have had on the country’s long-term development goals and objectives. The article used backcasting approach to link expected development objectives and targets with current state of social and economic conditions. Results demonstrated a gap between long-term and current economic performance, attributable largely to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the economy and society. A drastic decline in aggregate demand due to contraction in household and corporate expenditure, investment, and exports sparked a surge in open unemployment and underemployment. While swift and wide-ranging government response helped to attenuate the impact of the crisis on the economy and vulnerable sections of society, COVID-19 pandemic impact compounded existing fundamental problems facing the Indonesian economy including de-industrialization, wide urban–rural, East–West, inter-regional digital divide; unemployment and underemployment; weak human resource development; low participation in global value chains; and low education effectiveness. Policy recommendations to nudge the economy and society back to its long-term development trajectory include initiatives to enhance emergency response program effectiveness and tackling structural problems. The initiatives include strengthening and widening the coverage of government programs that support business and society in education, labor and employment, and SME and trade. The thrust of the pathways stresses the need for accelerating the implementation of the national information highway and the ASEAN connectivity initiative. Achieving will support efforts to mainstream the adoption and deployment of digitalization in the economy, government, and transboundary trade.

Space Technology and Africa's Development: The Strategic Role of Small Satellites

In 2014 the African Union adopted a 10-year Science, Technology and Innovation Strategy for Africa (STISA-2024). The strategy provides a flexible framework for adopting flagship programs that involve a number of countries based on their needs, capabilities and long-term development objectives. Some areas of technological endeavor, however, represent foundations upon which economic activities are constructed. One of those areas is building geospatial data infrastructure. This can be achieved through a variety of data-collecting measures ranging from large satellites to unmanned aerial vehicles. The opportunity to use remote sensing technology for development has never been greater. There are over 100 remote sensing satellites currently in orbit, with over half designed to gather imagery that could be used for development. The industry is also growing: the OECD estimates that over 250 satellites will be launched during this decade alone, compared to half that amount during the last decade. Recent innovations around satellite technologies have also driven down costs and made it viable for low-income countries to develop cost-effective satellite programs. This paper examines small satellite programs as windows of opportunity for countries to achieve their development goals. First, it locates the potential socioeconomic benefits of satellites in low-income countries. Next, it explores the recent history of, and lessons learned by, South Africa, Brazil, and South Korea. While tens of other countries have developed satellite programs, these case studies offer insights into how and why countries have created successful programs. Next, this chapter examines the latest technologies and focuses on emerging opportunities for current and future space programs. Lastly, it develops concrete options and a clear strategy for policymakers in emerging markets to consider when designing future programs.

An Evaluation of Provincial Macroeconomic Performance in Vietnam

The study was targeted at developing a methodology for constructing a macroeconomic performance index at a provincial level for the first time in Vietnam based on 4 groups of measurements: (i) Economic indicators; (ii) oriented economic indicators; (iii) socio-economic indicators; and (iv) economic - social – institutional indicators. Applying the methodology to the 2011 - 2015 empirical data of all provinces in Vietnam, the research shows that the socio-economic development strategy implemented by those provinces did not provide balanced outcomes between growth and social objectives, sustainability and inclusiveness. Many provinces focused on economic growth at the cost of structural change, equality and institutional transformation. In contrast, many provinces were successful in improving equality but not growth. Those facts threaten the long-term development objectives of the provinces.

Capitalizing Economic Development Through Sovereign Investment: A 'Paradox of Scarcity'?

Traditionally the creation of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) was “supply-driven”, the result of excess reserves from natural resources (e.g. Norway, Qatar, Kuwait, etc.) or non-commodity capital flows (e.g. South Korea, China, Singapore, etc.). More recently we observe many newly established or announced funds to be “demand-driven”, motivated by domestic development objectives (including infrastructure development). This transition from supply-driven to demand-driven SWF creation is most starkly manifested in SWF capitalization. This paper outlines recent developments on SWF creation – especially by countries that are neither endowed with oil wealth nor possess sizeable export surpluses to create SWFs with a development mandate. While contextualizing this study in the broader SWF literature, the aim is to provide a comprehensive overview on how funding sources impact achieving long-term financial and socio-economic development objectives.

Reforming fossil fuel subsidies: drivers, barriers and the state of progress

This article outlines the current state of affairs in fossil fuel subsidy reform, and highlights its contribution at the nexus of climate policy, fiscal stability and sustainable development. It discusses common definitions, provides quantitative estimates, and presents the evidence for key arguments in favour of subsidy reform. The main drivers and barriers for reform are also discussed, including the role of (low) oil prices and political economy challenges. Commitments to subsidy reform by the international community are reviewed, as well as the progress at the country level. Although fossil fuel subsidy reform indeed plays a critical role in climate policy, experience shows that the rationale for such reforms is determined in a complex environment of political economy challenges, macro-economic, fiscal and social factors, as well as external drivers such as energy prices. The article synthesizes the key principles for designing effective reforms and emphasizes that subsidy reforms cannot only yield fiscal relief, but should also contribute to long-term sustainable development objectives. Areas for future research are also identified.Policy relevanceThere is an increasingly strong international consensus that fossil fuel subsidies are detrimental in terms of economic, social and environmental sustainability. Organizations including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the International Energy Agency consider fossil fuel subsidy reform a critical measure for achieving any ambitious emissions mitigation target. The reason is that these subsidies not only incentivize overconsumption of carbon-intensive energy, but directly undermine any effort to impose a price on carbon (e.g. through carbon taxes). While subsidy reform is crucial from a climate change perspective, the wide range of externalities associated with fuel subsidies also underscores the fact that reform is a vital contribution to sustainable development objectives more generally. This article emphasizes that fossil fuel subsidy reform can make a substantial contribution to climate policy, but also discusses how strongly environmental objectives are intertwined with fiscal, macro-economic, political and social factors. Although the momentum for subsidy reform is building, reforms are often designed to deliver fiscal rather than environmental benefits.

Economic Indicators in United Arab Emirates: Assessing the Sustainability of the Country's Economic Performance

The study determines the influence of indicators of economic growth in the United Arab Emirates to assess the sustainability of the country's economic performance. It focuses on three economic indicators; rates of unemployment, inflation, and population growth and their influence on the UAE economic performance sustainability, and determines how strongly these three variables can predict such sustainability. The study identifies both a significant difference in the level of UAE economic performance in the past ten years and the long-run, as well as the independence of economic indicators from sustainability of economic performance of the nation. Findings of the study show that decline in inflation rates of the national economy fosters financial stability and inflation rates remained low within acceptable levels in the previous years and will continue to maintain stability in the next future period, five to ten years. The country is projected to witness population growth as the nation becomes a preferred destination for living, promising job opportunities, and local and foreign investments. UAE economy is experiencing growth in economic performance and expected to maintain stability in the coming years with the government efforts to achieve long-term development objectives for year 2021. Stability remains the hallmark of the nation economic activity with a continuous focus on infrastructure projects as growth of various industries, improvements in real estate industry, tourism, and rising growth in economic performance will allow UAE to achieve sustainability in economic performance. Correlation analysis reveals that the variable of unemployment rates has no significant influence on economic performance sustainability which implies that, for the last ten years, the country experienced economic growth and was not influenced by variations in unemployment levels. Similarly, the variable of inflation rates shows no significant influence on economic performance at both 5% and 10% significance level which implies that, for the last ten years, the country experienced economic growth and was not influenced by variations in inflation rates in the country. T-test shows significant relationship between population growth rates and economic performance sustainability at 5% level of significance, a change in the level of population growth will lead to changes in the level of economic performance sustainability. The correlation coefficient of -0.631 reveals high negative correlation between population growth and economic performance sustainability which indicates that increases in population growth over the last ten years in the country, has led to decreases in economic performance sustainability. The T-test analysis for significant difference of UAE economic performance in the last ten years and over the long-run result in acceptance of the null hypothesis indicates that the two periods are just the same. The rising trend of UAE economic performance in the past ten years will continue over the long-run. Economic indicators variables; unemployment, inflation, and population growth rates are positively related and strong predictors of economic performance sustainability. Chi-Square Test of Independence results in acceptance of null hypothesis. Economic indicators and sustainability of economic performance are not independent of each other which implies that changes in the rates of economic indicators variables of unemployment, inflation, and population growth will cause a change in the sustainability of economic performance. Recommendations of the study include the conduct of further studies focusing on variables not included in the study that are likely to influence the level of economic performance, monitor the level of population growth which is significantly correlated with economic performance, develop other economic models that will determine an increase in a nation's economic performance and achieve sustainability in the long-run, and the formulation of economic policies and strategies to overcome significant long-term challenges on oil dependence, growing expatriate workforce, and inflationary pressures.

GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND PROBLEMS OF CORPORATE GEOGRAPHY

The transnationalization of the world economy and the emergence of a powerful constellation of TNCs is one of the most significant phenomena of the globalization era, requiring an interdisciplinary approach in the study. At the same time, it is a deeply geographical process, which necessitates the creation of a new research and educational field within human geography namely – the corporate geography. The article sums up relevance, novelty, scientific and practical significance of the foundation of corporate geography, its methodological research principles, the main goal and tasks, opportunities and directions of implementation of its functions (information, research, philosophical, educational, and applied) as an independent sphere of scientific knowledge. The present features of the conceptual and terminological apparatus, principles, methods and approaches to the study of corporate geography are specified; also short and long-term development objectives as well as the most topical problems are discussed.

Water resources development considerations for civilian and military institutions working in highly insecure areas: lessons from Afghanistan

Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan included an unprecedented level of international civilian and military cooperation to address water insecurity within violence-prone rural communities. However, water development projects often fell short of expectations held by Afghans and by civilian and military personnel within the International Security Assistance Force. Failure to adequately consider hydrologic principles and social realities was often to blame. Joint pre-deployment training programmes are suggested as key to effective coordination and tactical implementation to address similar problems elsewhere. Also needed are consistent use of metrics for success and the selection of appropriate interventions complementary to long-term development objectives.

Promoting the Use of Climate Information to Achieve Long-Term Development Objectives In Sub-Saharan Africa

While the impacts of climate change are being felt by people and communities now, many of the most severe impacts will be felt in the decades to come. This presents significant barriers to achieving long-term development objectives – particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, a region with low capacity to adapt to the future impacts of climate change. Factoring medium- to long-term climate information into investments and planning decisions is therefore an important component of climate-resilient development.We know little about how climate information is used in Africa to make decisions with long-term consequences, or how effective it is. We know even less about the barriers to – and opportunities for – using climate information in decision-making. How, then, should governments, businesses and donors strive for climate information to achieve Africa’s long-term development objectives?The Future Climate For Africa (FCFA) programme explores these questions and seeks to challenge many of the assumptions that underlie them. To guide the programme, six case studies investigated how climate information was being used in decisionmaking in sub-Saharan Africa. These comprised four country case studies: Malawi, Rwanda, Zambia and a combined study of Accra, Ghana and Maputo, Mozambique; and two desk-based studies focused on long-lived infrastructure in the ports sector and the large hydropower sector. This report presents the results of the scoping phase.

"Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative - EITI" Outlook on the explotation of Albanian mineral resources

Albania is focusing its efforts in the achievement of medium and long-term development objectives, particularly so its goals for European integration and the processes to this end. Local and foreign investments and projects in the Extractive industry are growing in the last years. Statistical data and references show an increased level of production and payments made to the state. Income from hydrocarbon sector constitutes the most important part of these payments, followed by the mining sector for the production of construction materials.The level of production and income recorded in these sectors is increasing. Proof of this are the payments made to the government by the extractive industry year after year, thus showing consistency of the economic sector and a moderate impact on the state budget and other macroeconomic indicators.Joining this initiative comes as a continuation of reforms undertaken for this purpose, in order to increase the transparency for all payments made to the Albanian State by the Extractive Industry. It follows the path of a broad program of economic, financial and institutional reform where transparency and proper management of natural resources have a particular importance. These two factors are essential for sustainable development. The new Mining Law and other by-laws, in addition to other changes required by legal improvements and economic development of the country, reflect the requirements of this initiative.

The Priorities of the Institutional Reforms in Economic Modernization

The aspects of institutions influence on economic growth and the priorities of their development are studied in the article. Two complementary analytical techniques are suggested. The first one, based on the discrete institutional alternatives method, is aimed at the "institutional design" determination of the national consensus about the long-term development objectives. The second, based on the growth indicators correlation analysis, makes possible to find out the sequence of the institutional reforms in the mid-term period.

Changing role of the public sector in the promotion of foreign direct investment

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is one of the key drivers of globalization. The challenge for developing countries is to tap FDI in a way that promotes their long-term development objectives. Governments of developing countries need to go beyond offering a “passive open door” regime for FDI to one that positively enhances required human resource skills for the absorption of FDI. In that regard, Governments, through the public sector, need to create a conducive policy environment that enables FDI to contribute towards enhancing the international competitiveness of the host country on the basis of a dynamic development of comparative advantage.

FOREIGN AID AND CAPITAL FLIGHT

Over the years Bangladesh has received a massive inflow of foreign capital, mostly in the form of foreign aid, which has coincided with a substantial outflow of domestic capital. This flight of domestic capital from a capital-scarce country like Bangladesh undoubtedly poses a formidable hurdle to achieving its long-term development objectives. A hypothesis can be put forth that the inflow of foreign capital directly contributes to the outflow of domestic capital. This paper applies the Engle–Granger cointegration procedure to estimate the short-run dynamic and the long-run equilibrium behavior of capital flight from Bangladesh. The estimated results support the hypothesis that the inflow of foreign aid has in fact significantly contributed to the flight of domestic capital. Furthermore, the estimated results suggest that lower real GDP growth, increases in corporate taxes, financial repression and political instability also significantly contribute to capital flight from Bangladesh. These results yield crucial insights into the mechanics of capital flight from China, the source country of most flight capital in the Asia-Pacific region, that suggest that, regardless of the domestic investment environment, availability of foreign exchange, provided by either foreign aid or FDI, can support the flight of domestic capital abroad.