Long Range Wide Area Network Technology Research Articles

INVESTIGATION OF THE FEATURES OF THE APPLICATION OF LORAWAN TECHNOLOGY IN AUTOMATIC SYSTEMS

The proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to an increasing demand for efficient and scalable communication technologies to support automatic systems. Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies, such as Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN), have emerged as promising solutions for connecting a myriad of IoT devices. This research investigates the features and applications of LoRaWAN technology in automatic systems. The study begins with a comprehensive review of LoRaWAN technology, exploring its key attributes, including long-range communication, low power consumption, and wide coverage. We delve into the unique advantages that LoRaWAN offers in the context of automatic systems, such as smart cities, industrial automation, and agricultural monitoring. Furthermore, the research examines the challenges and limitations associated with LoRaWAN deployment, considering factors such as network congestion, security, and scalability. Through empirical analysis and case studies, we evaluate the real-world performance of LoRaWAN in diverse automatic system scenarios. The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of the capabilities and limitations of LoRaWAN technology in supporting automatic systems. It informs practitioners, researchers, and policymakers about the potential applications and challenges of integrating LoRaWAN into IoT ecosystems for enhanced automation.

LoRa Performance in Industrial Environments: Analysis of Different ADR Algorithms

LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) technology can be a good candidate for industrial applications in IoT and Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) algorithms help to improve LoRaWAN performance. These algorithms compute a link budget to define the data rate and the transmission power. However, the performance of these algorithms must be evaluated in industrial environments that pose challenging conditions to wireless communications due to obstacles, interference, and movement. Therefore, this article compares the performance of LoRaWAN with six different ADR algorithms using a realistic propagation model from an industrial environment. The research uses the FLoRa environment in Omnet++ to compare the packet delivery ratio and energy consumption with different gateway locations and data traffic. Results show that the algorithms that decrease the link budget in poor channel conditions have better performance in industrial scenarios. Furthermore, overestimating the channel behavior decreases packet delivery.

A Seamless Integration Solution for LoRaWAN Into 5G System

The Internet of Things (IoT) has succeeded to be one of the important future communication technologies. The evolution of IoT has accelerated along with the emergence of 5G considered as a leading IoT service provider. In this context, the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) has recently attracted attention as it provides an impeccable infrastructure for massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC). Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the most adopted LPWAN technologies in the world. However, an efficient integration of LoRaWAN technology into the 5G System (5GS) is required. In this paper, we review briefly related work trying to integrate LoRaWAN into the 5GS. Then we present our solution for the integration and we detail the adopted network architecture. We propose new authentication methods based on the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) providing secure access, and an adaptation function to attain seamless and efficient integration. In addition, we evaluate our solution in terms of performance and security. Moreover, a comparison of our solution with related work confirms the efficiency of our solution.

Flood Monitoring and Alerting System

Abstract: Floods pose significant threats to communities worldwide, necessitating the development of efficient monitoring and alerting systems. This abstract presents an IoT-based Flood Monitoring and Alerting System that leverages the power of LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) technology to provide real-time flood detection, monitoring, and timely alerts. The system consists of strategically placed water level sensors that use ultrasonic or pressure-based technology to accurately measure water levels. The sensor data is wirelessly transmitted to a central gateway through the LoRaWAN network, known for its long-range and low-power capabilities. A cloud-based platform processes and analyzes the collected data, identifying abnormal water level patterns and potential flood conditions. In case of a flood, the system triggers alerts via mobile notifications, email, and SMS to relevant authorities and stakeholders. Users can access real-time flood information, historical data, and visualizations through a user-friendly web or mobile interface. The system offers cost-effectiveness, extended range, low power consumption, early flood detection, timely response, data-driven decision-making, and has a brighter potential for future enhancements

Dynamic multi-frame multi-spreading factor scheduling algorithm for LoRaWAN

Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN), as Low Power Wide Area Network that connects battery-powered devices, has gained much attention lately. The LoRaWAN technology uses ALOHA as the medium access control where the End Devices (EDs) transmit data randomly and re-transmit up to eight times if collisions occur, which is not feasible in large networks. Several techniques, including synchronization and scheduling schemes, to address the challenge have been reported. However, the existing synchronization and scheduling algorithms transmit synchronization messages randomly using one super frame with fixed time slots that accommodate devices using different Spreading Factors (SFs). This phenomenon can result in collisions, idle slots, and inefficient energy use, hence limiting the LoRaWAN network scalability. To alleviate the aforementioned problems, this work proposes a dynamic Multi-Frame Multi-Spreading Factor (MFMSF) scheduling algorithm with slotted synchronization approach. In the proposed algorithm, the time slots are assigned dynamically to EDs on first to synchronize first to be assigned basis. It was revealed that the proposed dynamic MFMSF TDMA algorithm is more energy-efficient than the existing algorithm in a denser network with devices arranged in a circular disk with different radii. The packet delivery rate for the dynamic MFMSF TDMA is about 99% signifying reduced collisions during data transmission. This implies that the use of the proposed dynamic MFMSF scheduling algorithm in LoRaWAN allows large number of EDs to communicate with reduced collisions and enhanced energy efficiency of the battery-powered devices.

Smart plug for monitoring and controlling electrical devices with a wireless communication system integrated in a LoRaWAN

The application of Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) in Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring applications has grown exponentially in recent history because of its cost-effectiveness, robustness to interference, low power consumption, large coverage for connectivity and licensed-free frequency band due to its adaptive data rate. In this research, an IoT-ready smart plug (SP) based on the LoRaWAN technology has been developed. Smart Plug for the LoRaWAN (SPLW) has been designed to measure and control the energy consumed by electrical loads in households, office buildings, hotels, hospitals, etc. with the purpose of achieving energy efficiency. SPLW monitors several electrical parameters (i.e., voltage, current, power, energy) and sends this information in real time to the cloud. A LoRa Bee associated to an Arduino Nano microcontroller and a PZEM-004 t sensor collects the necessary information in order to send it to the LoRaWAN gateway. This data is sent to The Things of Network (TTN) service, created specifically for LoRaWAN IoT applications. TTN offers numerous integrations, e.g. Ubidots has been used for WebApp and smartphone monitoring. Tests have been performed in six households to demonstrate the performance of SPLW in terms of its functionality, simplicity, reliability and cost.

Islands of Connectivity [communications - networks and services

Stunning coastlines and verdant mountain scenery make the Cook Islands a popular tourist destination. This tourism industry has contributed to a decade of economic growth, and in 2021 the government of this nation in the South Pacific introduced the SMART Economy Initiative to create 'smart' island networks. Around the world, the Internet of Things (IoT) is used for energy metering, road traffic management, street lighting operation and environmental controls. Not all IoT nodes need the fast data transfer of a 5G network, and in the Cook Islands, the tropical and mountainous terrain means installation is not practical. LoRaWAN (long-range wide area network) technology was selected for the Cook Islands' Smart Island project. The low-power protocol uses the unlicensed industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency band for bi-directional communication.

ALAT PELACAK BERBASIS LONG RANGE WIDE AREA NETWORK (LORAWAN)

Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a type of network for wireless telecommunications area designed to support long distance communication. LoRaWAN can be used on communication networks that have a wide range using end devices. LoRaWAN offers various advantages that are able to answer the application of IoT applications, but the current application of LoRaWAN technology is still very limited, so simulation and analysis of the extent to which LoRaWAN technology can be simulated in urban areas in Indonesia is needed. And in this tool, we developed a loawan to track location with a loawan GPS module capable of sending GPS data with radio signals without using the internet or cellular data

Designing and Implementing a Microstrip Antenna on LoRa Frequency for Smart Meter Communication

The long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) has been widely used for sensor networks, including smart meter (SM). The SM can report power consumption to the control center automatically via a communication link. An antenna is a key component to indicate an effective communication system. The microstrip antenna (MSA) works based on the unidirectional radiation pattern. The advantages of MSA are its light weight, small size, and ability to be easily etched on a print circuit board. These advantages are needed for the SM communication because SMs are installed on electric poles that have limited space. In this pa- per, we implement the MSA for SM communication on LoRaWAN technology that operates at a frequency of 920–925 MHz in Thailand. The proposed MSA is used to design a new path loss model for LoRaWAN in urban areas. Results show that our MSA is effectively close to commercial antennas in a 2.2 km range, with the packet delivery ratio reaching 52.93%. We analyze the results by using a mathematical equation that includes the free space model, the Okumura–Hata model, root mean squared error, and coefficient of determination.

Insights into the Issue of Deploying a Private LoRaWAN.

The last decade has transformed wireless access technologies and crystallized a new direction for the internet of things (IoT). The modern low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies have been introduced to deliver connectivity for billions of devices while keeping the costs and consumption low, and the range of communication high. While the 5G (fifth generation mobile network) LPWAN-like radio technologies, namely NB-IoT (narrowband internet of things) and LTE-M (long-term evolution machine type communication) are emerging, the long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) remains extremely popular. One unique feature of this technology, which distinguishes it from the competitors, is the possibility of supporting both public and private network deployments. In this paper we focus on this aspect and deliver original results comparing the performance of the private and public LoRAWAN deployment options; these results should help understand the LoRaWAN technology and give a clear overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the private versus public approaches. Notably, we carry the comparison along the three dimensions: the communication performance, the security, and the cost analysis. The presented results illustratively demonstrate the differences of the two deployment approaches, and thus can support selection of the most efficient deployment option for a target application.

Smart energy meter based on a long-range wide-area network for a stand-alone photovoltaic system

Long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) has emerged as a key technology for Internet of Things (IoT) applications worldwide owing to its cost-effectiveness, robustness to interference, low power, licensed-free frequency band, and long-range connectivity, thanks to the adaptive data rate. In this contribution, an IoT-enabled smart energy meter based on LoRaWAN technology (SEM-LoRaWAN) is developed to measure the energy consumption for a photovoltaic (PV) system and send real-time data to the utility/consumers over the Internet for billing/monitoring purposes. The proposed SEM-LoRaWAN is implemented in a PV system to monitor related parameters (i.e., voltage, current, power, energy, light intensity, temperature, and humidity) and update this information to the cloud. A LoRa shield is attached to an Arduino microcontroller with several sensors to gather the required information and send it to a LoRaWAN gateway. We also propose an algorithm to compose data from multiple sensors as payloads and upload these data using the gateway to The Things Network (TTN). The AllThingsTalkMaker IoT server is integrated into the TTN to be accessed using Web/mobile application interfaces. System-level tests are conducted using a fabricated testbed and connected to a solar panel to prove the SEM-LoRaWAN effectiveness in terms of functionality, simplicity, reliability, and cost. The connectivity between the system and users is achieved using smartphones/laptops. Results demonstrate a smooth system operation with detailed and accurate measurements of electrical usage and PV environmental conditions in real-time.

A Survey on LoRaWAN Technology: Recent Trends, Opportunities, Simulation Tools and Future Directions

Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies play a pivotal role in IoT applications, owing to their capability to meet the key IoT requirements (e.g., long range, low cost, small data volumes, massive device number, and low energy consumption). Between all obtainable LPWAN technologies, long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) technology has attracted much interest from both industry and academia due to networking autonomous architecture and an open standard specification. This paper presents a comparative review of five selected driving LPWAN technologies, including NB-IoT, SigFox, Telensa, Ingenu (RPMA), and LoRa/LoRaWAN. The comparison shows that LoRa/LoRaWAN and SigFox surpass other technologies in terms of device lifetime, network capacity, adaptive data rate, and cost. In contrast, NB-IoT technology excels in latency and quality of service. Furthermore, we present a technical overview of LoRa/LoRaWAN technology by considering its main features, opportunities, and open issues. We also compare the most important simulation tools for investigating and analyzing LoRa/LoRaWAN network performance that has been developed recently. Then, we introduce a comparative evaluation of LoRa simulators to highlight their features. Furthermore, we classify the recent efforts to improve LoRa/LoRaWAN performance in terms of energy consumption, pure data extraction rate, network scalability, network coverage, quality of service, and security. Finally, although we focus more on LoRa/LoRaWAN issues and solutions, we introduce guidance and directions for future research on LPWAN technologies.

Smart Mina: LoRaWAN Technology for Smart Fire Detection Application for Hajj Pilgrimage

The Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the used communication systems that serve and enables the deployment of the Internet of Things (IoT), which occasionally transmit small size data. As part of the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN), LoRaWAN is characterized by its ability for low power consumption. In addition, it is built to provide more extended coverage and higher capacity with minimum cost. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility and scalability of LoRaWAN for the Mina area using a realistic network model. Mina, known as the world’s largest tent city, is a valley located in the east of Makkah city and surrounded by mountains. It accommodates up to 3 million pilgrims annually and contains more than 100000 tents. The performance was evaluated based on a fire detection-like application. Extensive simulations were conducted using the OMNeT++ simulator and Flora model to determine the delivery ratio, collision, and SF distribution for the simulated scenario with a network consisting of up to ten thousand end devices. The conducted simulations show a promising result for LoRaWAN technology for Mina city. It showed a consistent performance for LoRaWAN in most simulated scenarios when a high success ratio was achieved.

LoRaWAN vs. 6TiSCH: Which one scales better?

Internet of Things (IoT) has been a hot topic in both academia and industry for the last few years. There are many possible applications, in fields as smart cities, home automation, smart buildings, agriculture, automated metering, logistic, industrial automation, among others. Such a wide range of applications resulted in various technological solutions in order to enable Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications, in which we highlight those for wide area networks. In that sense, two widely used sub-GHz protocols for Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) communications are: Long Range (LoRa), using the upper layers defined by Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN); and IEEE 802.15.4g, using the upper layers defined by IPv6 over the Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) mode of IEEE 802.15.4e (6TiSCH). While LoRaWAN is a well-known and widespread protocol, 6TiSCH offers IPv6 connectivity to LPWA networks and is used in important standards such as Wireless Smart Ubiquitous Network (Wi-SUN). This paper aims at determining how well each protocol scales, analyzing different aspects such as packet loss, delay, and the maximum number of nodes per square area. In order to achieve such results, computer simulations are performed using open-source simulators. The obtained results demonstrate that the best scalability depends on which scenarios are considered. For scenarios with multiple gateways requiring low latency or low packet transmission rates, LoRaWAN demonstrates better results. However, in scenarios with high packet transmission rates and where the latency is not a major concern, 6TiSCH is more appropriate. Moreover, even in the best case, the latency associated with the LoRaWAN technology may be considerably smaller than associated with 6TiSCH. Such novelty results are obtained in a fair and realistic way and, noting that both technologies could be used to build LPWA networks, it can help system designers to decide between the two technologies.

Perancangan Aplikasi Web untuk Pemantauan dan Pengendalian Sistem Panel Surya Berbasis Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN)

Light or sunlight can be converted into electricity using solar panel technology. The measurement process is needed on current and voltage parameters to determine whether a solar panel is working correctly or not. The application of the Internet of Things (IoT) is a suitable method for monitoring efficiency measurements on solar panel performance in real-time by combining several computational components, protocols, and sensors to interact more quickly and help all activities become more efficient. One IoT technology that can work efficiently is the Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN). LoRa communicates using radio frequencies with a wide coverage range and has a low power consumption level. In this study, the implementation of LoRaWAN technology as a communication protocol between three series of nodes and one gateway in building a solar panel system is then visualized on a web that can monitor currents and voltages in the form of graphs and numbers. Displays notifications when there is a change in the condition of the large voltage from the solar panel can control the state of turning on or off the lights and turning off the whole node, and displaying a history of current and voltage readings. The functionality of the system will later be tested using black-box testing. There was also a distribution of questionnaires to 35 respondents to measure the level of agreement that the system designed was running well.

A Survey on Adaptive Data Rate Optimization in LoRaWAN: Recent Solutions and Major Challenges.

Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a fast-growing communication system for Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) in the Internet of Things (IoTs) deployments. LoRaWAN is built to optimize LPWANs for battery lifetime, capacity, range, and cost. LoRaWAN employs an Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) scheme that dynamically optimizes data rate, airtime, and energy consumption. The major challenge in LoRaWAN is that the LoRa specification does not state how the network server must command end nodes pertaining rate adaptation. As a result, numerous ADR schemes have been proposed to cater for the many applications of IoT technology, the quality of service requirements, different metrics, and radio frequency (RF) conditions. This offers a challenge for the reliability and suitability of these schemes. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the research on ADR algorithms for LoRaWAN technology. First, we provide an overview of LoRaWAN network performance that has been explored and documented in the literature and then focus on recent solutions for ADR as an optimization approach to improve throughput, energy efficiency and scalability. We then distinguish the approaches used, highlight their strengths and drawbacks, and provide a comparison of these approaches. Finally, we identify some research gaps and future directions.

Analysis and processing of environmental monitoring system

Abstract In this article, the problem of monitoring of climatic and ecological condition of the region is considered. The authors propose an approach to the construction of such systems using the LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) technology. This will make it possible to create easily scalable low-cost systems with high energy efficiency through the use of modern communication technologies. During the experiment, the authors have identified certain patterns in collected data, such as dependence on the time of year, weather, and the location of certain industrial facilities near the observed zone.

On the Use of LoRaWAN for the Monitoring and Control of Distributed Energy Resources in a Smart Campus

The application of the most recent advances of the Internet-of-Things (IoT) technology to the automation of buildings is emerging as a promising solution to achieve greater efficiencies in energy consumption, and to allow the realization of sustainable models. The application of IoT has been demonstrated as effective in many fields, such as confirmed, for instance, by the Industry 4.0 concepts, which are revolutionizing modern production chains. By following this approach, the use of distributed control architectures and of IoT technologies (both wired and wireless) would result in effective solutions for the management of smart environments composed of groups of buildings, such as campuses. In this case, heterogeneous IoT solutions are typically adopted to satisfy the requirements of the very diverse possible scenarios (e.g., indoor versus outdoor coverage, mobile versus fixed nodes, just to mention a few), making their large-scale integration cumbersome. To cope with this issue, this paper presents an IoT architecture able to transparently manage different communication protocols in smart environments, and investigates its possible application for the monitoring and control of distributed energy resources in a smart campus. In particular, a use–case focused on the integration of the Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) technology is considered to cope with heterogeneous indoor and outdoor communication scenarios. The feasibility analysis of the proposed solution is carried out by computing the scalability limits of the approach, based on the proposed smart campus data model. The results of the study showed that the proposed solution would be able to manage more than 10,000 nodes. An experimental validation of the LoRaWAN technology confirms its suitability in terms of coverage and latency, with a minimum LoRaWAN cell coverage range of 250 m, and a communication latency of about 400 ms. Finally, the advantages of the proposed solution in the supervision and management of a PV system are highlighted in a real-world scenario.