Abstract
Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a fast-growing communication system for Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) in the Internet of Things (IoTs) deployments. LoRaWAN is built to optimize LPWANs for battery lifetime, capacity, range, and cost. LoRaWAN employs an Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) scheme that dynamically optimizes data rate, airtime, and energy consumption. The major challenge in LoRaWAN is that the LoRa specification does not state how the network server must command end nodes pertaining rate adaptation. As a result, numerous ADR schemes have been proposed to cater for the many applications of IoT technology, the quality of service requirements, different metrics, and radio frequency (RF) conditions. This offers a challenge for the reliability and suitability of these schemes. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the research on ADR algorithms for LoRaWAN technology. First, we provide an overview of LoRaWAN network performance that has been explored and documented in the literature and then focus on recent solutions for ADR as an optimization approach to improve throughput, energy efficiency and scalability. We then distinguish the approaches used, highlight their strengths and drawbacks, and provide a comparison of these approaches. Finally, we identify some research gaps and future directions.
Highlights
Organizations in many industries are employing the Internet of Things (IoT) to function more efficiently, to understand their customers better, to provide improved customer service, enhance decision-making and boost the value of the business
The LoRa specification does not state the way the Network Server (NS) should instruct end nodes pertaining to data rate adaptation
This paper reviewed the Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) schemes that have been proposed in the public domain and classified the solutions
Summary
Organizations in many industries are employing the Internet of Things (IoT) to function more efficiently, to understand their customers better, to provide improved customer service, enhance decision-making and boost the value of the business. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) is a novel kind of wireless communication, attributed to low power, low bit rate and long-range communication technologies in the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) frequency bands, configured in a star topology network This makes it suitable for many IoT applications that require transmission of small data packets over long distances. The major challenge with the ADR algorithm is that the LoRa specification does not state the way the Network Server (NS) should instruct end nodes regarding rate adaptation. This has resulted in a gap in terms of ADR implementation as vendors keep their implementations private, many different ADR schemes have been proposed.
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