Logical Correctness Research Articles

Estimation of timing characteristics in real-time computer systems using Petri nets

The work is devoted to the problem of determining the time characteristics of tasks in real-time systems, the success of which depends not only on their logical correctness, but also on the time for which they receive the result. Determining such time characteristics of the system at the design stage is a rather difficult problem. Its solution is currently based on the use of two main methods: theoretical calculations related to the calculation of the so-called feasibility criteria and modeling of the system's operation on models. Among the models, statistical models of mass service systems are the most widespread. However, in both the first and second options, it is impossible to obtain a guaranteed result, which significantly complicates the design process. Recently, it has been proposed to use the methods of researching models based on the use of the Petri net apparatus. The paper proposes a method for estimating the time characteristics of tasks in real-time systems by means of data analysis. Obtained by modeling the distribution of processor time between tasks according to the selected algorithms of the scheduler by using a model of the software system in the form of a Petri net. The paper proposes a method for estimating the time characteristics of tasks in real-time systems by means of data analysis. Obtained by modeling the distribution of processor time between tasks according to the selected algorithms of the scheduler by using a model of the software system in the form of a Petri net. The method guarantees obtaining the time characteristics of the tasks when choosing specific types of processor and scheduler, which is required to start the technical design of the real-time system. The use of the proposed mathematical model and a package of application programs allow, at the early stages of the development of a real-time system, to determine the real terms of tasks and choose the optimal option for the implementation of technical and lost support. The proposed mathematical models are based on determining the time characteristics of program execution by modeling the distribution of processor time between tasks, subject to the prior selection of planning algorithms and the characteristics of a complex of technical means. The research is based on the use of simulated statistical models and Petri net models, The use of the proposed tools allows you to significantly reduce the time of analysis of possible options for real-time system implementation, increases the quality of the project and significantly reduces the overall time and cost of the entire development. The paper examines in detail the process of modeling a multitasking computer system using a Petri net device. A concrete example shows the simulation of the operation of a complex of programs, including the development of simulation algorithms, the listing of the simulation program, and the analysis of the obtained results.

Designs of BCD Adder Based on Excess-3 Code in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is a novel nano-electronic technology. QCA has attracted wide attention due to its extremely small feature sizes at the molecular or even atomic scale and ultra-low power consumption, making it a promising candidate to replace the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD) adders are widely used in industrial computing. In this paper, we propose two types of excess-3 code (XS-3) based BCD adders (XS-3DAs). We use ripple-carry adders (RCA) and parallel binary adders (PBA) to construct XS-3DAs in QCA Designer tool, respectively. The PBA-based XS-3DA is constructed with a new correction logic. 4-bit, 8-bit, and 16-bit XS-3DAs are constructed based on the two proposed XS-3DAs, respectively. Comparisons show that, with the increase of design scaling, the delay and area-delay product (ADP) of the PBA-based XS-3DAs can be significantly reduced in comparison with that of the RCA-based XS-3DAs. Compared with the 16-digit RCA-based XS-3DA, the cell count, area, delay and ADP of the proposed 16-digit PBA-based XS-3DA are reduced by 37.88%, 25.99%, 37.68% and 53.88%, respectively.

Interpretable ontology extension in chemistry

Reference ontologies provide a shared vocabulary and knowledge resource for their domain. Manual construction and annotation enables them to maintain high quality, allowing them to be widely accepted across their community. However, the manual ontology development process does not scale for large domains. We present a new methodology for automatic ontology extension for domains in which the ontology classes have associated graph-structured annotations, and apply it to the ChEBI ontology, a prominent reference ontology for life sciences chemistry. We train Transformer-based deep learning models on the leaf node structures from the ChEBI ontology and the classes to which they belong. The models are then able to automatically classify previously unseen chemical structures, resulting in automated ontology extension. The proposed models achieved an overall F1 scores of 0.80 and above, improvements of at least 6 percentage points over our previous results on the same dataset. In addition, the models are interpretable: we illustrate that visualizing the model’s attention weights can help to explain the results by providing insight into how the model made its decisions. We also analyse the performance for molecules that have not been part of the ontology and evaluate the logical correctness of the resulting extension.

One True Logic, by Owen Griffiths and A.C. Paseau

One True Logic is a rare contribution to the most fundamental issues in the philosophy of logic. The book pushes a remarkably clear and uncompromising monistic stance, in a presentation that is historically informed and mathematically intricate, all the while being engaging and instructive. This makes the book a pleasure to read for anyone who is intrigued by foundational questions about logic. Due to its exceptional readability, I expect that readers of all levels will benefit from this book. The philosophical question that underlies any foundational theorising about logic is: which logic is the correct logic? This question presupposes that there is one. The authors do not make this presupposition, and the first part of the book asks whether there is one correct logic, or rather none or many. Having reached monism as a conclusion, mainly through a negative critique of the now popular pluralistic stance, the second, more extensive part of the book, draws the contours of the one true logic, and the third responds to objections. The main claim of the book is that the one true logic is infinitary, and to a maximal extent.

SP-NLG: A Semantic-Parsing-Guided Natural Language Generation Framework

We propose SP-NLG: A semantic-parsing-guided natural language generation framework for logical content generation with high fidelity. Prior studies adopt large pretrained language models and coarse-to-fine decoding techniques to generate text with logic; while achieving considerable results on automatic evaluation metrics, they still face challenges in terms of logical fidelity based on human evaluation. Inspired by semantic parsing, which translates natural language utterances into executable logical forms, we propose to guide the generation process with a semantic parser. Different from semantic parsing and QA tasks, of which the logical correctness can be evaluated based on the execution result, the logic information of the generated content is implicit. To leverage a semantic parser for generation, we propose a slot-tied back-search algorithm. We follow the coarse-to-fine generation scheme, but instead of filling the slots with model predictions, which is less uncontrolled, the slot values are offline searched by the algorithm. The slot-tied back-search algorithm ties the parameters of a logic form with the slots of a template in one-to-one correspondence. We back-search the arguments that correctly execute the logic form and fill the arguments (as slot values) into the textual template to generate the final target, which ensures the logical correctness. Experiment results of a model built on SP-NLG demonstrates that our framework achieves high fidelity on logical text generation.

Analysis of Grid Current Distortion and Waveform Improvement Methods of Dual-Active-Bridge Microinverter

Due to its merits of fewer power switches, a wide zero-voltage switching range, and high efficiency, the dual-active-bridge (DAB) microinverter is drawing growing interest. However, it has an inherent issue of grid current distortion and spikes, which deteriorate the total current distortion. Existing literature mainly focuses on modulation strategies and barely analyzes the underlying causes, let alone the methods to improve grid current quality. This article fills this blank by revealing the dead-time effect on grid current distortion from two aspects. Several methods are proposed to improve the grid current quality and are compared in detail. Besides, a complete set of grid current closed-loop control methods is proposed based on the DAB microinverter modeling. The control method not only provides the correct control logic but also eliminates the immanent time-varying and condition-dependent features of the control loop, making the proposed current control method self-adaptive and universal. The analyses and the proposed control method are all validated by experimental results.

Perspectival Logical Pluralism

Logical pluralism is the view that there is more than one formal logic that correctly (or best, or legitimately) codifies the logical consequence relation in natural language. This essay provides a taxonomy of different variations on the logical pluralist theme based on a five-part structure, and then identifies an unoccupied position in this taxonomy: perspectival logical pluralism. Perspectival pluralism provides an attractive position from which to formulate a philosophy of logic from a feminist perspective (and from other, identity-based perspectives, such as critical race theory). An example of how such an account might be developed is sketched. The essay concludes by defusing an obvious objection to the perspectival approach: the claim that the correct logic (or logics), in virtue of the formal nature of logic, should be independent of considerations regarding the identity of the reasoner.

Исследование свойств отказоустойчивой структуры комбинационного устройства, реализованной по методу логической коррекции сигналов с контролем вычислений по модифицированным кодам Хэмминга

A fault-tolerant structure for combinational-type automation devices is considered, which does not imply the introduction of modular precision into the structure of the original device. In the fault-tolerant structure, using the method of logical correction of signals, a special block for fixing distorted signals is synthesized, and using a modified Hamming code, a concurrent error-detection circuit for the source object is synthesized. Correction is carried out using the output signal correction unit controlled by the concurrent error-detection control circuit and block for fixing distorted signals. This allows us to correct errors at any outputs of the source device, which are fixed by the concurrent error-detection circuit. Compared to parity codes used to control calculations testing, Hamming codes have improved detecting ability, which reduces the probability of error masking. An example is given demonstrating the process of modeling the operation of the fault-tolerant structure in case of occurrence of single stuck-at faults in it. The proposed method for synthesis of a fault-tolerant device could be used in implementation of automation and computer technology devices.

Culture of logical thinking as an important component of personality formation

The article considers the culture of logical thinking as an important component of personality formation. It is emphasized that human thinking is subject to logical laws and proceeds in logical forms regardless of the science of logic. Logical thinking is defined as the ability to analyze a situation, event or phenomenon and as the ability to rationally predict the future. Logical thinking is close to critical, because it lays the foundation for a comprehensive vision and understanding of reality. Along with the general laws of logical thinking, there are many special methods by which tasks in various fields of knowledge are solved. The laws of logic are described. The truth of thought and the logical correctness of reasoning are highlighted. Logical thinking is defined as the ability to analyze a situation, event or phenomenon and as the ability to rationally predict the future. Logical thinking is close to critical, because it lays the foundation for a comprehensive vision and understanding of reality. At the same time, it also requires a certain mastery of the skill of abstract thinking, the ability to analyze, compare and interpret information. Along with the general laws of logical thinking, there are many special methods that solve problems in various fields of knowledge (for example, the Fourier method in mathematics, mathematical modeling methods in engineering, statistical methods in psychology, etc.). Today, there is hardly a field of intellectual work that does not have such special means of thinking. The time of amateurs has passed, specialists are needed everywhere who have the appropriate level of professional culture and possess the means and methods of professional thinking. The development of a culture of logical thinking of an individual has its own characteristics and is determined by a natural change of stages, in which each previous one prepares the next ones. With the emergence of new forms of thinking, old forms do not disappear, they are preserved and developed. More complex cognitive tasks become more accessible. They develop the ability to reason, justify their judgments, compare, generalize, specify. There is a transition from visual and figurative to verbal and logical thinking.

SYMBIOSIS OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: NEW OPPORTUNITIES IN ONCOLOGY

SYMBIOSIS OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: NEW OPPORTUNITIES IN ONCOLOGY

A Gaussian Type-2 Fuzzy Programming Approach for Multicrowd Congestion-Relieved Evacuation Planning

Large-scale emergencies occur frequently around the world, causing serious casualties. Emergency evacuation is one of the top priorities after a disaster. Due to the uncertain and complex evacuation processes, evacuation plans obtained in a deterministic context may not meet the requirements of practical engineering applications. This research considers a multi-crowd congestion-relieved evacuation problem in Gaussian Type-2 fuzzy environments. A path-based one destination network flow (P-ODNF) model is developed for the problem formulation. To relieve the traffic congestion, a multi-point diversion evacuation strategy is employed in the model’s construction. The uncertainties associated with the evacuation process are expressed as Gaussian Type-2 fuzzy variables. A critical value-based defuzzification technique is adopted to handle the Type-2 fuzziness. Based on the credibility measure, the uncertain P-ODNF model is transformed into its deterministic counterpart. An efficient adaptive chaos particle swarm optimization algorithm (A-CPSO) is designed for model solving. Several numerical experiments are performed to demonstrate the proposed methodology. A sensitivity analysis is performed to illustrate the logical correctness of the proposed defuzzification process. The computational results show that A-CPSO is competitive in both its effectiveness and efficiency. The proposed methodology can coordinate multiple simultaneous evacuation processes to relieve congestion and improves the overall evacuation efficiency.

Compressor based hybrid approximate multiplier architectures with efficient error correction logic

A new approximate unsigned multiplier architecture has been proposed in this paper, which aims to minimize the area utilized and power consumed while maintaining high accuracy. The proposed architecture is segmented into the least significant region (LSR), the approximate region, and the accurate region (most significant region). In LSR, the partial products (PPs) are reduced using four methods. In contrast, in the approximate region, two new approximate compressors are used to reduce the PPs, and the error arising from the approximate compressors is neutralized using an efficacious error-correcting module. For the 8-bit multipliers, the results indicate that the proposed designs, when compared against the exact design, achieve an increment of 26.5% and 32.2% in power and power-delay-product, respectively, and when compared with other approximate designs, achieve an improvement of 18.4% and 26.4%, respectively. Finally, proposed designs are evaluated using image processing and neural network applications.

Performance Evaluation of a Low Energy Universal Gate for VLSI with 16nm Technology

NAND & NOR logic gates are general purpose logic gates that can be used to build other logic gates. This article describes a new NAND gate based on 3T (3 transistors) which has the correct output logic level and behaves similarly to the previous design NAND gate logic. The proposed structure has faster processing and lower power consumptionwhat makes it ideal for large-scale integration (VLSI) applications. Typical 16nm CMOS fabrication techniques were used for simulation, building Nand Gate, and to compare it to Nand Gate with different techniques and design such as using four transistors. It turns out that the amount of delay in this desgin with the selected technology compared to other projects with other technologies is less, that is, 0.02966 ns, which proves that the smaller the delay, the faster the gate operates.

A Trusted Security Key Management Server in LoRaWAN: Modelling and Analysis

The traditional Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) uses an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 128 bit symmetric key to secure entities and data against several attacks. However, due to the existence of heterogeneous applications, designing a globally accepted and resilient LoRaWAN security model is challenging. Although several security models to maximize the security efficiency in LoRaWAN exist using the trusted key server to securely manage the keys, designing an optimum LoRaWAN security model is yet to be fully realized. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed two LoRaWAN security algorithms, A and B, for a trusted key management server (TKMS) to securely manage and distribute the keys amongst the entities. Algorithm B is an enhanced version of Algorithm A, which utilizes the security shortcomings of Algorithm A. We employed two formal analysis methods in the modelling, results analysis, and verification. The Scyther security verification tool was used for algorithm modelling and analysis against all possible attacks, while BAN logic was used to prove the logical correctness of the proposed algorithms. The results indicate that BAN logic feasibly proves the model logic correctness and the security claims employed in Scyther are reliable metrics for assessing the algorithms’ security efficiency. The security claims proved that the security algorithm is more secure and reliable as no attacks were detected across all entities in the enhanced-Algorithm B, unlike in Algorithm A. Moreover, the application of hashing minimizes computation cost and time for authentication and message integrity as compared to symmetric and asymmetric encryption. However, the proposed algorithm is yet to be verified as completely lightweight.

Research on Parameter Spatialization and Adaptive Correction Models in Fluid Numerical Simulations

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulations play an important role in many research fields, including hydrological basins, rivers, floods, and dam breaks. Currently, much research mainly pursues accuracy, efficiency, scale, dimensions, etc. In most models, the influencing parameters are adjusted manually, and only one constant is designed in a calculation area, resulting in a lack of heterogeneity in the variable space. In this article, using the idea of spatial interpolation by designing some control points along the river, a spatial design of the Manning coefficient is proposed in the CFD numerical simulation, and an adaptive correction model considering the different correction logic is researched to calibrate the model. Finally, the model is proven to be correct and effective, and it is converged with the Malpasset Dam-breaking case. It can help reduce the artificial calibration and improve simulation accuracy by designing the spatial adaptive correction parameter.

Actris 2.0: Asynchronous Session-Type Based Reasoning in Separation Logic

Message passing is a useful abstraction for implementing concurrent programs. For real-world systems, however, it is often combined with other programming and concurrency paradigms, such as higher-order functions, mutable state, shared-memory concurrency, and locks. We present Actris: a logic for proving functional correctness of programs that use a combination of the aforementioned features. Actris combines the power of modern concurrent separation logics with a first-class protocol mechanism -- based on session types -- for reasoning about message passing in the presence of other concurrency paradigms. We show that Actris provides a suitable level of abstraction by proving functional correctness of a variety of examples, including a channel-based merge sort, a channel-based load-balancing mapper, and a variant of the map-reduce model, using concise specifications. While Actris was already presented in a conference paper (POPL'20), this paper expands the prior presentation significantly. Moreover, it extends Actris to Actris 2.0 with a notion of subprotocols -- based on session-type subtyping -- that permits additional flexibility when composing channel endpoints, and that takes full advantage of the asynchronous semantics of message passing in Actris. Soundness of Actris 2.0 is proven using a model of its protocol mechanism in the Iris framework. We have mechanised the theory of Actris, together with custom tactics, as well as all examples in the paper, in the Coq proof assistant.

Research on the Construction of the Quality Evaluation Model System for the Teaching Reform of Physical Education Students in Colleges and Universities under the Background of Artificial Intelligence

With the continuous progress of the times, the reform of physical education teaching in colleges and universities has to be promoted day by day. The most important task in the process of reform is how to improve the quality of physical education teaching. Only by reforming colleges and universities can we transport outstanding talents into the society. It is very important to improve the teaching quality by improving the physical education quality evaluation system. As artificial intelligence technology has been more and more widely used in different fields, various educational administration systems based on information management have been established in various colleges and universities. On the one hand, it has brought great convenience to the management of physical education in colleges and universities and improvement of the efficiency of sports education management, but on the other hand, there are many shortcomings in the process of practical application. For example, the application of the database does not fully reflect its function and convenience, and it is only used at the level of query and statistics. Therefore, a better evaluation system of physical education teaching quality has become the common expectation of all colleges and universities. This paper makes a powerful analysis of the current quality evaluation of physical education in colleges and universities and proposes a method of establishing a basic framework through expert systems, filling in details with the idea of knowledge base and fuzzy sets, and further using a three-layer B/S framework model to design universal teaching quality assessment system. When discussing the requirements, functional framework, and actual development of the teaching evaluation system, the characteristics of the traditional physical education evaluation model are deeply analyzed, and the system’s interactivity, flexibility, accuracy, and fairness are emphasized in the implementation process. Object-oriented design and analysis are carried out on the requirements of the system, and finally, black-box testing is carried out to ensure the reliability and correctness of the system logic.

Image tamper detection and correction using Merkle tree and remainder value differencing

This article proposes an image tamper detection and correction technique. It uses the principle of differencing and addresses the fall off boundary problem (FOBP). It operates on 2 × 2 non-overlapped blocks. From each pixel of a block the decimal value for 4 most significant bits (MSBs), is called as quotient, and the decimal value for 4 least significant bits (LSBs) is called as remainder. The 4 watermark bits (WBs) are computed from 4 quotients as the root of Merkle tree. These 4 WBs are XORed with the 4 bits generated from logistic map sequence to generate the 4 recovery bits (RBs). The 4 WBs and 4 RBs are stored in 4 remainders by LSB alteration and remainder value differencing (RVD). While extracting the watermark, the tampered blocks can be identified and a correction logic can be applied to get the true value of the pixels in the block. The peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) value is 42.02 dB and structural similarity (SSIM) index value is 0.9765. The tampered blocks can be accurately identified and corrected.

Analysis of the Application of Feedback Filtering and Seq2Seq Model in English Grammar

Natural language processing (NLP) technology is widely used in grammatical error correction, but its error correction logic is complex and fault-tolerant, which leads to low accuracy. With the progress of deep learning and big data analysis technology, a new method is proposed in the technical means of English grammar error correction. This paper proposes a deep learning model-based feedback grammar error correction method, which can effectively improve the accuracy and tolerance of grammar error correction. Firstly, the Seq2Seq model with attention mechanism is proposed, and then the feedback filtering model is integrated, so that the existing errors or inefficient grammars can be corrected again, thus improving the efficiency of the model. Through a large number of text detection, the model proposed in this paper has high execution efficiency and application ability and can widely meet the needs of English translation and grammar correction.

The actual challenge for the ontological argument

Abstract Many versions of the ontological argument have two shortcomings: First, despite the arguments put forward, for example, by Hugh Chandler and Nathan Salmon, they assume that S5 is the correct modal logic for metaphysical modality. Second, despite the classical arguments put forward, for example, by David Hume and Immanuel Kant or the more recent arguments put forward, for example, by John Findlay and Richard Swinburne, they assume that necessary existence is possible. The aim of the paper is to develop an alternative version of the ontological argument that, by an appeal to the logic of ‘actually’, avoids these two shortcomings. The version helps to leave aside unnecessary debates about the modal logic S5 or about the possibility of necessary existence and to focus on the actual challenge for the debate about the ontological argument: the challenge to evaluate the claim that it is possible that God exists.