Logical Problems Research Articles

El Cid: Can an Aesthetics Lens Save Transformational Leadership from Itself?

Countless articles and books have been written about transformational leadership theory since the late 1970s when it first appeared in the literature. The purpose of this conceptual paper is to illustrate that transformational leadership contains both logical and psychological problems when explaining the nature of leadership and as an empirically supportable and verifiable construct. It aims to show that its failure to garner evidence from a scientific methodological analysis may not invalidate its efficacy if it is viewed from an alternative lens, such as aesthetics. An aesthetic frame is one that recognizes sensuous ways of knowing since feelings and emotions are just as important as reason and logic. An aesthetic approach to leadership would see leadership as more of an art than a science. This paper is not arguing for the abandonment of transformational leadership theory; rather it is saying that an aesthetic lens is likely to yield a richer, more artistic, and more nuanced account of what is understood and enacted as transformational leadership. This way, the manifestations of transformational leadership may live on in the arts and continue to inspire and motivate us.

Logical thinking skills and problem solving skills of the Grade 12 STEM students of University of Northern Philippines: A basis for extension plan

Logical thinking skills and problem solving skills of the Grade 12 STEM students of University of Northern Philippines: A basis for extension plan

Initial state‐dependent implementation of logic gates with memristive neurons

AbstractThis study introduces a simple memristor cellular neural network structure, a minimalist configuration with only two cells, designed to concurrently address two logic problems. The unique attribute of this system lies in its adaptability, where the nature of the implemented logic gate, be it AND, OR, and XOR, is determined exclusively by the initial states of the memristors. The memristors' state, alterable through current flow, allows for dynamic manipulation, enabling the setting of initial conditions and consequently, a change in the circuit's functionality. To optimize the parameters of this dynamic system, contemporary machine learning techniques are employed, specifically gradient descent optimization. Through a case study, the potential of leveraging intricate circuit dynamics is exemplified to expand the spectrum of problems solvable with a defined number of neurons. This work not only underscores the significance of adaptability in logical circuits but also demonstrates the efficacy of memristive elements in enhancing problem‐solving capabilities.

Pengaruh Cara Berfikir Logis Terhadap Kemampuan Menyelesaikan Soal Logika Pada Siswa Kelas 11

The ability to think logically has a very important role in the learning process, because high logical thinking abilities can guide students to solve problems accurately and purposefully. Logic material is a type of mathematical material that prioritizes logical thinking in every problem solution. Students often experience confusion when solving logic problems, even though logic material is material that does not use number calculations, students often do not understand logic problems which results in low learning grades. This research was conducted on 50 grade 11 students at Mandiri Palembang High School. The aim of this research is to see how much influence students' logical thinking abilities have in solving mathematical logic problems. Statistical testing in this study used simple regression analysis by conducting a t test using the SPSS 26.00 application. Data collection in this study used tests in the form of questions to measure students' thinking abilities in solving logical problems. The research results show that the t value > t tabel is 2.963 which is greater than the t tabel of 1.993. This shows that there is an influence on grade 11 students' logical thinking abilities on their ability to solve logical problems.

Replication of null results: Absence of evidence or evidence of absence?

In several large-scale replication projects, statistically non-significant results in both the original and the replication study have been interpreted as a 'replication success.' Here, we discuss the logical problems with this approach: Non-significance in both studies does not ensure that the studies provide evidence for the absence of an effect and 'replication success' can virtually always be achieved if the sample sizes are small enough. In addition, the relevant error rates are not controlled. We show how methods, such as equivalence testing and Bayes factors, can be used to adequately quantify the evidence for the absence of an effect and how they can be applied in the replication setting. Using data from the Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology, the Experimental Philosophy Replicability Project, and the Reproducibility Project: Psychology we illustrate that many original and replication studies with 'null results' are in fact inconclusive. We conclude that it is important to also replicate studies with statistically non-significant results, but that they should be designed, analyzed, and interpreted appropriately.

Replication of null results: Absence of evidence or evidence of absence?

In several large-scale replication projects, statistically non-significant results in both the original and the replication study have been interpreted as a ‘replication success.’ Here, we discuss the logical problems with this approach: Non-significance in both studies does not ensure that the studies provide evidence for the absence of an effect and ‘replication success’ can virtually always be achieved if the sample sizes are small enough. In addition, the relevant error rates are not controlled. We show how methods, such as equivalence testing and Bayes factors, can be used to adequately quantify the evidence for the absence of an effect and how they can be applied in the replication setting. Using data from the Reproducibility Project: Cancer Biology, the Experimental Philosophy Replicability Project, and the Reproducibility Project: Psychology we illustrate that many original and replication studies with ‘null results’ are in fact inconclusive. We conclude that it is important to also replicate studies with statistically non-significant results, but that they should be designed, analyzed, and interpreted appropriately.

Categoricity Problem for LP and K3

AbstractEven though the strong relationship between proof-theoretic and model-theoretic notions in one’s logical theory can be shown by soundness and completeness proofs, whether we can define the model-theoretic notions by means of the inferences in a proof system is not at all trivial. For instance, provable inferences in a proof system of classical logic in the logical framework do not determine its intended models as shown by Carnap (Formalization of logic, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1943), i.e., there are non-Boolean models that satisfy its provable inferences. In the literature, this is known as the Categoricity problem or Carnap’s problem. In this paper, we will discuss the Categoricity problem (or Carnap’s problem) for three-valued logics K3 and LP. We will provide three different restrictions on admissible models that will deliver us categoricity results, some of which draw from the solutions provided for the Categoricity problem for classical logic in Belnap and Massey (Stud Log 49(1):67–82, 1990) and Bonnay and Westerståhl (Erkenntis 81(4):721–739, 2016). We will then argue that two of those solutions are philosophically well-motivated: (1) restricting the admissible models where negation is interpreted as a Strong Kleene truth-function, and (2) restricting the admissible models where a complex formula is assigned the third value when its immediate subformulas are assigned the third value.

What Differentiates Believers and Non-Believers of Conspiracy Theories? A Structural Analysis of Semantic Networks Regarding the Social Representations of Covid-19 Pandemic

Belief in conspiracy theories is close related with the adoption of behavioral patterns often associated with a direct dispute of scientific research, institutional and governmental practices. The recent Covid-19 pandemic revealed an ecosystem of stories and narratives promoting alternative explanations about a real public threat. The exposure to these narratives and their persuasion towards people’s cognitive structures is a crucial issue to be examined to identify the different strategies implemented, by individuals and groups, in order to address a direct threat to society. In the current exploratory research, we examined whether believing in conspiracy theories about Covid-19 pandemic, is possible to predict semantic networks as cognitive structures. The analysis of the research findings provided different patterns of thought about individual exposure to Covid-19 conspiracy theories, their persuasiveness, and the different levels of compliance to (state-promoted) health measures.
 We discuss the importance of future research focusing on the level of acceptance of the role of different social institutions. A systematic analysis of conspiracy theories rationale is possible to address the cognitive bias organized on belief systems that offer a logical problem solving in social uncertainties. A more thorough study on the individual and group perception of the role of institutions, the level of their acceptance or dispute, as well as their direct and indirect impact on the development of socially responsible behaviors, within a shared social reality, could enhance our knowledge towards the development of effective social policies to confront the next public health crisis.

TECHNOLOGY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MACHINE-GRAPHICS PROFILE OF A PARTS AND ASSEMBLY UNITS IN TRAINING SKETCHES

The purpose of studying the discipline “Engineering Graphics” is to acquire skills in working with engineering and graphic information: mapping spatial objects to orthogonal planes in the form of a drawing (direct task), reading a drawing (inverse task), ultimately solving spatial and logical problems. The necessity to start performing graphic works with a pencil, paper, using drawing and graphic tools is shown and justified, and only then to involve modern computer technologies for these purposes. Not the ability to work with a pencil; it is not understood that the use of computer graphics hardware and software at the initial stage leads to the loss of graphic competence of the graduate, and ultimately to a decrease in the competitive ability of specialists.

The addition of temporal neighborhood makes the logic of prefixes and sub-intervals EXPSPACE-complete

A classic result by Stockmeyer gives a non-elementary lower bound to the emptiness problem for star-free generalized regular expressions. This result is intimately connected to the satisfiability problem for interval temporal logic, notably for formulas that make use of the so-called chop operator. Such an operator can indeed be interpreted as the inverse of the concatenation operation on regular languages, and this correspondence enables reductions between non-emptiness of star-free generalized regular expressions and satisfiability of formulas of the interval temporal logic of chop under the homogeneity assumption. In this paper, we study the complexity of the satisfiability problem for suitable weakenings of the chop interval temporal logic, that can be equivalently viewed as fragments of Halpern and Shoham interval logic. We first consider the logic $\mathsf{BD}_{hom}$ featuring modalities $B$, for \emph{begins}, corresponding to the prefix relation on pairs of intervals, and $D$, for \emph{during}, corresponding to the infix relation. The homogeneous models of $\mathsf{BD}_{hom}$ naturally correspond to languages defined by restricted forms of regular expressions, that use union, complementation, and the inverses of the prefix and infix relations. Such a fragment has been recently shown to be PSPACE-complete . In this paper, we study the extension $\mathsf{BD}_{hom}$ with the temporal neighborhood modality $A$ (corresponding to the Allen relation \emph{Meets}), and prove that it increases both its expressiveness and complexity. In particular, we show that the resulting logic $\mathsf{BDA}_{hom}$ is EXPSPACE-complete.

NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF COVID-19: CURRENT APPROACH AND CLINICAL RECOMMENDATIONS

Nearly two years into the pandemic, a large body of data has emerged on how COVID-19-positive patients function with the viral infection. It is now known that the virus targets the central nervous system(CNS). As a result, in addition to the expected common health complaints, patients display cognitive and emotional problems. Cognitive deficits should be expected particularly in patients who have arrived at an intensive care unit as a result of respiratory failure, in patients suffering from comorbid neurodegenerative diseases and respiratory conditions, as well as in the elderly. However, these may also occur in patients with moderate to mild symptoms as well as in those of a younger age. The cognitive impairment has an unknown profile. Given the hypothesised hippocampal vulnerability to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, one might expect particular difficulties with memory, attention, information processing, and executive functions. With varying neuropsycho- logical and emotional problems, convalescents in trying to return to their social, family and professional life require professional psychological assistance. The role of neuropsychologists is here crucial. Indeed, many patients will require a detailed, multifaceted neuropsychological diagnosis that will form the basis for subsequent neuropsychological rehabilitation. An early detection of neuropsychological manifestations could modify the risk of subsequent irreversible impairment and further neurocognitive decline.

Analyzing Argumentative Texts Produced by English Education Master's Students at UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

This research investigates the grammatical construction and common logical problems in argumentative essays produced by Master of English Education students at UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. This study utilized a qualitative research framework and content analysis as the design. The data collection involves a detailed syntactical analysis, facilitated by Shang’s syntax tree generator, with the researcher actively engaged in the evaluation and categorization of grammatical and logical elements. The main arguments are identified, and connections to the overarching thesis are established. Systematic coding is applied to categorize findings, encompassing sentence structure, evidence usage, tone, logical connectives, cohesions, counterarguments, and identification of logical fallacies. Findings reveal notable technical errors in sentence construction, especially in constructing complex sentences. Moreover, difficulties in understanding the appropriate genre in argumentative writing and logical errors in expressing opinions and drawing conclusions are identified. This study discovered that students encounter difficulties in maintaining a coherent and logically sound progression of ideas throughout their essays.

4-Clique network minor embedding for quantum annealers

Quantum annealing is a quantum algorithm for computing solutions to combinatorial optimization problems. This study proposes a method for minor embedding optimization problems onto sparse quantum annealing hardware graphs called 4-clique network minor embedding. This method is in contrast to the standard minor embedding technique of using a path of linearly connected qubits in order to represent a logical variable state. The 4-clique minor embedding is possible on Pegasus graph connectivity, which is the native hardware graph for some of the current D-Wave quantum annealers. The Pegasus hardware graph contains many cliques of size 4, making it possible to form a graph composed entirely of paths of connected 4-cliques on which a problem can be minor-embedded. The 4-clique chains come at the cost of additional qubit usage on the hardware graph, but they allow for stronger coupling within each chain, thereby increasing chain integrity, reducing chain breaks, and allow for greater usage of the available energy scale for programming logical problem coefficients on current quantum annealers. The 4-clique minor embedding technique is compared with the standard linear path minor embedding with experiments on two D-Wave quantum annealing processors with Pegasus hardware graphs. We show proof-of-concept experiments where the 4-clique minor embeddings can use weak chain strengths while successfully carrying out the computation of minimizing random all-to-all spin glass problem instances. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Solving nonograms using neural networks

Nonograms are logic puzzles in which cells in a grid must be colored or left blank according to the numbers that are located in its headers. In this study, we analyze different techniques to solve this type of logical problem using an Heuristic Algorithm, Genetic Algorithm, and Heuristic Algorithm with Neural Network. Furthermore, we generate a public dataset to train the neural networks. We published this dataset and the code of the algorithms. Combination of the heuristic algorithm with a neural network obtained the best results. From state of the art review, no previous works used neural network to solve nonograms, nor combined a network with other algorithms to accelerate the resolution process.

A review on multiple-valued logic circuits

Since the traditional binary logic has several disadvantages including inaccuracy, high complexity, and limited applications. Multiple-Valued Logic (MVL), which can store more information in one digit than binary logics, require less number of logic gates and take the third value in practical logic problems, is developed and introduced. More information stored per digit leads to higher computational efficiency. Less logic gates results in more spaces on the circuit board. Considering the third value means higher accuracy. In this research, some examples of different MVL circuit are designed to give a rough picture of current research in this domain. These designs are based on ternary and quaternary logics rather than binary logics. Besides, reliability evaluation through mathematical approach is presented in order to prove that the new design is more preferable. This can be carried out with mathematical analysis such as calculating a matrix that reflects its reliability, and simulating different designs to obtain certain values and comparing them with each other. Despite facing various challenges, including complicated physical implementation and difficulty to modulate the signals. This means that there is still potential of further research in this domain of logic circuits. This result in the conclusion that the MVL logic circuits will replace the conventional binary logic circuits in the future, and probably that decimal logic would be developed and no binary-to-decimal conversion unit will be required.

Would God Really Send Me to Hell for Stealing a Wispa Bar?

This paper discusses the problem of Hell, defending the Aquinas-Anselm-Edwards response that any immoral act deserves eternal punishment because it offends against God. I argue that the response is more defensible than one might at first think, but nevertheless faces a serious objection. If we differentiate two different problems of Hell—the logical problem and the evidential problem—we see that, in light of this objection, the Aquinas-Anselm-Edwards response only solves the logical problem of Hell.

Objective embodiment of logic: from computational machines to life and intelligence?

The subject of article is a critical analysis of the objectification of logic and, in particular, the idea of its embodiment in the living. The question of the essence and boundaries of the concept of bio-logic is raised and considered. The problem of logics's embodiment raises from its fuzzy ontological status. The novelty of the study lies in that it shows that the solution of the question of bio-logic directly depends on the question of the essence of logics as such, the views on which has gone through strong transformations during its history. Idea of logic's objectivization has became possible due to not only conceptual philosophical constructions, but also the computational revolution, which made practical implementation of logical principles in the functioning of computing machines possible. Concept of logic has subtly expanded and transformed into the idea of orderliness and algorithmicity. It is shown that such an expansive interpretation of the logical is not applicable to biosystems, because they are living totalities, where everything is reciprocal and continuously interconnected. Even such computationally similar systems as the genome and the brain turn out to be autopoietic entities that nonlinearly create themselves without following formal rules. Paradoxically, the intelligence, which was considered the cradle of logic, also turns out to be flexible and adaptive, because it is also rooted in biology. The vital fundament of living intelligence prevents its artificial modelling through logico-computational and algorithmic phenomena. Main conclusion is that question of bio-logic depends on the optics of considering logic as such, and is also associated with bio-ontology, an understanding of the essence of life. Our analysis shows that there are not sufficient grounds to recognize the existence of a special biological logic immanent to living things, which, however, has potential as a philosophical and scientific metaphor.

Problems of teaching logic to law students

The problem of teaching logic to lawyers is, first of all, its abstract and formal nature, detached from legal practice. Therefore, secondly, the tendency to restrict or even remove logic from the curricula is provoked. This, thirdly, is followed by the lack of rationale for the majority of court decisions in Ukraine.
 The purpose of the article is to clarify the subject of legal logic - the main question from a range of problems, the solution of which will contribute to the improvement of the quality of training of lawyers.
 The conducted analysis of the research revealed sufficient validity of the subject of legal logic. The sphere of law has a strong-willed and competitive, contradictory character. This determines the need for a special, argumentative reasoning based on natural, not formalized language. It is formed in a practically directed dialogue, taking into account political, moral, etc. factors. At the same time, deductive incorrectness and incompleteness of the premises are possible, provided that the conclusion is rationally substantiated, sufficiently convincing, depending on the context of the legal discourse. Legal considerations suggest doubts about the identity of abstract and concrete objects and deviation from logical rules. This requires additional analytical procedures - interpretation and interpretation based on deductive and inductive models with opposite means and techniques.
 In conclusion, the author’s position is the expediency of interdisciplinary teaching of logic to lawyers in one course with two content modules: formal logic and legal logic. Another option is two relevant courses. The professional level of teaching should be provided, respectively, by professors-philosophers and professors-lawyers. The best are teachers with two relevant educations.

Investigation on the construction of teaching case base in medical genetics.

Medical genetics is a basic medical course that discusses the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases in relation with genetic factors. This course requires students who have abilities of strong logical thinking, independent thinking, problem analyzing and solving. Single "cramming" teaching is difficult to mobilize students' autonomous learning, and hardly achieves teaching effect of medical genetics. Teaching of case-based discussion breaks passive teaching mode in traditional class. The teacher throws out typically clinical cases. The students prepare materials around relevant problems of cases, and carry out class discussion. Then, key and difficult points of the course are integrated in teaching and learning interaction, which reaches a remarkable effect of teaching. Since 2013, the teaching and research group has carried out teaching of case-based discussion in undergraduates majoring in clinical medicine. In this paper, we screen and sort clinical cases on the basis of course teaching plan and case-based discussion in the teaching of medical genetics. The cases are summarized into 8 chapters in teaching case base, which basically cover the teaching of disease genetics and clinical genetics.The construction of teaching case base in medical genetics has realized the deep integration of clinical cases and teaching. Students can understand and master important and difficult points of teaching in a more intuitive way, which is helpful to stimulate students' innovative thinking, improve students' learning interest and class participation.

On the Complexity of Model Checking Knowledge and Time

We establish the precise complexity of the model-checking problem for the main logics of knowledge and time. While this problem was known to be non-elementary for agents with perfect recall, with a number of exponentials that increases with the alternation of knowledge operators, the precise complexity of the problem when the maximum alternation is fixed has been an open problem for 20 years. We close it by establishing improved upper bounds for CTL * with knowledge and providing matching lower bounds that also apply for epistemic extensions of LTL and CTL . We also study the model-checking problem for these logics on systems satisfying the “no learning” property, introduced by Halpern and Vardi in their taxonomy of logics of knowledge and time, and we settle the complexity in almost all cases.