Long-distance Data Transmission Research Articles

Comparing the Performance of Optical Communication Links using G.652 and G.655 Fiber in Python Packages

This study investigates and compares the performance of a 10 Gbps optical communication link utilizing two prevalent single-mode fibers: G.652 and G.655. The analysis employs both theoretical calculations and Python-based simulations to assess the effectiveness of each fiber type in this high-speed transmission scenario. With the ever-growing demand for bandwidth in communication networks, 10 Gbps transmission systems are becoming increasingly commonplace. Single-mode fibers like G.652 and G.655 play a vital role in these systems, offering low signal attenuation for long-distance data transmission. However, each fiber type exhibits distinct dispersion characteristics, which can impact signal integrity over extended distances. This investigation adopts a two method for performance evaluation. Firstly, link power budget calculations are performed to determine the optical signal power before and after propagating through a 50-kilometer fiber span. The received power serves as the foundation for subsequent Q-factor and Bit Error Rate (BER) analysis. These calculations establish the theoretical limitations of the system based on well-defined formulas. Secondly, Python-based simulations are conducted to corroborate the theoretical findings and provide a more comprehensive performance assessment. This approach leverages the capabilities of two prominent Python packages: Opticomlib and OpticommPy. Opticomlib excels at analyzing the behavior of individual optical pulses within the system, enabling an understanding of the signal propagation. On the other hand, OpticommPy specializes in parameter sweep analysis, allowing for the investigation of how critical parameters like received power influence the Q-factor. By combining these functionalities, the simulations provide a detailed picture of the system's performance under various conditions. The calculated BER and Q-factor values for both G.652 and G.655 fiber links surpass the industry-accepted performance standards. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of using Python-based tools for comprehensive performance analysis of optical communication systems. However, it's important to note that slight discrepancies exist between the calculated and simulated results.

Fuzzy MIMO model for efficient control of complex processes with uncertainties and nonlinearities

This paper shows the impact of the MIMO model on control system solutions for efficient control of complex nonlinear processes (multiple input, multiple output model) in terms of efficiency, product quality and energy efficiency. In modern automatic control systems, there is a need for increased capacity in long-distance data transmission, high-speed local area networks, etc. Capacity can be increased by extending the frequency range. However, the application of these techniques is limited by biosafety requirements, limited power supply (in mobile devices), and electromagnetic compatibility. Therefore, if these approaches to communication systems do not ensure the speed of transmission of information about technological processes, a weak correlation will appear. The values of indicators for the construction and use of fuzzy MIMO models of control decisions are expressed in the form of linguistic variables. The fuzzy MIMO model makes qualitative decisions in the control of complex processes. This includes uncertainty and nonlinearity problems, which are used to optimize complex systems.

Analysis an optical communications system by using Optisystem program to transfer data over various distances

The transmission of data over long distances is a big challenge in the telecommunications industry. One way to achieve this is to use different wavelengths of light.In this article a comparison of wavelengths has been made to analysis of long-distance data transmission using three different wavelengths: 1625 nm, 1550 nm, and 810 nm. The purpose is to determine the most appropriate wavelength for transmitting data over distances from 60 km to 140 km, with increments of 20 km for each test. The rating is based on the performance of each wavelength in terms of signal quality, data integrity, and overall transmission efficiency. To attain this, a comprehensive trial setup is employed. The investigational framework involves transferring data signals at every wavelengths over an optical fiber, and simulating altered transmission distances in the definite range. Key factors such as signal strength, Q. factor and bit error rate (BER) are wisely observed and analyzed. The obtained results show distinct features for each wavelengths with esteem to long-distance data transmission over the experimental usage in the simulation application for these wavelengths then examining the above factors.

A Distance-Weighted Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation Algorithm for Improved Performance in Long-Reach Passive Optical Networks for Next Generation Networks

In recent years, there has been an increasing trend towards extending the coverage of passive optical networks (PONs) over large geographical areas. Long-reach PONs (LRPONs) are capable of extending the distance covered by PONs from 20 km to 100 km, leading to cost savings in the network operation by reducing the number of central offices. They have become widely deployed due to their ability to provide high-speed, long-distance data transmission over optical fibers. In addition, the next generation of optical access networks are expected to provide high-capacity mobile and wireless backhauling over a wide coverage area. However, this extended reach also requires the design of efficient dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) schemes to address the performance degradation caused by the increased propagation delay in LRPONs. The DBA schemes commonly used for upstream traffic transmission in traditional PONs are not well-suited for use in LRPONs due to their inefficiency in bandwidth utilization due to the increased round-trip time (RTT) between the optical line terminal (OLT) and the optical network unit (ONU). In this study, we present an efficient DBA algorithm, the Distance-Weighted Bandwidth Allocation DWDBA Algorithm, specifically enhanced for multi-wavelength LRPONs. Our DBA algorithm utilizes a scheduling policy that assigns weight vectors to Optical Network Units (ONUs) based on their distance from the Optical Line Terminal (OLT), sorting them accordingly without penalizing any ONU due to their distance. The DWDBA takes the laser tuning time into consideration. We conducted extensive simulations to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm under various scenarios and compared it to the IPACT algorithm. The results of the simulations show that the proposed algorithm outperformed the IPACT algorithm in terms of bandwidth utilization and queue delay.

FTTH 방송 오버레이용 EYDFA 부품과 핵심 시스템 개발 및 연구

In this study, erbium ytterbium doped fiber amplifier components and core systems for fiber to the home broadcast overlays are developed and evaluated to ensure stable high-power light even during long-distance data transmission in broadcast networks. Consequently , data transmission in the broadcasting network is found to be low in loss, long-distance transmission is deemed possible, and stable optical signals can be amplified using domestic equipment instead of expensive foreign equipment. The tools developed in this study provide an opportunity to reduce dependence on overseas products by allowing domestic technology, which lacks optical amplifier technology, to compete with overseas products at a low price. In the future, these tools are expected to accommodate more members from the optical communication field and be applied to various fields that use high-power light.

Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Archimedes Optimization Algorithm

One of the key design problems of wireless sensor networks is to reduce energy consumption and improve node survival. Because the battery in sensor nodes is difficult to replace and the energy is limited, the design of energy-saving routing protocol becomes very important. Aiming at the problems of limiting node energy and shortening network lifetime in wireless sensor networks, a WSNs routing protocol based on improved archimedes optimization algorithm (IAOAR) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, in the cluster establishment phase, the protocol defines different fitness functions according to the energy, number and distance of sensor nodes to select the appropriate initial cluster. Then the fitness value of the node is calculated, and the weight is dynamically updated according to the number of iterations to improve the optimization ability of AOA algorithm. Virtual force is introduced to adjust the selected cluster head position to ensure the selection of optimal cluster heads, reduce the transmission energy consumption of common sensor nodes. In the data transmission stage, combined with the improved ant colony algorithm, the shortest transmission path to the sink node is constructed to reduce the energy consumption of long-distance data transmission at the cluster head. The simulation results showed that compared with LEACH, E-LEACH, LEACH-ANT and MAXLEACH protocols, the network life cycle of the protocol proposed in this paper was improved by 140.55%, 107.09%, 99.24% and 96.76% respectively. It effectively reduced the speed of node death, balances the network energy consumption and prolonged the network lifetime.

Overview of Key Technologies for Remote Wireless Operation Platform on Water Surface

The underwater environment is complicated and full of hazards, making it tough to complete with just one piece of underwater operation equipment. Building a high-speed, low-latency wireless connection between a remote wireless operation platform on water surface and other operation platforms in order to achieve long-distance transmission of high-definition image data and control commands, as well as collaborative operations among multiple platforms, has become a development trend and focus of exploring complex and dangerous waters. This paper summarizes and elaborates on underwater communication technology, long-distance data transmission technology, multi-submersible robot collaborative operation, and information interaction technology, as well as the development status of key technologies of remote wireless operation platform on water surface. And the research direction and focus of the remote wireless operation platform on water surface are prospected.

Research on Primary Frequency Modulation Online Monitoring and Assessment Management System Under “Master–Sub” Control Station Model

In a modern power system, to realize the safe operation of units and maintain the frequency stability of the power network, various means of frequency modulation can be adopted. However, there are some deficiencies in the real-time monitoring and assessment management of primary frequency modulation (PFM). To solve these problems, a PFM online monitoring and management method based on the “master–sub” control station model in a wide area measurement system (WAMS) is proposed as a control strategy to support frequency modulation of units and assist power network assessment. In the hybrid monitoring system strategy of the master control station and sub control station, the sub control station is built locally in the power plant to monitor the operational status of the unit in real-time and calculate the PFM assessment index. The master control station is built in the dispatching center, receiving the assessment data uploaded by the sub control station and sending the PFM simulation test instruction. This strategy can effectively improve the real-time performance of dynamic monitoring and parameter calculation, and reduce the probability of frame loss and communication instability in long-distance data transmission. The experimental results show that the PFM online monitoring management control strategy based on the “master–sub” control station model can effectively monitor the unit and provide data support for PFM assessment.

Long-Range Low-Power Multi-Hop Wireless Sensor Network for Monitoring the Vibration Response of Long-Span Bridges.

Recently, vibration-based monitoring technologies have become extremely popular, providing effective tools to assess the health condition and evaluate the structural integrity of civil structures and infrastructures in real-time. In this context, battery-operated wireless sensors allow us to stop using wired sensor networks, providing easy installation processes and low maintenance costs. Nevertheless, wireless transmission of high-rate data such as structural vibration consumes considerable power. Consequently, these wireless networks demand frequent battery replacement, which is problematic for large structures with poor accessibility, such as long-span bridges. This work proposes a low-power multi-hop wireless sensor network suitable for monitoring large-sized civil infrastructures to handle this problem. The proposed network employs low-power wireless devices that act in the sub-GHz band, permitting long-distance data transmission and communication surpassing 1 km. Data collection over vast areas is accomplished via multi-hop communication, in which the sensor data are acquired and re-transmitted by neighboring sensors. The communication and transmission times are synchronized, and time-division communication is executed, which depends on the wireless devices to sleep when the connection is not necessary to consume less power. An experimental field test is performed to evaluate the reliability and accuracy of the designed wireless sensor network to collect and capture the acceleration response of the long-span Manhattan Bridge. Thanks to the high-quality monitoring data collected with the developed low-power wireless sensor network, the natural frequencies and mode shapes were robustly recognized. The monitoring tests also showed the benefits of the presented wireless sensor system concerning the installation and measuring operations.

SD-WAN for Bandwidth and Delay Improvements on the Internet

Advancement in applications and operational situations place stringent demands on longdistance data transmission, forcing network operators to rethink how they construct wide area networks [1]. Wide-area network improvement that is indicated by software-defined wide area network (SD-WAN) has been lauded as the most promising next-generation wide-area network design. SD-WAN is able to monitor and manage connection links adaptively based on application requirements [2]. This paper will discuss the newly emerging SD-WAN architecture for the implementation of the Internet. A thorough comparison and challenges that WAN faced before SD-WAN was also discussed to further prove the current features and its benefits. Handling any information accessible over the aspect and exploiting 5G transport for those important applications that demand amazingly low latency and huge bandwidths, SD-WAN will provide a smooth shift for the energy industry to an entire 5G connection [3], also will promote the development of the society.

SMART CITY INFORMATION SYSTEM BASED ON LORA TECHNOLOGYANNOTATION

This article discusses issues related to the concept of the Internet of Things and its application to the development of the Smart City. Smart City or "Smart City" is a new concept for the introduction of technologies (information and communication) to manage the life of the modern city. Existing technologies for long-distance data transmission in the Internet of Things are analyzed. Based on the calculations, the justification of the efficiency of LORA technology is substantiated, the energy potential of the communication line for LORA technology is given, the capacity of the LoRa network is determined. The network architecture has the best relationship between increasing the battery life of IoT devices and providing communication range. The protocol operates in a non-licensed range, and this is its uniqueness in cost and speed of implementation. Based on the study of the experience of implementing the protocol in the city of Lviv, the advantages and problems of implementation were identified. The possibility of using the technology in large cities was assessed. Software has been developed that allows the user to check that everything in his house is in order and that there are no gas leaks, water leaks and no movement in the house. The practical use of IoT in the "Smart City", the use of LoRaWAN technology, the principle of the network are shown. The experience of using the LoRaWAN protocol in Ukraine has been studied and analyzed. The experience of cities on the introduction of Internet of Things technologies in the housing system is considered.

A Systematic Review on Recent Trends, Challenges, Privacy and Security Issues of Underwater Internet of Things.

Owing to the hasty growth of communication technologies in the Underwater Internet of Things (UIoT), many researchers and industries focus on enhancing the existing technologies of UIoT systems for developing numerous applications such as oceanography, diver networks monitoring, deep-sea exploration and early warning systems. In a constrained UIoT environment, communication media such as acoustic, infrared (IR), visible light, radiofrequency (RF) and magnet induction (MI) are generally used to transmit information via digitally linked underwater devices. However, each medium has its technical limitations: for example, the acoustic medium has challenges such as narrow-channel bandwidth, low data rate, high cost, etc., and optical medium has challenges such as high absorption, scattering, long-distance data transmission, etc. Moreover, the malicious node can steal the underwater data by employing blackhole attacks, routing attacks, Sybil attacks, etc. Furthermore, due to heavyweight, the existing privacy and security mechanism of the terrestrial internet of things (IoT) cannot be applied directly to UIoT environment. Hence, this paper aims to provide a systematic review of recent trends, applications, communication technologies, challenges, security threats and privacy issues of UIoT system. Additionally, this paper highlights the methods of preventing the technical challenges and security attacks of the UIoT environment. Finally, this systematic review contributes much to the profit of researchers to analyze and improve the performance of services in UIoT applications.

EDFA and Optical Fiber Repositioning in an Optical Fiber Communication Network

Abstract: This study shows an easy and effective design of an optical fiber communication system, which demonstrates EDFA's ideal position in the whole system. In recent years, erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) have been more attentive with the development of high-speed and long-distance data transmission systems. In our research, EDFA's forward pump capacity is maintained at 100mW, and our three configurations modify and analyze the location of EDFA. First configuration is meant to place EDFA before optical fiber in the entire system. The second arrangement has been intended such that EDFA will precede optical fiber. EDFA is inserted in the third configuration between the optical fiber length. For the three setups, the BER, Q factor and output power level were observed, with the setup one having minimal BER, setup two with the greatest power, and setup three with the maximum Q factor. This paper discusses the causes behind these results and designers may construct an optical fiber communication system in the most efficient and reliable fashion by taking those results into consideration. The simulation was performed in Opti-System software. Keywords: EDFA, BER, Q factor, Analyzer, Optical fibre

Software development for cloud and internet-of-things (IoT) based remotely controlled four-dimensional (4D) electrical resistivity tomography

Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is an important method for exploring oil and gas formations, mineral deposits, and groundwater resources. However, most ERT instruments have limitations such as complicated human–computer interaction, few measurement parameters, difficulties in remote monitoring, and lack of four-dimensional (4D) exploration functions. To overcome these limitations, in this study we proposed and developed software for a remote control 4D ERT system based on a cloud platform and Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Specifically, acquisition device control, channel and control, acquisition control, and remote monitoring systems were designed, with various modules being debugged and optimized multiple times. The system is equipped with a 4G module, through which the collected data are transmitted to the cloud platform to realize real-time, stable, and long-distance data acquisition and transmission. Furthermore, the system realizes remote monitoring, real-time measurement, and other functions via the cloud and IoT technology, thereby providing strong technical support for achieving 4D exploration. The developed system was empirically evaluated by applying it to explore the Gequ Landslide area in Jainca County, Qinghai Province, China. The exploration results indicate that the system software has stable functions and high intelligence; thus it satisfies the requirements for field exploration.

A Weakly Supervised Academic Search Model Based on Knowledge-Enhanced Feature Representation

Internet of Things search has great potential applications with the rapid development of Internet of Things technology. Combining Internet of Things technology and academic search to build academic search framework based on Internet of Things is an effective solution to realize massive academic resource search. Recently, the academic big data has been characterized by a large number of types and spanning many fields. The traditional web search technology is no longer suitable for the search environment of academic big data. Thus, this paper designs academic search framework based on Internet of Things Technology. In order to alleviate the pressure of the cloud server processing massive academic big data, the edge server is introduced to clean and remove the redundancy of the data to form a clean data for further analysis and processing by the cloud server. Edge computing network effectively makes up for the deficiency of cloud computing in the conditions of distributed and high concurrent access, reduces long-distance data transmission, and improves the quality of network user experience. For Academic Search, this paper proposes a novel weakly supervised academic search model based on knowledge-enhanced feature representation. The proposed model can relieve high cost of acquisition of manually labeled data by obtaining a lot of pseudolabeled data and consider word-level interactive matching and sentence-level semantic matching for more accurate matching in the process of academic search. The experimental result on academic datasets demonstrate that the performance of the proposed model is much better than that of the existing methods.

FFMCP: Feed-Forward Multi-Clustering Protocol Using Fuzzy Logic for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)

The restriction on the battery life of sensors is a bottleneck for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper proposes a new feed-forward multi-clustering protocol (FFMCP) to boost the network lifetime. The utilization of fuzzy logic helps to overcome the uncertainties in the value of input parameters. The proposed protocol selects the most suitable cluster heads (CHs) using the multi-clustering method. A multi-clustering technique is defined utilizing the node’s information of the previous round and a fuzzy inference system to decide the CHs. The sensor nodes spend energy due to non-uniform CH distribution and long-distance data transmission by member nodes. The main focus of the proposed protocol is to reduce the member node distance. Our proposal distributes CH nodes uniformly using unequal clustering. The simulation outcome reveals that the proposed algorithm(FFMCP) has better performance in terms of tenth node death (TND), half node death (HND), remaining energy after 800 rounds (E_800), and average energy spent per round (AVG_PR) as compared to standard clustering schemes in the past.

Routing optimization strategy of IoT awareness layer based on improved cat swarm algorithm

With the rapid development of Internet of Things technology, wireless sensor networks have been widely used in many places. This study mainly discusses the routing optimization strategy of the IoT perceptive layer based on the improved cat swarm algorithm. This study simulates a perceptive network with 100 nodes deployed randomly. As SDWSN for Internet of Things applications, in order to simulate the data transmission requirements of IoT communication and ensure the fairness of experimental comparison, this study uses the pseudo-random mechanism to generate the source address and destination address of data packets. A special SDN controller node is added to the network. The SDN controller node broadcasts information to each sensing node, and the common sensing node sends node information to the SDN controller. The SDN controller can survive the global time graph of the entire network according to the information of the common node. In order to avoid the problem of high energy consumption of cluster heads caused by long-distance data transmission, the cat algorithm protocol adopts multi-hop communication between cluster heads and BS and uses network overhead index to quantify link overhead as the basis for cluster heads to select the next hop node. When the inter-cluster multi-hop route is successfully established, the wireless sensor node begins to collect data and send it to BS node. Six monitoring nodes, two coordinators and one workstation were selected as the test objects. The data volume sent by each node was 2000, and the accuracy rate of test transmission information at different rates and transmission distances was determined. The group network coverage rate of cat swarm algorithm is always above 95%, and the average energy loss of nodes is the highest and less than 36%. The results show that the aggregate of energy consumption of cluster heads and the variance of energy consumption are the lowest in the improved cat cluster algorithm, which ensures the reliable transmission of node data.

A Novel High-Voltage Transmission Line Joint Temperature Monitoring System Using Hybrid Communication Networks

Line joint temperature monitoring is used in high-voltage transmission lines to improve the reliability and safety of power lines. However, traditional monitoring methods (e.g., manual inspection, UAV inspection, short-range wireless technology, etc.) cannot realize real-time monitoring of line joint temperature in remote areas. In this paper, we proposed a novel real-time monitoring system, which adopted a communication method combining ZigBee and LPWAN technology (LoRa and NB-IoT) for long-distance transmission. In this system, each power tower was regarded as a communication node that contained a main node and multiple subnodes. First, each node collected temperature data of the transmission line junctions by ZigBee and microprocessor processed and analyzed the data. Second, the LoRa multihop communication technology was used for transmission of the data between adjacent nodes to achieve wider coverage and a longer transmission distance. Finally, the end of the network was a main node, i.e., an LoRa-NB-IoT gateway. The temperature data of all nodes were transmitted to the “USR Cloud” by the NB-IoT technology. By conducting a system test, the system can meet the requirements of long-distance communication outside and reduce power consumption. After calculation, the system communication packet loss rate is approximately 3.3%, and the average power consumption of the system is about 21.19 mA. The PC can monitor the transmission line junction temperature in real time, transmission is stable, and the alarm function can be also realized. Therefore, the system is more suitable for temperature monitoring of line junctions in remote areas, achieving long-distance data acquisition and transmission through low power consumption and high transmission rate.

UAV track planning based on evolution algorithm in embedded system

The embedded controller is small in size and powerful in computing power, and can quickly complete the related processing and calculation of flight attitude and track planning data. Wireless data transmission can realize a long-distance data transmission between the aircraft command center and the airborne control platform. Based on the data fusion algorithm of the Kalmánz filter, the data collected by multiple sensors can be integrated, which can effectively reduce the measurement noise amplitude. At the same time, the cumulative error of a single sensor is reduced. In order to solve the problems of ant colony algorithm in case it is easy to fall into the local extremum and the convergence speed is slow, an improved ant colony algorithm for 3D navigation of unmanned aerial vehicles is proposed for trace planning. This study divides the three-dimensional track planning into two parts based on the improved ant colony algorithm for two-dimensional plane planning and height planning. Geometric optimization methods to enhance the guidance of ant search are used. According to the distance and height constraints between the track point and the threat source, the altitude of the track points to plan the 3D track of the drone is calculated and adjusted. At the same time, the adaptive parameter adjustment method is used to improve the ant colony search ability and the interaction ability between individuals, and effectively get rid of the situation to avoid to falling into a local optimum. In addition, the index function is established and the path is smoothed. Simulation results show that the proposed improved algorithm cannot only safely avoid threats in the three-dimensional environment, but also has the ability to find the optimal solution and the convergence speed is better than the original algorithm.

Data Acquisition and Transmission Scheme for Large Projects Based on LoRa Internet of Things Using Improved Linear Integer Programming Model

Aiming at the problem that some security factors in large scale construction projects are difficult to be discovered in time and easily cause accidents, a low-power long-distance data acquisition and transmission scheme using LoRa wireless sensor network is proposed. Firstly, the improved linear integer programming (IILP) model is used to deploy sensor nodes, which is used to collect security risk data. Then, an ARM processor with a high-performance Cortex-M3 architecture is used by the LoRa node to interconnect the LoRa module via the SPI bus for data communication. Finally, the LoRa node sends the data collected by the sensor to the LoRa gateway through the wireless signal, and the data is stored in the cloud database through the TCP/IP protocol. Experimental tests are carried out in actual subway construction projects. The temperature and humidity sensors, deep horizontal displacement sensors, supporting shaft force sensors and groundwater level sensors are installed on the nodes to monitor real-time safety risk factors in the construction process. It is found that under the premise of ensuring more than 90% of the data transmission success rate, the proposed communication distance can be as far as 700 m. Compared with several other schemes, the proposed scheme can show better performance in terms of throughput and network delay. The simulation results of sensor deployment show that the improved ILP model can improve the performance of sensor deployment and save hardware cost to a certain extent. In addition, the proposed scheme combines the advantages of LoRa technology with the characteristics of low maintenance cost and long service life, and has a good reference significance for the application of Internet of Things technology in large-scale construction projects.