Mode Logic Research Articles

Dynamically Tunable Subthermionic Subthreshold Swing and Hysteresis in a Hf0.5Zr0.5O2-Based Ferroelectric Device Unit

In this article, we propose a universal way to tune subthermionic subthreshold swing (SS) and hysteresis dynamically in an amphibious basic functional unit, which can operate in memory- or steep-slope logic mode. The observed largest hysteresis is 4.59 V with gate-voltage tunability down to approximately 0 V. A sub-60 mV/decade SS can also be dynamically achieved and the smallest value is as low as 19.9 mV/decade. Theoretical simulations based on the multidomain temporal Landau–Khalatnikov equation clearly show that this dynamic tunability is endowed by the external bias-dependent competition between the ferroelectric polarization of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) and the charge screening effect of the control transistor. This work proposes the way to dynamically modulate SS to sub-60 mV/decade independent of the gate-stack, which breaks the limitations of conventional static optimization and shows potential in promoting the development of HZO-based steep-slope and multifunctional devices.

Strategic Deployment of UN Political Missions to Replace UN Peacekeeping Operations: The Demand and Supply Sides of Transition Logic

ABSTRACT Although United Nations peacekeeping operations (UN PKOs) produce positive outcomes for peace, some missions are strategically replaced by cheaper and smaller UN political missions (PMs). This article explores why certain peacekeepers are replaced by UN PMs and unpacks the exit strategy of UN PKOs. The logic of demand-side and supply-side perspectives is evaluated using data on the deployment of UN peacekeepers and UN PMs in post-civil war countries between 1993 and 2016. Signing comprehensive peace agreements (CPAs) increases the chances of UN PKOs being replaced by UN PMs because as the willingness to develop politically increases, the demand for civilian personnel after demilitarization also rises. On the supply side, as the preferences of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council concerning target states become more heterogenous, UN PKOs are more likely to be replaced by UN PMs because coordination problems encourage members to choose less burdensome missions.

Drayage routing with heterogeneous fleet, compatibility constraints, and truck load configurations

This paper addresses drayage routing problems with heterogeneous fleets, compatibility constraints, and truck load configurations. In these problems, containers can be of any size and cargo category. In addition, compatibility and load configuration constraints define which and how many containers can be transported by each truck. We propose a state transition logic to model these constraints. Based on this logic, we develop two mixed-integer programming models for this family of problems. The first model is a compact formulation that can be input into a black-box solver. The second model combines partial routes in a space–time network and is solved with a tailored branch-and-cut approach. To analyze the efficiency of the proposed models, we conduct extensive computational tests on instances with different numbers of requests, geographical distributions of locations, time-window lengths, and fleet compositions. Moreover, we discuss how our modeling approach can assist decision-making in three different drayage routing applications.

Equity financing intention of elderly care enterprises: Influence of institutional logic and operation mode.

The elderly population in China is expected to exceed 300 million and enter the stage of moderate aging during the 14th Five-Year plan period from 2021 to 2025. From the sustainable development perspective of elderly care enterprises, the supply of elderly care services would be unsustainable if enterprises suffer long-term losses. In the latter pursuit of high profits, the burden on consumers will increase. Equity financing of these enterprises is the key to achieving high-quality transformation and development by considering economic and social benefits. This study considers 20 well-known China-based elderly care enterprises as the research object. It uses a fuzzy set to explore system logic, operation mode, management performance, and attitude of elderly care enterprises toward investment through the qualitative comparative analysis method. The causal relationship between them is clarified-because, before the endowment enterprise equity financing intention of China, it is important to explore the effective path of equity financing of endowment enterprises. In the past, this helped Chinese elderly care enterprises actively cope with the trend of population aging, meet the needs of diversified and multi-level elderly care services, establish a sustainable development mode, and achieve high-quality transformation and development. The results show that (1) the operating performance of elderly care enterprises under the mode of public construction and private operation is poor; (2) elderly care enterprises driven by public welfare logic are more likely to achieve higher business performance, and (3) elderly care enterprises driven by business logic are more willing to introduce investment when they have made profits.

Neoteric Design Power Sustained 3-Bit Asynchronous Counter Using CNFET Based MCML Topology

Leading digital circuits namely register, flipflops, state machines and counters drive operational aspects and potential applications in Integrated Circuit (IC) industry. MOS Current Mode Logic (MCML) based implementations with rapid response and simultaneous generation of complemented output is all set to become indispensable in nano regime industry. This paper attempts to optimize and address performance-based analysis of digital circuits namely NAND, D flipflop and 3-bit asynchronous counter by practicing MCML based implementation. These circuits are contemplated on four design parameters namely delay (t_p), power (pwr), Power Delay Product (PDP) and Energy Delay Product (EDP). This research focuses on relative analysis and emanate a salient optimal application of Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) and Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor (CNFET) based 3-bit asynchronous counter. In addition to this, the two configurations of the MCML counter are then compared against applied V_DD at 16-nm technology nodes using HSPICE simulator. CNFET based 3-bit MCML counter is observed to be much faster (9.75x), significant improvement in gross power dissipation (11.93x), material refinement in PDP and EDP (116.39x and 1165x) respectively as compared to the conventional counterpart. Therefore, CNFET based implementations comes to the fore as resilient technology supporting high level integration in nano scale regime.

Design and analysis of dual-mode numerically controlled oscillators based controlled oscillator frequency modulation

In this paper, the design and analysis of dual-mode numerically controlled oscillators (NCO) based controlled oscillator frequency Modulation is implemented. Initially, input is given to the analog to digital (ADC) converter. This will change the input from analog to digital converter. After that, the pulse skipping mode (PSM) logic and proportional integral (PI) are applied to the converted data. After applying PSM logic, data is directly transferred to the connection block. The proportional and integral block will transfer the data will be decoded using the decoder. After decoding the values, it is saved using a modulo accumulator. After that, it is converted from one hot residue (OHR) to binary converter. The converted data is saved in the register. Now both data will pass through the gate driver circuit and output will be obtained finally. From simulation results, it can observe that the usage of metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) and total nodes are very less in dual-mode NCO-based controlled oscillator frequency modulation.

A Comprehensive Evaluation of Integrated Circuits Side-Channel Resilience Utilizing Three-Independent-Gate Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors-Based Current Mode Logic

Side-channel attack (SCA) is one of the physical attacks, which will reveal the confidential information from cryptographic circuits by statistically analyzing physical manifestations. Various circuit-level countermeasures have been proposed as fundamental solutions to eliminate the correlations between side-channel information and circuit’s internal operations. The existing solutions, however, will introduce nonnegligible power and area overheads, making them difficult to be deployed in resource-constrained applications. In this article, a novel three-independent-gate silicon nanowire field effect transistor (TIGFET) with the intrinsic SCA-resilience characteristics is introduced to balance the tradeoffs among cost, performance, and security of cryptographic implementations. We construct six TIGFET-based current mode logic (CML) gates that can retain lower power variation under all possible transitions compared to the CMOS counterparts. As a proof of concept, advanced encryption standard (AES), SM4 block cipher algorithm (SM4), and lightweight cryptographic algorithm PRESENT are implemented utilizing the TIGFET-based CML gates. Correlation power attack is performed to evaluate the improvement of SCA resilience. Simulation results verify that the TIGFET-based cryptographic implementations decrease 42.37% area usage, lower 61.16% energy efficiency, reduce <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$5.35\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> power variation, and achieve a similar level of SCA resistance compared to the CMOS counterpart, which is applicable for the resource-constrained applications.

Gilbert as Disrupter

Michael Gilbert’s multi-modal theory of argument challenges earlier accounts of arguing assumed in formal and informal logic. His account of emotional, visceral, and kisceral modes of arguing rejects the assumption that all arguments must be treated as instances of one “logical mode.” This paper compares his alternative modes to other modes proposed by those who have argued for visual, auditory, and other “multimodal” modes of arguing. I conclude that multi-modal and multimodal (without the hyphen) modes are complementary. Collectively, they represent an important attempt to radically expand the scope of informal logic and the argumentation that it studies.

Logics for “Non-Logical” Argumentation

On Gilbert’s multi-modal theory of argumentation, the “logical” is but one among many modes of argument, including the emotional, the visceral (physical), and the kisceral (intuitive). Yet, I argue that, properly understood, the logical is not one mode among many. Rather, it is better understood as the uber-mode of argument. What Gilbert calls the “logical mode” of argument—a linear, orderly, highly verbalizable, way of arguing—is made possible only to the extent that the logic of some space of reasons has been articulated. The “anti-logical” penchant of multi-modal argumentation is not found at the object-level—in its countenancing “non-logical” modes of argument, but at the meta-level—in its resistance, as a mistaken embracing of the “logical” mode, to using the logics governing the different modes to self-regulate the course of our arguings.

From the Editors

In the issue, Michael Gilbert first considers the history and development of his theory before Leo Groarke helpfully clarifies the differences and affinities between multi-modal and multimodal argumentation. Then, each of Gilbert’s modes is explored in a separate critical study, with David Godden attending to the logical mode, Linda Carroza to the emotional, Claudio Duran the visceral, and Christopher Tindale the kisceral. A final paper by Marko Novak applies the theory (particularly the kisceral mode) to the field of law. Together, these papers offer readers an opportunity to review the range of ideas associated with Gilbert’s model, and set the grounds for continuing research on this important theory.

Kisceral Argumentation in Law

Gilbert's kisceral argumentation is, roughly speaking, about arguing based on intuitions. In the forefront of such a (rhetorical) model are arguers and audiences, who resolve disagreements using kisceral arguments. Intuitions as reasons were more important in pre-modern law, when the law was not as explicit, precise, and determinate as today. Law influenced by religion or religious law was a typical example. In our much more secular modern era, intuitions are more or less subordinated to the (legal) logical mode of arguing. However, in tough legal cases, when logic "runs out," it is values that decide them. Not surprisingly, neuroscience and cognitive psychology have shown a strong connection between values and intuition.

A 13 Gbps 1:16 deserializer ASIC for NICA multi purpose detector project

This paper presents the design and test results of a 13 Gbps 1:16 deserializer ASIC fabricated in a 55 nm CMOS technology for Nuclotron-based Ion Collider fAcility (NICA) Multi Purpose Detector (MPD) project. The deserializer would be used in the downlink data transmission of MPD readout system to recover the serial data from the back-end to the parallel data for the front-end. The ASIC adopts a tree-type structure, consisting of a high-speed data receiver (RXDATA), a high-speed clock receiver (RXCLK), four levels of demultiplexer (DEMUX) modules, clock dividers and 16 Low-Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) drivers. The demultiplexer modules are composed of different numbers of high-speed DEMUX unit and low-speed DEMUX unit. The high-speed DEMUX unit and the high-frequency clock divider adopt an optimized compressed current mode logic (CML) differential structure to ensure the bandwidth with limited voltage headroom. The low-speed DEMUX unit and the low-frequency clock divider use CMOS latch to save power consumption. The duty cycle correction (DCC) circuit and the clock aligner are employed in the clock paths to ensure the correct duty cycle and aligned clock edges. In the chip test, the ASIC receives 13 Gbps serial data and outputs 16 channels of 812.5 Mbps data correctly with wide-open eye diagram. The tested power consumption is 203 mA with 1.2 V power supply including the RXDATA, the RXCLK and the 16 channels of LVDS drivers, and the core power consumption is 122.7 mA.

Characterization of a high bandwidth readout chain for the CMS phase-2 pixel upgrade

The CMS collaboration is building a new inner tracking pixel detector for the High-Luminosity LHC. Each pixel readout chip will be controlled with a single serial input stream at 160 Mb/s and will send out data via four current mode logic (CML) 1.28 Gb/s outputs. The readout chips will be grouped in modules and connected with up to 1.6 meters long low-mass electrical links to Low-Power Gigabit Transceivers (lpGBT) and Versatile Link PLUS Transceiver (VTRx+) modules that send the data optically to off-detector electronics at 10 Gb/s. The characterization of these components and system tests of the readout chain are presented.

On the proof complexity of logics of bounded branching

We investigate the proof complexity of extended Frege (EF) systems for basic transitive modal logics (K4, S4, GL, …) augmented with the bounded branching axioms BBk. First, we study feasibility of the disjunction property and more general extension rules in EF systems for these logics: we show that the corresponding decision problems reduce to total coNP search problems (or equivalently, disjoint NP pairs, in the binary case); more precisely, the decision problem for extension rules is equivalent to a certain special case of interpolation for the classical EF system. Next, we use this characterization to prove superpolynomial (or even exponential, with stronger hypotheses) separations between EF and substitution Frege (SF) systems for all transitive logics contained in S4.2GrzBB2 or GL.2BB2 under some assumptions weaker than PSPACE≠NP. We also prove analogous results for superintuitionistic logics: we characterize the decision complexity of multi-conclusion Visser's rules in EF systems for Gabbay–de Jongh logics Tk, and we show conditional separations between EF and SF for all intermediate logics contained in T2+KC.

Kant on Self-Knowledge and Self-Formation by Katharina T. Kraus

Reviewed by: Kant on Self-Knowledge and Self-Formation by Katharina T. Kraus Stefanie Buchenau Katharina T. Kraus. Kant on Self-Knowledge and Self-Formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. Pp. xiii + 306. Hardback, $96.06. According to conventional wisdom, Kant demolished the traditional idea of the soul in his Critique of Pure Reason. By denying the human mind any theoretical or intuitive knowledge of the soul as an immaterial substance and referring this idea to an illusory tendency of the mind, he efficiently tore down a longstanding metaphysical discipline called rational psychology. Katherina Kraus’s aim is to challenge this conventional reading. In her new book Kant on Self-Knowledge and Self-Formation, she claims that Kant’s true intention was to transform rather than demolish the idea of the immaterial soul. Her main argument, nourished by a close reading of the Critique of Pure Reason, is that despite this transformation, the idea of the soul does retain a positive function, serving as a regulative idea of reason and providing a “guiding thread” of inner experience. Such an idea, she states, offers the wider context for the acquisition of empirical self-knowledge and for self-formation, as a presentation or projection (Darstellung) of a mental whole in relation to which we can first determine inner experiences, without cognizing the whole as such. This regulative principle allows the soul to unfold its function, “as if the mind [Gemüth] were a simple substance that, with personal identity, persistently exists,” as Kant himself puts it in his Critique of Pure Reason (A 672/B 700). Kraus explores the manifold dimensions of this idea in three parts, rising from the level of inner perception to concepts and ideas. In the first part, on self-perception, reflexivity, and referentiality, she outlines an “interactional” model of the soul, self-knowledge, and self-feeling, which is based on the correlation between object-consciousness and self-consciousness. According to Kraus, some kind of inward-directed consciousness is constitutive of the empirical consciousness of objects. Consciousness depends on the [End Page 515] direction of the mind’s attention to itself, and its capacity to distinguish itself from the external world (30). Drawing on Wolffian psychology, Kant develops a novel account of this interactional model. He comes back to a hylomorphic pattern where sensibility, in its twofold empirical and transcendental dimension, is a receptivity to matter in analogy with outer sense, and transcendental self-affection is the a priori determination of the form of sense through the understanding. In part 2, Kraus moves from sensibility and self-perception to the level of understanding and consciousness. Against the psychological and the logical views mostly defended in the existing literature, she argues that the apperceptive “I think” should not be understood as a judgment or as a representation that is about something—neither about an empirical thinker nor about a logical subject (84). Instead, transcendental apperception is the capacity for reflexive consciousness in general. The phrase ‘I think’ is an expression of self-presence. Chapter 4 enquires into the conditions of self-reference. It proposes a novel reading of the Paralogisms, showing in what sense they offer a positive contribution to defining a set of legitimate logical and psychological modes of self-representation. While both sets are distinct and while the category of persistence cannot be applied to inner intuitions, the logical “I” remains relevant for the way in which I refer to myself in experience (148) and in which I represent myself as a psychological “I” and as the same person throughout time (160). This mode of reference appeals to the faculty of reason rather than to the understanding. According to the third part, on reason as the faculty of ideas, the mind here relies on a regulative idea of the soul projecting a totality that is not yet given. This important claim offers the framework for a better understanding of inner experience as being an empirical self-cognition. According to chapter 6, such self-cognition requires some attitude of assent and an epistemic ground for holding such a cognition to be true. Within this paradigm, one can distinguish various levels of self-knowledge, where the highest level (i...

A transmitting circuit with adaptive calibration of output impedance for high speed interface

A transmitting circuit for high-speed interface is proposed in this paper. Optimized 10-bit parallel to serial conversion and embedded output impedance calibration are used for enhancing the performance of this transmitting circuit. Designed with 0.18 μm CMOS, this transmitting circuit can achieve an output data rate of 1.5625 Gbps with 10-bit 156.25 MHz parallel input. The output amplitude of the current mode logic (CML) driver is 1.28 Vpp with a jitter of 24.3 ps. After adaptive calibration, the mismatch between output impedance and its expected value is within 0.5%. The active area of this entire transmitting circuit is 220.1 μm × 197.5 μm. With 1.8 V power supply, the power consumption of this transmitting circuit is 41.2 mW at 1.5625 Gbps data rate.

Mirrors and Lamps: Yeats’s Vision and the Logic of the Palimpsest

This study aims to provide a novel understanding of W. B. Yeats’s systematic view of reality and human experience, generally referred to as his Vision. De Man’s deconstructive reading of Yeats has demonstrated that this vision operates according to a particular mode of logic that differs radically from the standard economy of binary oppositions. Building on de Man’s findings, and with reference to Shelley’s poem “Witch of Atlas,” this paper attempts to re-configure the primary-antithetical structure of Yeats’s Vision in terms of ‘repetition with-in difference,’ interpreting his view of personal and historical reality as a ‘graft’ of lives and destinies—layer upon layer, none erased yet all under-erasure, like a palimpsest. In this respect, the fatalistic strain within Yeats’s vision is read as a heterogeneous play of Fate and Destiny. The remainder of the paper thoroughly examines Yeats’s iconic metaphor of mirror vs. the lamp regarding the role of the poet as imitator vs. creator and the theological analogy of the poet as God. Applying the insights derived from the study, and with reference to Goethe’s idea of “repeated reflection,” the lamp-mirror divide is argued to be governed by the undecidable logic of the palimpsest.

A survey of Behavior Trees in robotics and AI

Behavior Trees (BTs) were invented as a tool to enable modular AI in computer games, but have received an increasing amount of attention in the robotics community in the last decade. With rising demands on agent AI complexity, game programmers found that the Finite State Machines (FSM) that they used scaled poorly and were difficult to extend, adapt and reuse.In BTs, the state transition logic is not dispersed across the individual states, but organized in a hierarchical tree structure, with the states as leaves. This has a significant effect on modularity, which in turn simplifies both synthesis and analysis by humans and algorithms alike. These advantages are needed not only in game AI design, but also in robotics, as is evident from the research being done.In this paper we present a comprehensive survey of the topic of BTs in Artificial Intelligence and Robotic applications. The existing literature is described and categorized based on methods, application areas and contributions, and the paper is concluded with a list of open research challenges.

Propagation Delay Evaluation for Spatial Wavefunction Switched (SWS) FET-Based Inverter

This paper evaluates the propagation delay of a four-state/two-bit spatial wavefunction-switched field-effect transistors (SWS) FET-based inverter. The SWS-FET has two or more vertically stacked quantum-well or quantum dot (QD) layers where the magnitude of the gate voltage determines the location of carriers in the upper or lower channel. A calibration method based on an analytical propagation delay model expanded for the SWS-FET based inverter to account for the multiple quantum wells within the device. Cadence iterative simulations are used for calibrating the SWS inverter size to reach a symmetrical propagation delay for the four logic transitions. The SWS transfer characteristic and the inverter circuit time specifications are obtained by integrating the BSIM (Berkeley Short-channel IGFET Model) and the Analog Behavioral Model (ABM). Calibration and adjustment of the contributing parameters of the model leads to the improvement of the device accuracy for circuit designs based on SWS-FET technology.

Chronic treatment of COPD: state of the art and real-world analysis of healthcare costs based on medication adherence data.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), represents a serious and growing health problem worldwide. Healthcare should be conceived and structured in a proactive logic mode predicting to promote prevention and supporting the patient in the path of care. This desirable approach could reduce the impact of chronicity on patient' quality of life and health care costs. In this context, the theme of therapeutic adherence represents one of the priorities on which to intervene. To show a real life picture of the health expenditure and economics consequences due to non-adherent COPD therapy. Patients with a COPD diagnosis were selected from the Regional Health Information System Edotto; consumption data was also obtained from the same patients and was based on data relating to prescriptions dispensed by affiliated pharmacies belonging to the Local Health Agency of the province of Barletta-Andria-Trani (LHA BT) in a time period including 2017 and 2018. The assisted patients not adhering to COPD treatment (medication possession ratio between 20% and 80%) in 2017 were included in the analysis. The system Edotto was used to verify how many of them had become adherent in 2018. For both groups of patients, the average cost per patient was assessed, both in terms of pharmaceutical expenditure and hospitalizations due to COPD. Of the 66 patients not adhering to the treatment in 2017, 66.67% (44 patients) became adherent to therapy and 33.33% (22 patients) remained non-adherent to treatment during 2018. The total cost (pharmaceutical expenditure ATC-R03 and the cost derived from hospitalizations due to COPD) for non-adherent patient during 2018 was 73% increase compared to the cost of the patient adhering to treatment (p=.000317), thus resulting a saving of € 992.56 per adherent patient. Adherence to COPD therapy can improve patient health and reduce healthcare costs.