Fatty Alcohols Research Articles

Development and validation of the chromatography-mass spectrometry technique for polyprenols quantitative assessment

Introduction. Polyprenols are known as a class of natural long-chain isoprenoid alcohols, which are natural bioregulators that directly participate in the synthesis of cell membrane glycoproteins. Their hepatoprotective activity is proven, as well other types of their pharmacological effects are known, which is the reason of significant interest in these substances as a promising medicinal product. It is non-trivial task to determine the sum of polyprenols in extracts as include design and implementation of accurate reproducible analytical methods, which will subsequently be used in standardization.Aim. Development and validation of the chromatographic-mass spectrometric technique for polyprenols identification and their quantitative assessment.Materials and methods. Chromatographic separation of polyprenols was performed by using an HPLC Agilent 1260 Infinity II (Agilent Technologies, США); with the mixture of methanol, n-hexane, propanol-2, and aqueous ammonium acetate solution as eluent in gradient mode. An AB Sciex QTrap® 3200MD (AB Sciex Pte. Ltd., Singapore) triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used as a detector, with the registration of polyprenols adducts.Results and discussion. The conditions for chromatographic separation and detection of polyprenols were identified. The developed technique was validated for the following characteristics: specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity, accuracy, precision, range of application, and stability.Conclusion. It was determined the content of polyprenols in the substance recieved from Ginkgo biloba L. and Picea abies L. The developed technique can be used in the future to assess the content of polyprenols in drug products or pharmaceutical substances.

Functional characterization of fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase, RcFAR1, specially expressed by Rosa chinensis consequent to infection by rose powdery mildew, Podosphaera pannosa

Rose (Rosa chinensis), as the most popular cut flowers in the world, is perennially attacked by rose powdery mildew (Podosphaera pannosa) and beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua). The indirect plant-mediated interactions between these two pests always exist in the ternary system consisting of these three organisms, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms for such interactions. In this paper, we investigated the function of an insect-resistance-related gene in rose, RcFAR1, encoding a fatty acyl coenzyme A reductase. The gene was expressed in the roses when the plants were infected by P. pannosa, and as a consequence, the resistance of the roses against S. exigua was significantly induced. The results from heterologous expression of RcFAR1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that RcFAR1 primarily accumulated primary alcohols, including C12:0, C16:0, and C18:0 by using GC-MS analyses. Overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in 4.0-, 3.6-, 8.2-, and 3.1-fold increases in the contents of fatty alcohols in T1 generation plants of A. thaliana for C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0, respectively, suggesting that RcFAR1 catalyzes the biosynthesis of primary alcohols of C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0 in the plants. Transient expression in the tobacco showed that RcFAR1 localized to the cytoplasm or the cell membrane. Our study has elucidated the molecular mechanism for the synthesis of dodecanol, tetradecanol, hexadecanol and other primary alcohols in P. pannosa-infected roses, and thus revealed one of the important molecular regulatory mechanisms by which the resistances of the roses against S. exigua are induced by the infection of the roses by P. pannosa.

Exploring the Chemical Constituents and Nutritive Potential of Bee Drone (Apilarnil): Emphasis on Antioxidant Properties.

A lesser-known bee product called drone brood homogenate (DBH, apilarnil) has recently attracted scientific interest for its chemical and biological properties. It contains pharmacologically active compounds that may have neuroprotective, antioxidant, fertility-enhancing, and antiviral effects. Unlike other bee products, the chemical composition of bee drone larva is poorly studied. This study analyzed the chemical compostion of apilarnil using several methods. These included liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and a combination of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with solid phase micro-extraction (SPME/GC-MS). Additionally, antioxidant activity of the apilarnil was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. A chemical assessment of apilarnil showed that it has 6.3±0.00, 74.67±0.10 %, 3.65±0.32 %, 8.80±1.01 %, 13.16±0.94 %, and 8.79±0.49 % of pH, moisture, total lipids, proteins, flavonoids, and carbohydrates, respectively. LC-MS/MS analysis and molecular networking (GNPS) of apilarnil exhibited 44 compounds, including fatty acids, flavonoids, glycerophospholipids, alcohols, sugars, amino acids, and steroids. GC-MS detected 30 volatile compounds in apilarnil, mainly esters (24 %), ketones (23.84 %), ethers (15.05 %), alcohols (11.41 %), fatty acids (10.06), aldehydes (6.73 %), amines (5.46), and alkene (5.53 %). The antioxidant activity of apilarnil was measured using DPPH with an IC50 of 179.93±2.46 μg/ml.

Study on the Synthesis, Surface Activity, and Self-Assembly Behavior of Anionic Non-Ionic Gemini Surfactants.

The use of surfactants in oil recovery can effectively improve crude oil recovery rate. Due to the enhanced salt and temperature resistance of surfactant molecules by non-ionic chain segments, anionic groups have good emulsifying stability. Currently, there are many studies on anionic non-ionic surfactants for oil recovery in China, but there is relatively little systematic research on introducing EOs into hydrophobic alkyl chains, especially on their self-assembly behavior. This article proposes a simple and effective synthesis method, using 3-aminopropane sulfonic acid, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether, and epichlorohydrin as raw materials, to insert EO into hydrophobic alkyl chains and synthesize a series of new anionic non-ionic Gemini surfactants (CnEO-5, n = 8, 12, 16). The surface activity, thermodynamic properties, and self-assembly behavior of these surfactants were systematically studied through surface tension, conductivity, steady-state fluorescence probes, transmission electron microscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations. The surface tension test results show that CnEO-5 has high surface activity and is higher than traditional single chain surfactants and structurally similar anionic non-ionic Gemini surfactants. Additionally, thermodynamic parameters (e.g., ΔG°mic ΔH°mic ΔS°mic et al. indicate that CnEO-5 molecules are exothermic and spontaneous during the micellization process. DLS, p-values, and TEM results indicate that anionic non-ionic Gemini surfactants with shorter hydrophobic chains (such as C8EO-5) tend to form larger vesicles in aqueous solutions, which are formed in a tail to tail and staggered manner; Negative non-ionic Gemini surfactants with longer hydrophobic chains (such as C12EO-5, C16EO-5) tend to form small micelles. The test results indicate that CnEO-5 anionic non-ionic Gemini surfactants have certain application prospects in improving crude oil recovery.

Surfactant-Enhanced Assisted Spontaneous Imbibition for Enhancing Oil Recovery in Tight Oil Reservoirs: Experimental Investigation of Surfactant Types, Concentrations, and Temperature Impact

Surfactant-assisted spontaneous imbibition is an important mechanism in enhanced oil recovery by capillary pressure in low permeability and tight oil reservoirs. Though many experiments have been conducted to study the mechanism of enhanced oil recovery by surfactant-assisted spontaneous imbibition, the effects of surfactant type, concentration, and temperature have not been well studied. Using tight sandstone outcrop core samples with similar permeability and porosity, this paper experimentally studies surfactant-assisted spontaneous imbibition using three different surfactant types, i.e., sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), cocamidopropyl betaine (CAB), and C12–14 fatty alcohol glycoside (APG). In addition to the type of surfactant, the effect of the surfactant concentration and the temperature is also investigated. The study results show that the ultimate oil recovery of spontaneous imbibition with formation water and denoised water is about 10%. Surfactant can significantly improve the oil recovery of spontaneous imbibition by reducing the interfacial tension between oil and water, emulsifying crude oil and improving oil mobility. APG showed better performance compared to SDBS and CAB, with a maximum oil recovery factor of 36.19% achieved with formation water containing 0.05% APG surfactant. Lower concentrations (0.05% APG) in the formation water resulted in a higher oil recovery factor compared to 0.1% APG. Increasing temperature also improves oil recovery by reducing oil viscosity. This empirical study contributes to a better understanding of the mechanism of surfactant-assisted spontaneous imbibition and enhanced oil recovery in tight oil reservoirs.

Determination of hydroxyl value of vegetable oils‐based polyols through ring‐preopening, solvent‐extraction, and acetylation method

AbstractVegetable oils‐based polyols prepared by epoxidation‐hydroxylation often have the phenomenon of the coexistence of epoxy and hydroxyl groups due to different ring‐opening degrees. The acylation method recommended by the American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM) standard (D1957‐86) and the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) standard (965.32) is applicable only to fatty alcohols in oils and fats and their derivatives but not to vegetable oils‐based polyols since the residual epoxy groups in vegetable oils‐based polyols lead the tested hydroxyl value (OHV) to be higher than the actual OHV. A method combining ring‐preopening of residual epoxy groups, ether extraction of ring‐preopened vegetable oils‐based polyols, and subsequent acetylation by acetic anhydride‐acetic acid was established for OHV determination of vegetable oils‐based polyols. The accuracy of the method was verified by the known theoretical OHVs of short‐chain alcohols and simulated vegetable oils‐based polyols. The absolute values of relative deviations for OHVs of short‐chain alcohols and simulated vegetable oils‐based polyols were within 1.0% and 3.1%, respectively, which indicates the feasibility of the established method in eliminating the negative effects of residual epoxy groups in vegetable oils‐based polyols on OHV determination as well as accurately determining and evaluating the OHV of vegetable oils‐based polyols. The method can broaden the range of OHV determination up to 1800 mg KOH/g. The ratio of acetic anhydride and acetic acid and reaction time are key factors affecting the complete degree of acetylation, which can be regulated mutually in accurately determining the OHV of vegetable oils‐based polyols according to the practice. It is the first time, to our best knowledge, to establish a method to eliminate the negative effects of residual epoxy groups in vegetable oils‐based polyols on OHV determination. The established method provides a feasible method for polyol industry to accurately evaluate the product quality of vegetable oils‐based polyols.

In-Situ AFM Studies of Surfactant Adsorption on Stainless Steel Surfaces during Electrochemical Polarization

Corrosion inhibitors are one of the best practices to prevent the far-reaching negative impacts of corrosion on ferrous alloys. A thorough understanding of their corrosion-inhibiting effects is essential for a sustainable economy and environment. Anionic surfactants are known to act efficiently as corrosion inhibitors. Here, we present that in-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements can provide deep insights into the adsorption and inhibition mechanism of surfactants on stainless steel surfaces during local corrosion. These include the configuration of surfactant molecules on the surface and how the microstructure of the stainless steel surface influences the inhibition process. Three different anionic surfactants, namely palm kernel oil (PKO), linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), and fatty alcohol ether sulfate (FAES), were investigated on a titanium-stabilized ferritic stainless steel (1.4510) in NaCl solution. For PKO, the results show random adsorption of bi- and multilayer whereas LAS and FAES adsorb only as local corrosion occurs. Thereby, LAS accumulates only locally and especially at the titanium precipitates of the 1.4510 and FAES forms a densely packed monolayer on the surface. This leads to better corrosion inhibiting properties for LAS and FAES compared to PKO.

A sustainable glycolipid hydrotrope‐solubilizer for cleansers and detergents

AbstractAlkyl polyglycosides (APGs), based on renewable glucose and fatty alcohols, are recognized for their performance and biodegradability. Hydrotropic/solubilizing effect properties have already been identified on short‐chain variants such as hexyl and ethylhexyl, but these ingredients were not fully bio‐based. This study investigated the hydrotropic/solubilizing properties of eco‐designed 100% bio‐based heptyl glucoside, under various conditions, compared to industrial and personal care benchmarks and other short chain APGs. Foaming power was firstly evaluated at different temperatures with two static methods. Hydrotropic performance was assessed with a commonly used surfactant in the presence of high electrolyte, acid and alkali concentrations. Further trials were done using ethoxylated rapeseed oil as an oil lubricant model in electrolyte‐charged aqueous solution. The solubilizing effect of hydrophobic additives such as fragrances, essential oils and vitamin E was quantified. Finally, effects on formulation preservation were screened with two natural personal care preservatives. Heptyl glucoside was found to be an effective and versatile hydrotrope for industrial applications, with additional intrinsic lubrication properties. It was also revealed as an efficient solubilizer for personal care products with the additional benefit of reducing the preservative dosage required in natural formulations. Its unusual non‐foaming nature, while not disrupting the foaming capacity of surfactants, makes it suitable for all types of cleansers. The calculated carbon footprint has a low value, making heptyl glucoside a valuable ingredient combining both performance and low environmental impact.

Shotgun Lipidomic Profiling of Sebum Lipids via Photocatalyzed Paternò-Büchi Reaction and Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry.

Sebum lipids are composed of nonpolar lipids, and they pose challenges for mass spectrometry-based analysis due to low ionization efficiency and the existence of numerous isomers and isobars. To address these challenges, we have developed ethyl 2-oxo-2-(pyridine-3-yacetate as a charge-tagging Paternò-Büchi reagent and Michler's ketone as a highly efficient photocatalyst, achieving ∼90% conversion for C═C derivatization under 440 nm LED irradiation. This derivatization, when coupled with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry, boosts the detection of sebum lipids and pinpoints C═C location in a chain-specific fashion. Identification and quantitation of isomers are readily achieved for wax esters, a class of underexplored sebum lipids, which have C═C bonds distributed in fatty alcohol and fatty acyl chains. A shotgun analysis workflow has been developed by pairing the offline PB derivatization with cyclic ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry. Besides the dominant n-10 C═C location in unsaturated wax esters, profiling of low abundance isomers, including the rarely reported n-7 and n-13 locations, is greatly enhanced due to separations of C═C diagnostic ions by ion mobility. Over 900 distinct lipid structures from human sebum lipid extract have been profiled at the chain-specific C═C level, including wax esters (500), glycerolipids (393), and cholesterol esters (22), far more exceeding previous reports. Overall, we have developed a fast and comprehensive lipidomic profiling tool for sebum samples, a type of noninvasive biofluids holding potential for the discovery of disease markers in distal organs.

Biological and Synthetic Surfactants Increase Class I Integron Prevalence in Ex Situ Biofilms.

The role of biocides in the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been addressed but only a few studies focus on the impact of surfactants on microbial diversity and AMR, although they are common constituents of cleaners, disinfectants, and personal care products and are thus released into the environment in large quantities. In this study, we used a static ex situ biofilm model to examine the development of four biofilms exposed to surfactants and analyzed the biofilms for their prevalence of class I integrons as a proxy for the overall abundance of AMR in a sample. We furthermore determined the shift in bacterial community composition by high-resolution melt analysis and 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing. Depending on the initial intrinsic prevalence of class I integrons in the respective ex situ biofilm, benzalkonium chloride, alkylbenzene sulfonate, and cocamidopropyl betaine increased its prevalence by up to 6.5× on average. For fatty alcohol ethoxylate and the biosurfactants sophorolipid and rhamnolipid, the mean increase did not exceed 2.5-fold. Across all surfactants, the increase in class I integrons was accompanied by a shift in bacterial community composition. Especially benzalkonium chloride, cocamidopropyl betaine, and alkylbenzene sulfonate changed the communities, while fatty alcohol ethoxylate, sophorolipid, and rhamnolipid had a lower effect on the bacterial biofilm composition.

Synthesis and emulsion stability of salt resistant viscosity reducer for heavy oil reservoirs with varying salinities

To address the inadequate salt resistance of viscosity reducers and their limited applicability to reservoirs with single salinity, we synthesized salt-resistant viscosity reducers PANxAn in this study. These compounds were derived from fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether acrylate, N-alkyl acrylamide, acrylamide, and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid. The structures were identified using nuclear magnetic hydrogen spectroscopy. We investigated the effects of the hydrophilic group ethoxy-chain length (n = 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22) and hydrophobic group alkyl-chain length (x = 12, 14, 16, and 18) on the salt resistance, interfacial activity, wettability, interfacial viscoelasticity and emulsification viscosity reduction performance of the viscosity reducers. Futher, the structures of the viscosity reducers which can adapt to different salinities were determined. Based on the emulsification viscosity reduction effect, PAN14A16, PAN12A16, PAN12A18, PAN12A20/PAN16A16 and PAN12A22/PAN18A16 adapted to salinities range of 2 × 104-6 × 104, 4 × 104-8 × 104, 6 × 104-10 × 104, 8 × 104-12 × 104 and 10 × 104-14 × 104 mg/L, respectively. At the optimal salinity, PANxAn reduced the oil–water interfacial tension from 28.3 to 5.0 mN/m, dynamic contact angle from 130.0° to 61.0°, and heavy oil viscosity from 454.6 to 60.0 mPa·s with a viscosity reduction rate of 86.80 %. The synthesis of salt-resistant PANxAn provides theoretical guidance and application value for enhancing the recovery efficiency of viscosity-reducer flooding in high-salinity heavy oil reservoirs.

Efektifitas Reaksi Transesterifikasi Minyak Kelapa dan Sereh untuk Pembuatan Perisa Alami dengan Biokatalisator Lipase serta Penggunaan Ultrasonik

In general, flavor are synthesis through enzymatic hydrolysis and esterification reactions (up to 20 hours) using commercial ingredients based on free fatty acids and alcohol. Efficient endeavors utilizing enzymatic transesterification to expedite reactions are necessary to acquire flavored products. Substrates may originate from commercial or natural sources abundant in fatty acids and alcohol. Commercial fatty acids and alcohol (geraniol) are readily available in pure forms. Alternatively, fatty acids can be sourced from coconut oil, while geraniol can be derived from lemongrass oil, which is more cost-effective compared to commercial ingredients. Ultrasonics have emerged as a means to expedite enzymatic. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of ultrasonic power and transesterification reaction time between coconut oil and geraniol on geraniol conversion. Utilizing lipase (415.99 U/g), coconut oil was subjected to transesterification with commercially obtained pure geraniol in a 1:3 weight ratio, conducted in an ultrasonic tank filled with water. Reaction durations spanned 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes, with ultrasonic powers set at 50, 70, and 90 watts. The study findings elucidated that the highest geraniol conversion rate of 50.59% was achieved with 70 watts of ultrasonic power over a 90-minute period. These optimal conditions were subsequently applied to transesterify coconut oil with geraniol from lemongrass oil, yielding a conversion rate of 90.29%. This finding demonsttrate the posibility of employing coconut oil and lemongrass oil in a one-stage transesterification process to produce natural flavors via enzymatic lipase catalysis expedited by ultrasonic technology, facilitating swift reaction times.

Characterization of lipophilic extractives in the wood of anthocephalus cadamba and anthocepalus macrophyllus from progeny trial

This study aims to determine the lipophilic component that affects the quality of pulp and paper products in wood of 10-year-old Anthocephalus cadamba (families 23, 11 and 6) and 5-year-old Anthocepalus macrophyllus (families 75, 85 and 2). The results showed that the main group of compounds that appeared frequently and were identified in the lipophilic fraction were fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, linoleic and stearic acids), fatty alcohols (eicosanol, heneicosanol and tetracosanol), sterols (β-sitosterol and campasterol), hydrocarbons (hexadecane, tricosene and cyclotetracosane), aldehydes, alongside minor amounts of triterpenoid. F11 and F2 can be promoted as raw materials for pulp and paper, while F6 and F75 are not recommended because of the high levels of lipids such as sterols, triterpenoids, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and fatty alcohols.

Experimental study on the impact of “IDS + JFCS” complex wetting agent on the characteristics of coal bodies

As China's coal mines have transitioned to deep mining, the ground stress within the coal seams has progressively increased, resulting in reduced permeability and poor wetting ability of conventional wetting agents. Consequently, these agents have become inadequate in fulfilling the requirements for preventing washouts during deep mining operations. In response to the aforementioned challenges, a solution was proposed to address the issues by formulating a composite wetting agent. This composite wetting agent combines a conventional surfactant with a chelating agent called tetrasodium iminodisuccinate (IDS). By conducting a meticulous screening of surfactant monomer solutions, the ideal formulation for the composite wetting agent was determined by combining the monomer surfactant with IDS. Extensive testing, encompassing evaluations of the composite solution's apparent strain, contact angle measurements, and alterations in the oxygenated functional groups on the coal surface, led to the identification of the optimal composition. This composition consisted of IDS serving as the chelating agent and fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (JFCS).Subsequent assessment of the physical and mechanical performance of the coal briquettes treated with the composite wetting agent revealed notable enhancements. These findings signify significant advancements in the field and hold promising implications. Following the application of the composite wetting agent, notable reductions were observed in the dry basis ash and dry basis full sulfur of coal. Additionally, the water content within the coal mass increased significantly, leading to a substantial enhancement in the wetting effect of the coal body. This enhanced wetting effect effectively mitigated the coal body’s inclination towards impact, thereby offering technical support for optimizing water injection into coal seams and preventing as well as treating impact ground pressure.

Metagenomics unveils the differences in the functions of microbial community of medium-temperature Daqu before and after maturation

Daqu is the saccharifying, fermenting, and aroma-producing agent used in Baijiu brewing, and its maturation is crucial for obtaining high-quality Daqu. Previous studies have explored the microbial community composition and diversity before and after maturation. However, little is known about the changes in the functions of microbial community. In this study, based on the analyses of enzyme activities and volatile compounds of medium-temperature Daqu before and after maturation, metagenomics was used to analyze the differences in the composition of microbial community and the potential functions, with the aim to explore the microorganisms involved in changes in enzyme activities and important volatiles. The results showed that the moisture (P≤0.05), starch content, liquefying activity, saccharifying activity (P≤0.05), and fermentative activity decreased, while the acidity and esterifying activity (P≤0.05) increased after Daqu maturation. In the meantime, the composition of volatile compounds changed significantly (P=0.001), with significant decreases in the contents of aromatic alcohols and esters as well as significant increases in the contents of pyrazines, ketones, and higher fatty alcohols. The relative abundances of Mucorales (34.8%-23.0%) and Eurotiales (34.3%-20.1%) decreased in matured Daqu, and functional predictions showed these changes decreased the gene abundances of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) (P > 0.05), resulting in lower levels of liquefying activity (P > 0.05), saccharifying activity (P≤0.05), fermentative activity (P > 0.05), as well as aromatic alcohols such as phenylethyl alcohol (P≤0.05). In addition, higher relative abundances of Saccharomycetales (2.9%-16.6%), Lactobacillales (14.9%-23.6%), and Bacillales (0.8%-3.8%) were observed after maturation, and they were conducive to improving the gene abundances of alcohol O-acetyltransferase, carboxylesterase, acetolactate decarboxylase, (R)-acetoin dehydrogenase, and (S)-acetoin dehydrogenase (P≤0.05), resulting in significantly higher levels of esterifying activity and pyrazines (P≤0.05). The microorganisms involved in the changes in enzyme activities and important volatiles before and after Daqu maturation were studied at the gene level in this work, which may facilitate further rational regulation for Daqu production.

Preparing vegetable oils-based metalworking fluids by a hydrolysis-esterification two-step process

Oil-soluble esters of free fatty acids were synthesized with a 2-step process including the first step of reacting vegetable oil with water in the presence of sulfuric acid and p-Toluenesulfonic acid as a catalyst, followed by removing water and glycerol, and the second step of reacting the obtained free fatty acids with various polyhydric and fatty alcohols. The best conditions were 190 °C, 6 h, 30 to 1 water to oil molar ratio, 5 wt% PTSA catalyst loading in the hydrolysis reaction (the 1st step), and 150 °C, 10 h, 4 to 1 fatty acid to trimethylolpropane molar ratio, 1 wt% PTSA catalyst loading in the esterification reaction (the 2nd step). Under the best conditions, the process achieved the final product with the 87% yield of free fatty acid trimethylolpropane ester and 82% conversion of free fatty acid. Different esters were made concurring to the aforementioned conditions with distinctive polyhydric and fatty alcohols. Hydrolysis reactions facilitated by catalysts offer an alternative approach to traditional hydrolysis in supercritical conditions, enabling efficient substrate conversion under milder operating conditions. Furthermore, the inclusion of the obtained esters mixed with base oil and additives produced bio-based metalworking fluids with exceptionally lubricant performance in wear resistance, with a wear scar diameter of 0.33 mm.

Cuban Policosanol (Raydel®) Exerts Higher Antioxidant and Anti-Glycation Activities than Chinese Policosanol (BOC Sciences) in Reconstituted High-Density Lipoproteins: In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activities in Zebrafish and Its Embryos.

The present study compares sugarcane-wax purified policosanols sourced from Cuba (Raydel®) and China (BOC Sciences) and utilized following the synthesis of reconstituted high-density lipoproteins (rHDL). The two policosanols exhibited distinctly different ingredient ratios of long-chain aliphatic alcohols, particularly 1-octacosanol (C28) and 1-tetratriacotanol (C34). After synthesizing rHDL with apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the two policosanols bound well with phospholipid and apoA-I to form the discoidal rHDL. Notably, rHDL-1, containing Cuban policosanol, displayed the largest particle diameter at approximately 78 ± 3 nm. In contrast, both control rHDL (rHDL-0) and rHDL containing Chinese policosanol (rHDL-2) exhibited smaller particles, with diameters of approximately 58 ± 3 nm and 61 ± 2 nm, respectively. Furthermore, rHDL-1 demonstrated enhanced anti-glycation activity, safeguarding apoA-I from degradation within HDL, and displayed the antioxidant ability to inhibit LDL oxidation. A microinjection of each rHDL into zebrafish embryos in the presence of carboxymethyllysine (CML) revealed rHDL-1 to have the strongest antioxidant activity with the highest embryo survivability and normal developmental morphology. Dermal application to recover the wound revealed rHDL-1 to have the highest wound-healing activity (75%) and survivability (92%) in the cutaneous wound area in the presence of CML. In adult zebrafish, injecting CML (250 μg) caused acute death and hyperinflammation, marked by heightened neutrophil infiltration and interleukin (IL)-6 production in liver. However, co-administering rHDL-1 notably increased survival (85%) and exhibited strong anti-inflammatory properties, reducing IL-6 production while improving the blood lipid profile. However, a co-injection of rHDL-2 resulted in the lowest survivability (47%) with more hepatic inflammation. In conclusion, Cuban policosanol (Raydel®) has more desirable properties for the in vitro synthesis of rHDL with stronger anti-glycation and antioxidant activities than those of Chinese policosanol (BOC Sciences). Moreover, Raydel-policosanol-integrated rHDL demonstrates a noteworthy effect on accelerated wound healing and robust anti-inflammatory properties, leading to increased survivability in zebrafish embryos and adults by effectively suppressing CML-induced hyperinflammation.

Emerging pollutants in textile wastewater: an ecotoxicological assessment focusing on surfactants.

Water and several chemicals, including dyestuffs, surfactants, acids, and salts, are required during textile dyeing processes. Surfactants are harmful to the aquatic environment and induce several negative biological effects in exposed biota. In this context, the present study aimed to assess acute effects of five surfactants, comprising anionic and nonionic classes, and other auxiliary products used in fiber dyeing processes to aquatic organisms Vibrio fischeri (bacteria) and Daphnia similis (cladocerans). The toxicities of binary surfactant mixtures containing the anionic surfactant dodecylbenzene sulfonate + nonionic fatty alcohol ethoxylate and dodecylbenzene sulfonate + nonionic alkylene oxide were also evaluated. Nonionic surfactants were more toxic than anionic compounds for both organisms. Acute nonionic toxicity ranged from 1.3mg/L (fatty alcohol ethoxylate surfactant) to 2.6mg/L (ethoxylate surfactant) for V. fischeri and from 1.9mg/L (alkylene oxide surfactant) to 12.5mg/L (alkyl aryl ethoxylated and aromatic sulfonate surfactant) for D. similis, while the anionic dodecylbenzene sulfonate EC50s were determined as 66.2mg/L and 19.7mg/L, respectively. Both mixtures were very toxic for the exposed organisms: the EC50 average in the anionic + fatty alcohol ethoxylate mixture was of 1.0mg/L ± 0.11 for V. fischeri and 4.09mg/L ± 0.69 for D. similis. While the anionic + alkylene oxide mixture, EC50 of 3.34mg/L for D. similis and 3.60mg/L for V. fischeri. These toxicity data suggested that the concentration addition was the best model to explain the action that is more likely to occur for mixture for the dodecylbenzene sulfonate and alkylene oxide mixtures in both organisms. Our findings also suggest that textile wastewater surfactants may interact and produce different responses in aquatic organisms, such as synergism and antagonism. Ecotoxicological assays provide relevant information concerning hazardous pollutants, which may then be adequately treated and suitably managed to reduce toxic loads, associated to suitable management plans.

Investigation of ferulic acid recovery from enzymatic hydrolysate of wheat bran using various solvents and liquid-liquid extraction assisted by membrane contactor

Ferulic acid (FA) is the main phenolic compound in wheat bran. Its antioxidant and antibacterial properties make it a valuable product in various field. This study investigates the recovery of FA from an enzymatic hydrolysate of wheat bran via a liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) assisted by membrane contactor (MC). Initially, three alcohols (oleyl alcohol, octan-1-ol, decan-1-ol), two esters (1-octyl acetate and ethyl acetate), and one ketone (methyl isobutyl ketone) were examined for FA recovery from a binary solution with varying pH and initial FA concentrations. Subsequently, the LLE assisted by MC from the enzymatic hydrolysate at both natural pH (5.5) and adjusted pH (4) was studied. The findings indicate that, at pH 4, all the solvents extract over 88–97 % of FA. At pH 5, 6, and 7, only oleyl alcohol and 1-octyl acetate achieve extractions exceeding 82–89 %. The examination of the initial FA concentration ranging from 50 to 250 mg/L showed no significant impact on FA recovery, as all solvents permitted extraction of more than 92 %. The results of the LLE assisted by MC of FA from the enzymatic hydrolysate have shown that initial pH and solvent viscosity play a crucial role in both the kinetics and the maximum recovery yield of FA. Specifically, at pH 4, extraction kinetics are significantly faster, resulting in a potential yield in excess of 97 %. However, higher solvent viscosity decreases extraction kinetics, reducing the mass transfer coefficient. The use of MC proves advantageous in preventing the formation of emulsions, particularly when long-chain alcohols and esters are involved in the process. The obtained results enabled proposing a comprehensive solution to recover FA from biomass, a crucial step in optimizing the utilization of natural phenolic compounds for potential applications across various industries.

Fatty Alcohol-Assisted Electro-Driven Liquid Membrane Multi-Stage Extraction Technology for Selective Separation and Purification of 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge.

3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DHB) is a highly effective water-soluble compound in the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. Which demonstrates clear therapeutic effects against a variety of diseases. Therefore, the development of a selective approach for the separation of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde is of great significance. In this study, electro-driven extraction combined with multi-stage extraction technology was employed for the first time to separate 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde from S. miltiorrhiza Bge. Decoction (Recovery ≥ 46.09%). Five long-chain fatty alcohols were selected as the supported liquid membrane (SLM) in the electro-driven extraction. Factors influencing extraction efficiency, including pH, voltage, and extraction time, were optimized using a design of experiments. Under the optimal conditions, the linearity of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde ranged from 0.01 to 100 μg·mL−1), with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 5 and 17 ng·mL−1, respectively. The precision of electro-driven liquid membrane extraction for 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde was below 8.42%. This paper reports novel electro-driven liquid membrane extraction for selectively isolating 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde from S. miltiorrhiza Bge.