Logic Model Research Articles

Predicting Heat Transfer Enhancement with Twisted Tape Inserts Using Fuzzy Logic Techniques in Heat Exchangers

Fuzzy logic, introduced by Lotfi Zadeh in 1965, is a powerful method for modelling complex experiments. This study utilizes fuzzy logic to simulate and predict heat transfer in a double-pipe heat exchanger equipped with wavy inserts. The inserts, in the form of twisted tapes, have varying twist ratios (TR=9, 7, 6). The study investigates a range of Reynolds numbers (Re) from 6000 to 18000, with friction factors ranging from 0.03620 to 0.08231, and Nusselt numbers (Nu) between 66.13 and 253.28. The results for different twist ratios are compared to the ideal case. The experimental results indicate that the highest heat transfer occurs with a twist ratio of 6, leading to a significant increase of 162% in the Nusselt number and a 36.21% rise in the friction factor compared to the ideal scenario. In the fuzzy logic framework, the input variables are the twist ratio (Tr), temperature, and Reynolds number (Re), while the output variables are the friction factor (f) and Nusselt number (Nu). The study demonstrates that the Mamdani fuzzy inference system is an exceptionally effective tool for predicting experimental outcomes, given its low error rate. Upon analysing the data, it is observed that the graphs plotting the Nusselt number versus Reynolds number and friction factor versus Reynolds number, derived from both experimental data and the fuzzy logic model, exhibit nearly identical trends with a margin of error of just 3%. This high level of accuracy underscores the reliability of the fuzzy logic model in replicating the experimental results.

A qualitative exploration of disseminating research findings among public health researchers in China

BackgroundResearch dissemination is essential to accelerate the translating of evidence into practice. Little is known about dissemination among Chinese public health researchers. This study aimed to explore the understanding and practices of disseminating research findings and to identify barriers and facilitators that influence dissemination activities to non-research audiences.MethodsThis study deployed an exploratory qualitative design with purposive and snowball sampling. One focus group with 5 participants and 12 in-depth interviews were conducted with participants working in diverse fields from universities (n = 10), the National Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (n = 4), the Chinese National Cancer Center (n = 1), the Chinese National Center for Cardiovascular Disease (n = 1), and China office of a global research institute (n = 1) from May to December 2021 to reach saturation. Data were initially analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. The designing for dissemination (D4D) logic model was then used to organize themes and subthemes. Two coders independently coded all transcripts and discussed disparities to reach a consensus.ResultsOut of 17 participants, 12 misunderstood the concept of dissemination; 14 had disseminated to non-research audiences: 10 to the public, 10 to practitioners, and 9 to policymakers. We identified multiple barriers to dissemination to non-research audiences across four phases of the D4D logic model, including low priority of dissemination, limited application of D4D strategies, insufficient support from the research organizations, practice settings, and health systems, and overemphasis on academic publications.ConclusionsThere was a lack of understanding and experience of dissemination, indicating a lack of emphasis on active dissemination in China. We provide implications for raising awareness, building capacity, facilitating multidisciplinary collaboration, providing incentives and infrastructure, changing climate and culture, establishing communication and executive networks, and accelerating systematic shifts in impact focus.

Exploring academic and clinical nurses’ perspectives on evidence-based nursing course for undergraduates from perspectives of academic-practice partnerships: a qualitative study

AimTo explore nurses’ perceptions of evidence-based nursing courses for undergraduates through academic-practice partnerships.DesignA deductive thematic analysis based on the practice-academic logic model.MethodsFifteen academic and clinical nurses were interviewed between November and December 2023, either online or through face-to-face meetings. Each interview lasted 20–30 min. The interview outline was constructed based on the practice-academic partnership logic model, which was followed during the process of recorded, analyzed, and checked.ResultsThemes identified include inputs (e.g., stakeholder commitment), activities (e.g., communication), outputs (e.g., nursing projects), and outcomes (e.g., improved competence). These themes highlight the various aspects and outcomes of academic-practice partnerships in evidence-based nursing courses.ConclusionEffective academic-practice partnerships are crucial for developing evidence-based nursing courses, leading to positive educational and professional outcomes.ImpactNurses’ perceptions provide valuable guidelines for developing effective evidence-based nursing courses.Patient or public contributionNo patient or public users participated in this study.

CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP ASSESSMENT USING FUZZY LOGIC

Sustainability is an important approach for all organizations. Social responsibility is also included among the important principles of sustainability. This responsibility involves activities for employees, customers, society and other stakeholders. Communication with customers is important in transport companies. This research evaluates the quality of customer communication within a transport company and proposes improvements following fuzzy logic modeling. The results obtained show that customer relations must be constantly improved. Research limitations refer to the sample of companies involved in the present research.

Fuzzy Logic Model for Determining Optimal Temperature-Humidity Index Values in Dairy Farms in Temperate Climate

ABSTRACT In livestock, temperature, humidity, and Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) affect the welfare, yields, health and viability of animals. This study aimed to develop optimal temperature, humidity, and THI thresholds for dairy farms in temperate climate regions using a fuzzy logic model. THI values were calculated using three different literature-derived equations, considering different temperature and humidity situations in dairy farms. The Mamdani-type fuzzy logic method was utilized to formulate linguistic expressions for temperature, humidity, and THI values. According to the THI thresholds, the areas below the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) were found to be significant (p < 0.001) in all fuzzy algorithms. The study found 100% harmony with the THI thresholds of 66 and 72 for cattle in temperate climates, but only 73.6% harmony with the threshold of 74 for cattle adapted to tropical climate. Briefly, in temperate dairy farms, the fuzzy logic revealed that the optimal temperature, humidity and THI values should be between 14–18.5°C, 65–70% and 52.5–64.5, respectively. However, further research is required to understand the impact of thresholds determined by fuzzy logic on dairy cow production and welfare.

Predicting Extension of Time and Increasing Contract Price in Road Infrastructure Projects Using a Sugeno Fuzzy Logic Model

Road infrastructure plays a crucial role in the development of countries, significantly influencing economic growth, social progress, and environmental sustainability. Major infrastructure projects are frequently challenged by substantial risks and uncertainties, leading to delays, budget overruns, and compromised quality. These issues can undermine the economic viability and efficiency of projects, making effective risk management essential for minimizing negative impacts and ensuring project success. For these reasons, a study was conducted using a Sugeno fuzzy logic system applied to completed projects. The resulting model is based on 10 project characteristics and provides highly accurate predictions for Extension of Time (EoT) and Increasing Contract Price (ICP). By utilizing this model, project management can be significantly improved through more accurate forecasting of potential delays and cost overruns. The high precision of the Sugeno fuzzy logic system enables better risk assessment and proactive decision-making, allowing project managers to implement targeted strategies to mitigate risks and optimize project outcomes.

Modelling of Reliability Indicators of a Mining Plant

The evaluation and prediction of reliability and testability of mining machinery and equipment are crucial, as advancements in mining technology have increased the importance of ensuring the safety of both the technological process and human life. This study focuses on developing a reliability model to analyze the controllability of mining equipment. The model, which examines the reliability of a mine cargo-passenger hoist, utilizes statistical methods to assess failures and diagnostic controlled parameters. It is represented as a transition graph and is supported by a system of equations. This model enables the estimation of the reliability of equipment components and the equipment as a whole through a diagnostic system designed for monitoring and controlling mining equipment. A mathematical and logical model is proposed to calculate availability and downtime coefficients for different structures within the mining equipment system. This analysis considers the probability of failure-free operation of the lifting unit based on the structural scheme, with additional redundancy for elements with lower reliability. The availability factor of the equipment for monitoring and controlling the mine hoisting plant is studied for various placements of diagnostic systems. Additionally, a logistic concept is introduced for organizing preventive maintenance systems and reducing equipment recovery time by optimizing spare parts, integrating them into strategies aimed at enhancing the reliability of mine hoisting plants.

Co-Construction of a Dance Class Adapted for Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy

Aim To co-construct a dance class adapted for adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP). Method A three phase co-construction process with study collaborators was used to (1) define the objectives and the obstacles and opportunities related to offering a dance class in the community through three focus groups with adolescents, their parents and study partners; (2) co-create the dance class based on the results of step 1, the expertise of the research team and the logic model of the dance class; and (3) test the dance class to evaluate its effects in relation to the defined objectives. Results Three objectives were identified: to have fun, promote movement, and social interaction. A weekly dance class (60 min./10 wk) was continuously tested on the adolescents and adapted by the dance facilitators. Conclusion To improve practices and support the implementation of dance classes for young people with CP, eight recommendations are proposed relating to the creation of adapted classes and the evaluation of their desired effects.

Implementing palliative care in the intensive care unit: a systematic review and mapping of knowledge to the implementation research logic model.

The importance and effectiveness of palliative care (PC) in intensive care units (ICU)are known. Less is known about the implementation and integration of ICU-based PC interventions. This systematic review aims to use a modified implementation research logic model (IRLM) to identify, map, and synthesise evidence on implementation of ICU-PC (primary and/or specialist) interventions. This systematic review used an adapted Smith's IRLM to understand relationships between implementation factors-determinants (barriers and facilitators), strategies, and mechanisms-and report intervention characteristics and outcomes. Searches up to 2nd December 2023, of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and PsycINFO, combined PC, intensive care, and implementation terms. 84 studies (8 process evaluations, 76 effectiveness studies) were included. Published evidence on ICU-PC interventions issubstantial, but reporting on implementation factors is variable and often lacking, especially for patient and family-related determinants and for all aspects of mechanisms. Main facilitators forimplementation are adequate resources and collaborationbetween PC and ICU teams. Main barriers to implementation are lack of resources, negative perceptions of PC, and high ICU acuity.Implementation strategies include auditing resources, building stakeholder collaboratives, creating adaptable interventions, utilising champions, and supporting education. Mechanisms most commonly worked by facilitating collaborative working. This review provides recommendations for ICUs when designing (stakeholder involvement, ICU-PC collaboration, assessment of culture and resources); implementing (targeted and adapted strategies, champions, and education); and evaluating/reporting (collect effectiveness and implementation data, including mechanisms) ICU-PC interventions. Use of implementation structures and patient/family involvement are both needed and important to be included.

Integrating artificial intelligence for optimal thermal comfort: A design approach for electric heating textiles aligned with user preferences

Human thermal comfort, crucial for well-being and productivity, is often improved by personal comfort systems that offer tailored control over environmental conditions while promoting energy efficiency. Previous studies have explored various textile technologies in thermoregulation systems according to user preferences. However, limited research has focused on temperature prediction by artificial intelligence to maximize thermal comfort for varied users. This study proposes a design approach to optimize thermal comfort in electric heating textiles using artificial intelligence, considering user preferences related to age and gender differences. A fuzzy logic model is established as a proof of concept for temperature regulation by varying ambient temperature, followed by developing an artificial neural network model to predict the optimal temperature for maximum comfort. Subsequently, a smart electric heating jacket is fabricated to assess preferred heating temperatures among 50 subjects with varying ages and genders. Results from the artificial neural network model show promising temperature prediction, while subject tests reveal significant differences in skin temperatures based on gender. This emphasizes the need for artificial intelligence-based heating e-textiles to accommodate diverse user needs. The study’s findings are expected to contribute to intelligent temperature regulation in thermal textiles and wearables, benefitting both the industry and consumers through customized heating products.

Fuzzy assessment of process parameter interactions on warpage defect modeling in plastic injection molding

AbstractStudying the interactions among major plastic injection molding process parameters is necessary to understand how they collectively influence major defects such as warpage hence enabling optimization of the process for improved product quality. Existing process parameter interaction studies have used statistical approximations, which have limitations such as reduced predictive power and limited accuracy. To overcome these limitations, this study presents an alternative method of analysis of the interactions among process parameters based on fuzzy logic intelligent algorithm. Through computer aided engineering, factorial design of experiment and fuzzy logic modelling, the study evaluated the effects of major injection molding process parameter interactions on warpage. The results obtained indicated a general increase in warpage with increase in parameters such as melt temperature, mold temperature, injection pressure and cool time whereas an increase in parameters such as ambient temperature and packing pressure decreased warpage. Parameter interactions were obtained both statistically and based on fuzzy logic model and their significance tested through ANOVA. Ambient temperature (30.6%) and melt temperatures (18.7%) had the greatest effect on warpage all with P-values of 0.000 whereas cooling time (0.1%) had the least effect with P-value of 0.250. The largest two way interaction affecting warpage involved melt temperature and cooling time with a contribution of 12.2% whereas the largest three way interaction involves ambient temperature, packing pressure and injection pressure with a contribution of 2.7%. Also, despite cooling time having the least mains effect, most interaction terms with greater effect on warpage involved cooling time and melt temperature. The results from this study provides an insight on targeted injection molding process parameter control for defect minimization.

Simplicial models for the epistemic logic of faulty agents

In recent years, several authors have been investigating simplicial models, a model of epistemic logic based on higher dimensional structures called simplicial complexes. In the original formulation of Goubault et al. (Inf Comput 278:104597, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ic.2020.104597), simplicial models are always assumed to be pure, meaning that all worlds have the same dimension. This is equivalent to the standard S5n\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\mathbf {S5_n}$$\\end{document} semantics of epistemic logic, based on Kripke models. By removing the assumption that models must be pure, we can go beyond the usual Kripke semantics and study epistemic logics where the number of agents participating in a world can vary. This approach has been developed in a number of papers (van Ditmarsch, WoLLIC 2021, pp 31–46, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88853-4_3; Goubault et al. STACS 2022, pp 33:1–33:20, 2022. https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.STACS.2022.33; Goubault et al. LICS, pp 1–13, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1109/LICS56636.2023.10175737), with applications in fault-tolerant distributed computing where processes may crash during the execution of a system. A difficulty that arises is that subtle design choices in the definition of impure simplicial models can result in different axioms of the resulting logic. In this paper, we classify those design choices systematically, and axiomatize the corresponding logics. We illustrate them via distributed computing examples of synchronous systems where processes may crash.

Vertebrobasilar Artery Occlusion Treatment Outcomes Within 24 hours of Estimated Occlusion Time.

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment (EVT) in patients with acute vertebrobasilar artery occlusion (VBAO) within 24 hours of estimated occlusion time (EOT) and to evaluate the effect of early and late time window in a cohort of patients with VBAO treated with EVT. Retrospective analysis was conducted on patients within 24 hours of the EOT in 65 stroke centers in China. Favorable outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale ≤3 at 90 days. Patients were divided into the medical management (MM) group and the EVT group. Times were dichotomized into early (EOT ≤6 hours) and late (>6 hours) time windows. Multivariate logical regression models were used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of EVT and the effect of time windows on outcomes in EVT patients. Among 4124 patients, 2473 and 1651 patients were included in the early and late windows, respectively. 1702 patients received MM and 2422 were treated with EVT. EVT was associated with a higher rate of a favorable outcome at 90 days both in early (odds ratio [OR] 2.16, 95% CI 1.94-2.41) and late (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.65-2.17) time windows. No differences were found regarding favorable outcome (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.87-1.03) between VBAO patients treated with EVT within and beyond 6 hours. Patients with acute VBAO who received EVT within 24 hours were associated with improved favorable outcome compared with patients who received MM. EVT beyond 6 hours is feasible and safe with no increase in symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage.

Outsource processing under staff shortage

During the war, Ukraine has faced nume­rous challenges, one of the most threatening of which is the personnel shortage. The full-scale war caused large-scale labor migration, a signi­ficant number of the able-bodied population was mobilized into the ranks of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, and this became an important factor that led to a shortage of qualified workers. For many economic entities, this situation becomes critical and requires immediate and effective solutions to ensure stable work. One such solu­tion is outsourced processing which is the trans­fer of certain business processes to external companies that have the necessary resources and expertise. Insufficient research on out­sourcing causes a low level of business aware­ness of its strategic effectiveness. It is hypo­thesized that the use of outsourced process­sing is an effective adaptive solution to overcome the personnel shortage in the war in Ukraine, which will enable business entities to optimize costs, ensure continuity and flexibility of activity, and attract highly qualified specialists. The research was carried out using the methods of analysis, comparison, systematization, empirical studies and case studies, as well as horizon scanning and logical modeling. The challenges of outsour­ced processing in the conditions of war are analyzed, examples of its successful application in conditions of personnel shortage are provi­ded. The conducted studies form scientifically based approaches to determining the directions of integration of outsourced processing in the activities of business entities. The concept of outsourced processing is based on the quality selection of the outsourcer and its establishment of effective partnership relations; creates advantages in innovativeness and flexibility of business; creates conditions for optimizing time, effort and resources; makes it possible to attract the physical and intellectual potential of external companies, in particular to cover the shortage of personnel

Targeting high-potential mineral prospects in the Ezzhiliga region, Moroccan central massif, using spectral data from the ASTER sensor

This research paper introduces a comprehensive methodology for assessing hydrothermal alteration zones and structural complexity in the Ezzhiliga region, situated in the Hercynian Central Massif of Morocco. The approach utilizes ASTER imagery as the primary data source. The main objectives were to identify and analyze these geological features and then create a potential map for mineral exploration by integrating fuzzy logic and fractal concentration area analysis. Band ratios (RBD) and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to detect and map argillic, phyllic, propylitic, and iron oxide alteration zones. Additionally, structural lineaments were extracted from the PC1 imagery to understand the structural pattern of the survey area. The incorporation of hydrothermal alteration zones and structural lineaments was achieved through the application of a fuzzy logic model, resulting in the generation of a mineral favorability map. The fuzzy logic model was customized to combine hydrothermal alteration and lineaments density maps, effectively eliminating false spectral anomalies induced by various interference factors. This map was then analyzed using the fractal concentration-area (C-A) model, which separated the anomaly from the geological background and generated a final mineral potential map. Analysis of fractal concentration-area was employed to define thresholds with greater precision, enhancing the reliability of mineral prospectivity assessments. Furthermore, laboratory analyses were performed to verify the outcomes of the mineral potential map. The obtained results revealed a significant affinity with the field data and indicated that the highly prospective zones are perfectly limited in spatial extent and generally associated with the contact of the Zaër granitic pluton with the metamorphic host rock, except for the anomaly identified to the southeast of the study area, along a major NE-SW trending fault.

Fuzzy deep visual panic detection

Deep visual data analysis from social network has become an increasingly important area of research. In fact, this form of assessment makes it viable to recognize new information on social users which incorporates emotions. In order to recognize users’ emotions and other latent attributes, most of the existing approaches have used textual data and have obtained accurate results. However, little attention has been paid to visual data that have become increasingly popular in recent years.This work describes how to develop a conceptual representation model for social network analysis and social emotion analysis based on the integration of fuzzy logic and ontological modeling. The primary aim is to create an ontology that can extract new information about a social user’s mood, which can be classified as panic, no-panic, or neutral. Fuzzy logic is necessary to deal with subjective data, as users share imprecise and vague data on their social profiles. Fuzzy logic has been observed as a successful method to capture the expression of emotions due to the fuzzy nature of emotions and the ambiguous definitions of emotion words. The proposed work investigate the role of fuzzy logic in social network analysis. This study simulate a fuzzy deep system integrated with ontology for classifying social visual data (shared images) into panic, no-panic or neutral classes in order to determine the social users’ stress intensity. The Social distancing and the huge amount of shared data in Tunisia were calculated to demonstrate this classification. The experiments performed in this paper aim to create not only a novel annotated visual database named visual panic database, but also a new semantic model for modeling users’ profiles, in social network, based on the combination between ontology and deep learning techniques. In this context, we will work in the future on the combination between a user’s visual and textual data in order to improve the performance of this recognition. The proposed fuzzy system reflected the viral proliferation in stressed users and achieved an accuracy of 87%.

Designing a resilience-based intervention program for children with cancer and their families: a study protocol.

Advances in pediatric oncology have significantly increased survival rates, yet have introduced challenges in managing long-term treatment side effects. This study process introduces an interdisciplinary clinical intervention program rooted in the family resilience framework, aimed at improving well-being across the cancer trajectory for children and their families, especially those in Canadian communities far from specialized oncology centers with limited access to resources. Employing an intervention mapping approach, this program collaboratively involves patients, families, professionals, and researchers. It aims to identify vulnerability factors, establish a logic model of change, and devise comprehensive strategies that include professional interventions alongside self-management tools. These strategies, tailored to address biopsychosocial and spiritual challenges, are adapted to the unique contexts of communities distant from specialized cancer treatment centers. A mixed-methods approach will evaluate program effectiveness. Anticipated outcomes include the empowerment of families with self-management tools and professional support, designed to mitigate biopsychosocial and spiritual complications. By addressing the specific needs and limitations of these communities, the program strives to improve the overall health and well-being of both undergoing treatment and survivorship phases. By focusing on comprehensive care that includes both professional interventions and self-management, this initiative marks a significant shift toward a holistic, family-centered approach in pediatric oncology care for remote communities. It underlines the necessity of accessible interventions that confront immediate and long-term challenges, aiming to elevate the standard of care by emphasizing resilience, professional support, and family empowerment in underserved areas.

Reducing the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission using intervention mapping: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Intervention mapping (IM) is a planning approach that reflects the intricate decision-making process involved in the design of behavior interventions. The development and implementation of IM is complex in preventing HIV/AIDS transmission. Therefore, it is significant to conduct a perfect preliminary work to successfully implement HIV/AIDS prevention. The objectives of this review were to collect and evaluate the data of the first three steps using IM to prevent HIV/AIDS transmission, and summarize the key points in the preliminary steps of IM. A total of 18 studies were identified, and six studies completely described the tasks in the first three steps of IM. Three studies described the logic model of the problem (n = 3). Six studies reported the matrix of behavior changes (n = 6), including personal and environmental determinants. Among the selected determinants, most studies reported the personal level determinants (self-efficacy and skills, knowledge, attitudes, and norms). The most used practical applications in reducing HIV/AIDS risk behaviors were video roles (n = 8) and role-model stories (n = 5). The review may be helpful for healthcare professionals to carefully design and implement the key procedures of the first three steps of the IM programs for people with HIV/AIDS in preventing HIV/AIDS transmission.

91 The use of process evaluations in physical activity interventions for older adults: a systematic review

Abstract Background and purpose Development of effective physical activity interventions for older adults is important in eliciting positive health and well-being outcomes. Process evaluations of interventions are important in understanding implementation, mechanisms of impact and contextual factors that may influence these outcomes. However, it is unclear whether process evaluation frameworks are rigourously applied to physical activity interventions with older adults, particularly in relation to Medical Research Council (MRC) process evaluation guidance. This study aimed to systematically review the application and reporting of process evaluations of physical activity interventions for older adults against MRC process evaluation guidance. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, OpenGrey, ProQuest Dissertations &amp; Theses Database (PQDT) databases were searched. Process evaluation studies of physical activity interventions for older adults which measured at least two key MRC domains of implementation, mechanisms of impact and context were included. Two authors completed independent screening of title, abstract and full-text articles. A bespoke coding frame was developed to map and extract methods and findings on to key MRC process evaluation domains. Given the qualitative nature of the data, a narrative synthesis approach was undertaken. Results 17,002 studies were identified in the search, of which 27 were included. After mapping the methods of included studies against key domains of the coding framework; 21 assessed implementation, 27 assessed mechanisms of impact and 12 assessed context. 16 interventions reported the use of a process evaluation framework, 15 cited the use of a theoretical behavioural model and 7 reported the application of a logic model in intervention design. There were substantial differences in both the extent and quality of process evaluation methods. Such disparities were shaped in part by variations in the application of theoretical models and frameworks. Conclusions When mapping the included studies against MRC process evaluation guidelines, this review presented inconsistencies in how process evaluations have been reported and findings suggest a lack of methodological rigour. Findings highlight the need to extend the scope and quality of process evaluations of physical activity interventions for older adults.

Development of Protocol for the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) task force study to strengthen the implementation of National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCD) in tribal population.

Understanding the health culture of tribal community is important as health problems among tribal communities and their care is influenced by sociocultural factors, which will help in the implementation of health services. The conventional way of improving the access for the general populations may not suit the tribal populations owing to their distinct culture and owing to health systems factors as well. A stepwise process was followed for the development of a protocol to study to strengthen the implementation of National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases. The study was planned to be carried out across six tribal districts of India. A detailed protocol was built around Implementation Research Logic Model, primarily as a method for planning, executing, reporting, and synthesizing the implementation.