Long-chain Quaternary Ammonium Salts Research Articles

Separation of inorganic anions in acidic solution by capillary electrophoresis

Inorganic anions are almost always determined by capillary electrophoresis (CE) at an alkaline pH, so the analytes will be fully ionized. However, a long-chain quaternary ammonium salt usually must be added as a flow modifier to the carrier electrolyte to reverse the direction of the electroosmotic flow. By working at a sufficiently acidic pH, the electroosmotic flow in fused-silica capillaries is virtually eliminated, and anions can be separated simply by differences in their electrophoretic mobilities. Excellent separations were obtained for AuCl 4 − and the chloro complexes of platinum group elements in HCl solution at pH 2.0 to 2.4. No additional buffer or flow modifier was needed. This CE technique is an excellent way to follow slow hydrolytic reactions in which one or more of the chloride ligands is replaced by water. Sharp peaks and good separations were also obtained for MnO 4 −, VO 3 −, chromate, molybdate, ferrocyanide, ferricyanide and stable complex ions such as chromium oxalate (CrO 3 3−).

Gas Chromatographic Determination of Solvation Number by an Investigation of the Extraction Processes

Abstract A simple gas chromatographic method for the determination of the solvation number by an investigation of the extraction processes using MIBK as the solvent has been proposed. Gas chromatography was applied for the determination of the solvation number by extraction of the halometallic acids HFeCl4, HMoO2Cl3 in MIBK as well as by extraction of BiCl4− and SbCl4− as ion-associate complexes with long-chain quaternary ammonium salts in MIBK.

Bis[2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-( N-propyl- N-sulpho propylamino)phenolato]cobaltate(III) as a counter ion for the extraction and spectrophotometric determination of long-chain quaternary ammonium salts and tertiary alkylamines in the presence of each other

The singly charged complex anion bis[2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-( N-propyl- N-sulphopropylamino)phenolato]cobaltate(III) is intensely purple-violet and is stable over the pH range 1–13. Its absorption spectrum remains the same over this pH range. At pH2, it forms extractable ion pairs with long-chain quaternary ammonium ions and protonated alkylamines. Only the quaternary ammonium ions are extracted into chloroform at pH 11, hence separate extractions allow both types to be determined. The absorbance of the organic phase is measured at 594 nm. The apparent molar absorptivity is 7.0 × 10 4 l mol −1 cm −1. Calibration graphs for zephiramine, benzethonium and hexadecylpyridinium ions are linear over the range 0.1–2 × 10 −6 M. The only interference found was from anionic surfactants. The method is applied to hair and fabric conditioners.

Elimination of the inter-element interferences of iron, gold, molybdenum, tin and antimony when determined in organic solvents by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

The mutual interferences in the flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of iron, gold, molybdenum, tin and antimony after their extraction-pre-concentration as chloride complexes from platinum solutions into isobutyl methyl ketone are investigated. It is suggested that the interferences are caused by chemical reactions in the flame and are influenced by the flame characteristics. The possibility of eliminating the interferences by addition of long-chain quaternary ammonium salts is discussed.

Surface antistatic treatment of polyamide yarns with long-chain quaternary ammonium salts of hydroxymethanesulfonic acid

A surface treatment of polyamide yarns in the stages of spinning and stretching has been described, with aqueous solutions of long-chain quaternary ammonium salts of hydroxymethanesulfonic acid, with subsequent heat-setting, as a result of which the yarns acquire long-term antistatic properties.

Simple Spectrophotometric Determination of Long-Chain Quaternary Ammonium Salts with o -Hydroxy-hydroquinonephthalein and Manganese(II)

A simple spectrophotometric method, without solvent extraction, has been established for the determination of long-chain quaternary ammonium salts by ternary complex formation with o-hydroxyhydroquinonephthalein and manganese(II). The absorption maxima of the ternary complexes lay at about 575nm against water in borax media. In the case of hexadecylpyridinium chloride(HPC), Beer′s law held from 10 to 120μg/10ml, the apparent molar absorptivity and the coefficient of variation being 3.8×104l mol-1 cm-1 and 0.59% (n=10) for 51μg of HPC.In the determination of HPC, the coexistence of short-chain amines, such as triethanolamine and tetramethylammonium, and several basic drugs, such as thiamine and pyridoxine, interfered very little. This method was applied to the determination of long-chain quaternary ammonium salts in gargle and hair-rinse.

Thermal behavior of some long-chain quaternary ammonium salts

In the present work the synthesis and thermal behavior of some long - chain quaternary ammonium salts functionalized in the polar head, of the formula C 12H 25 N + (CH 3) 2 RBr −, are reported. It has been found that these salts form, through a solid-solid transition, a peculiar solid phase of liquid-like character and they also exhibit improved thermal stability compared to non-functionalized n-alkyltrimethylammonium bromides. Furthermore the thermodynamic parameters of these compounds are dependent in a complicated way on the nature of the functional group.

Extractive spectrophotometric determination of mercury(II) with 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol and a long-chain quaternary ammonium salt

Mercury(II) can be extracted quantitatively as a 1:1:2 mercury-4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol-cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride ternary complex in the pH range 7–8. This ternary system obeys Beer's law in the range 0.5–6.25 µg ml–1 of mercury. 1,10-Phenanthroline completely masks the extraction of Hg(II) in the presence of 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol and cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, whereas other divalent metal ions are quantitatively extractable, which can be exploited as an efficient technique for the separation of mercury from other divalent metal ions. Based on these results, useful procedures for the determination of mercury in medicinal samples and synthetic mixture were developed.

Extraction—spectrophotometric determination of copper(II) with 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol and a long-chain quaternary ammonium salt

A simple and highly sensitive extraction—spectrophotometric determination of copper (II) is described. The ion-associate formed between the copper(II)—4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR) anion and tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (TDBA) is extracted with chloroform at pH 9.7. The absorption maximum of the extracted species occurs at 510 nm, the molar absorptivity being 8.05 (± 0.07) × 10 4 l mol -1 cm -1. Beer's Law is obeyed in the concentration range 0.1–0.5 μg Cu ml -1. The composition of the ion-associate is estimated to be [Cu(PAR) 2(TDBA) 2]. The conditional extraction constant is log K' ex ≈ 8. The interference of some cations and anions is studied. The method is suitable for analysis of waters.

Extraction—spectrophotometric determination of traces of cadmium with 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol and a long-chain quaternary ammonium salt

A simple and highly sensitive extraction—spectrophotometric determination of cadmium is described. The ion-associate formed between the cadmium-PAR anionic chelate and cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (CDBA) is extracted with chloroform at pH 10. The absorption maximum of the extracted species occurs at 505 nm, the molar absorptivity being (9.82 ± 0.30) × 10 4 l mol -1 cm -1. The optimal concentration range for measurements is 0.2–1.0 μg Cd ml -1; Beer's law is obeyed. The composition of the ion-associate is estimated to be CdPAR 2-2CDBA. The conditional extraction constant is log K' ex ≈ 8. The stability constant of the cadmium—PAR chelate in aqueous solution is log β 2 = 17.5 ± 0.3. Extraction with N-benzoyl-N-phenylhydroxylamine is used to avoid several interferences. Moderate amounts of zinc are masked with sodium hydroxide.

The analysis of aliquat-336 by gas chromatography

The determination of the quaternary ammonium components of Aliquat-336 by gas chromatography using tetraheptylammonium chloride as an internal standard is described. The method relies on the fact that long-chain quaternary ammonium salts undergo thermal decomposition at high injection port temperatures to form tertiary amines. The major component in Aliquat-336 is methyldioctyldecylammonium chloride with up to four other quaternary ammonium compounds being present. Aliquat-336 also contains 1-octanol and 1-decanol and some water.

Conductance behavior of long-chain amine hydrochlorides in 2-methoxyethanol

The solution behavior of octyl-, decyl-, dodecyl-, tetradecyl-, hexadecyl-, and octadecylamine hydrochloride in 2-methoxyethanol at 25°C was determined by conductance techniques. Data were evaluated by the Fuoss-Shedlovsky, Fuoss-Onsager, and the Fernandez-Prini expanded form of the Pitts and Fuoss-Hsia equations. As expected, the limiting equivalent conductances of the electrolytes decrease as the crystallographic radii of the cations of these salts increase. Little difference is observed in the extent of association of the six long-chain quaternary ammonium salts in 2-methoxyethanol; these salts appear to behave as simple 1∶1 electrolytes within the concentration range of 1–28×10−4M. Included in the present study is a discussion of the previously investigated conductance behavior of these colloidal electrolytes in water.

Some electrochemical properties on a simplified biological membrane model. Effects of some N-substituted phenothiazines and quaternary ammonium salts

The electrochemical effects of some N-substituted phenothiazine derivatives with psychotropic properties and some long-chain quaternary ammonium salts on a lipidic membrane model were investigated. Possible analogies with biological systems are suggested.

Effect of the long-chain quaternary ammonium salt on the fluorimetric determination of zinc using oxine-5-sulfonic acid

Effect of the long-chain quaternary ammonium salt on the fluorimetric determination of zinc using oxine-5-sulfonic acid

Fluorimetric method for the determination of long-chain amines in water

A method is presented for the determination of long-chain quaternary ammonium salts, tertiary amines and secondary amines in water or aqueous raffinates, based on their extraction and fluorimetric determination as amine salts with Eosine Yellowish in toluene—hexanol (4:1) as solvent. No interferences were obtained from metal ions, or chloride, nitrate or phosphate ions when a back-washing method was applied to the sample extract. The method allows the determination of long-chain tertiary amines down to 4 ppM.

CRITICAL PHENOMENON IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF LONG CHAIN QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS. IV. HYAMINE 1622-IODINE COMPLEX SYSTEMS

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCRITICAL PHENOMENON IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF LONG CHAIN QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS. IV. HYAMINE 1622-IODINE COMPLEX SYSTEMSIrving Cohen, Peter Economou, and Anfir LibackyjCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1962, 66, 10, 1829–1834Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1962https://doi.org/10.1021/j100816a013RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views53Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (766 KB) Get e-Alerts

Coacervation in aqueous cationic soap solutions

AbstractThe properties of several coacervating longchain quaternary ammonium salts were studied by means of light‐scattering, viscosity, and diffusion measurements. The aqueous quaternary ammonium‐electrolyte solutions, Hyamine 1622‐NaCl, Hyamine 1622‐NaNO3 and EHDDAB‐NaNO3 systems, which form coacervates, show the following distinctive characteristics as compared to the non‐coacervating Hyamine 1622‐NaAc system: The micellar solute species in a coacervate system is one of relatively low charge density. The addition of electrolyte to a coacervate system produces a tremendous growth of the micellar species prior to two phase formation, in many cases larger than a one hundred fold increase as compared to the salt free solution. The phenomenon of two phase formation in these cationic soap systems shows a pronounced specificity to the anion of the added electrolyte. This specificity may be qualitatively correlated to the ionization properties of the micellar species in the presence of added electrolyte. A relatively narrow electrolyte transition range (ETR) may be described for coacervating systems, intermediate between zero electrolyte concentration and the critical electrolyte concentration necessary for two phase formation, in which a radical reorganization of the soap micelle occurs. Light‐scattering, viscosity and diffusion data for a typical coacervating system, Hyamine 1622‐NaCl‐H2O, indicate that for electrolyte concentrations below the electrolyte transition range, the soap micelle is isotropic. For electrolyte concentration in excess of the electrolyte transition range, the data are consistent with a cylindrical rod‐shaped micellar solute particle.

CRITICAL PHENOMENA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF LONG CHAIN QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS. III. VISCOSITY, DIFFUSION AND CHARGE PROPERTIES

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCRITICAL PHENOMENA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF LONG CHAIN QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS. III. VISCOSITY, DIFFUSION AND CHARGE PROPERTIESIrving Cohen and Tony VassiliadesCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1961, 65, 10, 1781–1786Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1961https://doi.org/10.1021/j100827a022RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views47Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (725 KB) Get e-Alerts

CRITICAL PHENOMENA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF LONG CHAIN QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS. II. SPECIFICITY AND LIGHT SCATTERING PROPERTIES

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCRITICAL PHENOMENA IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF LONG CHAIN QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS. II. SPECIFICITY AND LIGHT SCATTERING PROPERTIESIrving Cohen and Tony VassiliadesCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1961, 65, 10, 1774–1781Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1961https://doi.org/10.1021/j100827a021RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views133Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (969 KB) Get e-Alerts

Critical phenomena in aqueous solutions of long-chain quaternary ammonium salts

Solutions of hyamine 1622 (di-isobutyl phenoxy ethoxy ethyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride) at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration have been studied as a function of NaCl concentration and temperature. At a given temperature there is a critical NaCl concentration above which the system separates into two layers; the top layer is practically free of the quaternary ammonium salt and the bottom layer shows the characteristics of an oil. The volume of the bottom layer decreases with increasing NaCl concentration. Before the onset of the two-phase separation, the turbidity and the dissymmetry of light scattering increases with increasing NaCl concentration. Small temperature changes produce a marked change in the stability of the bottom layer. In the immediate neighborhood of the critical temperature the system exhibits a marked opalescence. The experimental results can be explained in terms of current concepts of critical solution phenomena where NaCl alters the interactions between the micelles of the quaternary ammonium salt. The details of the interactions are given qualitatively by the theory of Verwey and Overbeek.