Abstract
Owing to the hasty growth of communication technologies in the Underwater Internet of Things (UIoT), many researchers and industries focus on enhancing the existing technologies of UIoT systems for developing numerous applications such as oceanography, diver networks monitoring, deep-sea exploration and early warning systems. In a constrained UIoT environment, communication media such as acoustic, infrared (IR), visible light, radiofrequency (RF) and magnet induction (MI) are generally used to transmit information via digitally linked underwater devices. However, each medium has its technical limitations: for example, the acoustic medium has challenges such as narrow-channel bandwidth, low data rate, high cost, etc., and optical medium has challenges such as high absorption, scattering, long-distance data transmission, etc. Moreover, the malicious node can steal the underwater data by employing blackhole attacks, routing attacks, Sybil attacks, etc. Furthermore, due to heavyweight, the existing privacy and security mechanism of the terrestrial internet of things (IoT) cannot be applied directly to UIoT environment. Hence, this paper aims to provide a systematic review of recent trends, applications, communication technologies, challenges, security threats and privacy issues of UIoT system. Additionally, this paper highlights the methods of preventing the technical challenges and security attacks of the UIoT environment. Finally, this systematic review contributes much to the profit of researchers to analyze and improve the performance of services in UIoT applications.
Highlights
During the past few decades, researchers and developers have shown much interest in developing Underwater Internet of Things (UIoT) applications such as deep-sea exploration, divers’ system monitoring, early warning generation, naval network surveillance, etc
Channel types define the type of medium used in UIoT environments such as RF, acoustic, optical (VLC: visible light communication or IR: infrared) and magnet induction (MI), and channel characteristics represent the technical factors that affect the medium used in UIoT environments, such as propagation speed, turbule2nocfe3,5 pressure, node mobility, etc
B et al proposed the integrated navigation of the Inertial Navigation System (INS) in autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) with limited doppler velocity log (DVL) to update the depth of the system based on the pressure sensor integrated with AUV [84]
Summary
During the past few decades, researchers and developers have shown much interest in developing UIoT applications such as deep-sea exploration, divers’ system monitoring, early warning generation, naval network surveillance, etc. The UIoT devices can be fixed or mobile, moving from one location to another to gather information and transmit that information via digitally linked devices in water bodies such as the gateway or buoy in surface water. Other devices like moving gateways, satellites, base stations, etc., are utilized to expand the communication range of UIoT applications. Lenges and limitations are still concerns for the UIoT environment based on the application, channel types and channel characteristics. Channel types define the type of medium used in UIoT environments such as RF, acoustic, optical (VLC: visible light communication or IR: infrared) and MI, and channel characteristics represent the technical factors that affect the medium used in UIoT environments, such as propagation speed, turbule2nocfe pressure, node mobility, etc. Channel types define the type of medium used in UIoT environments such as RF, acoustic, optical (VLC: visible light communication or IR: infrared) and MI, and channel characteristics represent the technical factors that affect the medium used in UIoT environments, such as propagation speed, turbule2nocfe pressure, node mobility, etc. [2] Security attacks and privacy issues are the other key challenges in the current UIoT system [3].
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