Logical Judgment Research Articles

The logic-bias effect: The role of effortful processing in the resolution of belief-logic conflict.

According to the default interventionist dual-process account of reasoning, belief-based responses to reasoning tasks are based on Type1 processes generated by default, which must be inhibited in order to produce an effortful, Type2 output based on the validity of an argument. However, recent research has indicated that reasoning on the basis of beliefs may not be as fast and automatic as this account claims. In three experiments, we presented participants with a reasoning task that was to be completed while they were generating random numbers (RNG). We used the novel methodology introduced by Handley, Newstead & Trippas (Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37, 28-43, 2011), which required participants to make judgments based upon either the validity of a conditional argument or the believability of its conclusion. The results showed that belief-based judgments produced lower rates of accuracy overall and were influenced to a greater extent than validity judgments by the presence of a conflict between belief and logic for both simple and complex arguments. These findings were replicated in Experiment 3, in which we controlled for switching demands in a blocked design. Across all three experiments, we found a main effect of RNG, implying that both instructional sets require some effortful processing. However, in the blocked design RNG had its greatest impact on logic judgments, suggesting that distinct executive resources may be required for each type of judgment. We discuss the implications of our findings for the default interventionist account and offer a parallel competitive model as an alternative interpretation for our findings.

Role of Thinking in Learning

Thinking is essential for learning. Thinking is inextricably intertwined with learning. Teaching thinking refers to teaching critical and creative thinking skills and problem solving tasks. Critical thinking incorporates reasoning, logical judgment, metacognition, reflection, and mental process in course of learning. It involves evaluation, analyzing, and interpreting the problems to find out the solution. Creative thinking can be enhanced through multiple intelligence, affective factors, and innovative curriculum. Metacognition and thinking are must to solve any task in learning language. Journal of NELTA Surkhet Vol.4 2014: 57-63

Impaired ‘logical judgment’ associated with ‘behavioral and emotional judgment’ in Alzheimer’s patients: Implication for right temporal function—the osaki-tajiri project

Impaired ‘logical judgment’ associated with ‘behavioral and emotional judgment’ in Alzheimer’s patients: Implication for right temporal function—the osaki-tajiri project

Novel mold breakout prediction and control technology in slab continuous casting

To realize smooth and high speed continuous casting, the urgent problem is to control the sticking-type breakout efficiently. In addition to improving casting process conditions of inducing stickers, the key is to develop active and accurate breakout prediction and healing control technology. In this paper, a novel logic judgment model for predicting stickers is presented, which is designed for more rows of thermocouples (TCs) in high density, and uses temperature change rate and vertical and horizontal detections to well recognize sticker propagation. Simulation results indicate that new model can accurately and timely detect all stickers, and has a good robustness. After sticking alarm, dynamic control strategies of casting speed according to the location of alarmed thermocouples are proposed for breakout prevention, by investigation on formation mechanism and recovery behavior of sticking-type breakout. The proposed model and control strategy have been validated through its application on a steel plant. The results show that the detection ratio for stickers and frequency of false alarm are 100% and 0.15% times/heat respectively, and the healing rate of the stickers has reached 100%. The case in which breakout still occurs after alarm has been eliminated. The present technology has achieved better performance in prediction and control of the sticking-type breakout and satisfies the requirement for field application.

A novel inertial control method suitable for doubly fed induction generator considering stability constraints

SUMMARY In this paper, a novel inertial control method for Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is proposed, namely mode conversion. An excellent inertial response performance is obtained by adopting the mode conversion method. DFIG operating mode can be switched between normal operating mode and inertial response mode by setting logic judgment conditions to start and block inertial control. Constant additional electromagnetic torque is set in this method, and the effect of inertial response does not recede with decrease of rotor speed. Rotor speed stability constraints for DFIG are considered in the method; the minimum rotor speed limit is determined through stability analysis of DFIG in its inertial response process. A simulation model is built to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method. Simulation result shows that the mode conversion method can more effectively restrain the system frequency decline than existing inertial control methods within the stability operation constraints of the DFIG. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Simple screening strategy with only water bath needed for the identification of insect-resistant genetically modified rice.

An informative, with simple instrument needed, rapid and easily updated strategy for the identification of insect-resistant genetically modified (GM) rice has been described. Such strategy is based on a parallel series of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reactions targeting the rice endogenous gene sucrose phosphate synthase (Sps), the top two most frequently used genetic elements (Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase terminator (Nos) and Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (CaMV35S)), and an insect-resistant specific gene (Cry1Ac) and detected visually by phosphate ion (Pi)-induced coloration reaction. After a logical judgment of visible readouts has been obtained, three popular insect-resistant GM rice events in China can be successfully identified within 35 min, using either microwell strips or paper bases.

The Research of Improved Abnormal ECG Cluster Analysis Algorithm

In order to solve the problem of ECG being complex, and the problem of abnormal ECG signal analysis standards being not uniform, this paper analyzes Lin Zetao’s clustering algorithm research achievements in the classification of abnormal heart rate. According to the characteristics of the clustering algorithm which is suitable for dealing with the rare data and the large amounts of data, this paper makes the analysis of the method of setting parameters in key process of the application of the clustering algorithm. This paper proposes an accurate clustering algorithm (LCFCM) about abnormal ECG which combines logical judgment, cluster analysis and fuzzy clustering together. Based on the algorithm design requirements, this algorithm perfects the logical judgment criteria and the key technologies of the ECG waveform vector extraction method. Ultimately, the MIT-BIH database is used as the sample to make experiment. The experiment shows that, this paper proposes LCFCM algorithm, whose accurate rate toward the classification of the abnormal heart rate reaches 93%. And at the same time, the good self-adaptive algorithm on different individuals ECG, has good practical value.

Specified Domain in Nu-Mu Interaction Diagram for Logical Judgment in Numerical Analysis on Compression Reinforced Concrete Members

A series of specified domains in Nu-Mu interaction diagram are proposed to determine optimal reinforcement schemes for rectangular RC column sections subjected to uniaxial eccentric load. These domains divide the area covered by interaction diagram into four regions of safety zone, compression-controlled zone, balanced failure zone and tensioncontrolled zone, which can help engineer to understand all possibilities of section failure under varied reinforcement scheme when they carried out a section design for columns with numerical analysis. With the physical information included in the diagram, the domains help to establish logical judgment between practical reinforcement schemes specified by the Chinese code (GB50010-2010) and corresponding load combination (Nu, Mu) in interaction diagram, and also provide physical interpretation on any calculated result of steel consumption.

Evaluation and analysis of cognitive function in chronic renal failure patients

To explore the characteristics of cognitive impairment and correlation analysis in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). The Addenbrooke's cognitive examination revised (ACE-R) scale was used to evaluate the cognitive function for 101 cases of chronic renal failure patients (group CRF) receiving outpatient and inpatient treatments and selected 30 individuals with normal renal function as normal controls (group NC) for cross-sectional analysis. T test, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and other statistical methods were adopted for comparing differences. (1) Compared with group NC (83.4 ± 6.5), group CRF (71.9 ± 17.6) showed significantly statistical difference on Addenbrooke's cognitive examination revised (ACE-R) scale scores (P < 0.01); (2)compared with normal controls, the patients with CRF had significantly statistical difference on the scores of visual spatial ability (11.5 ± 3.2, 14.0 ± 3.0 respectively), language fluency (7.0 ± 2.6, 8.7 ± 1.9) (P < 0.01) and memory (18.1 ± 7.0, 21.5 ± 3.6 respectively) (P < 0.05); (3) the cognitive function of patients with CRF were significantly positive correlated with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (r = 0.614, P < 0.01) and negatively correlated with the duration of illness (r = -0.492, P < 0.01); (4) From ROC curve and the area under curve (AUC), ACE-R scale (AUC = 0.680) showed a higher sensitivity than mini-mental state examination scale (AUC = 0.576) in assessing cognitive function in patients with CRF (P < 0.01). (1) Under similar basic conditions of age, level of education and background, CRF patients showed significant damage overall cognitive function, cognitive impairment in visual spatial ability, executive function, long-term memory and logical judgment ability was particularly impaired. Immediate and delayed memory, attention, orientation and language ability also manifested different degrees of decline; (2) the severity of cognitive impairment in patients with CFR was closely related with the level of GFR; (3) the ACE-R scale showed a higher sensitivity than mini-mental state examination scale in assessing cognitive function in patients with CRF.

Seeds: Contracting the Audience in a Play about Science

In pursuing the question ‘what can scientists learn from theatre?’ Particularly, ‘what can scientists, as scientists, learn from theatre?’ this paper argues that science lacks a normative framework that theatre is capable of providing. Despite science’s well-earned epistemic reputation, there is adequate reason to question its ethical reputation, particularly at the point where cutting edge scientific technology impacts society. I consider science as operating in four categories: the scientific method; the scientific hypothesis; the scientific experiment; and the scientist’s personal character. The realms of the scientist’s hypothesis and personal character are those where social pressures are reciprocally exerted, where imaginative play mentality and epistemic values are most in evidence. Theatre can examine these realms effectively because it is able to use narratives that appeal not only to logical and social moral judgements but to emotional and visceral responses, so as to situate science in the social context in which the pressures of law, funding, experimentation, society, and personal ambition converge in ‘the game of life’.This can be seen in the theatrical process known as ‘contracting with the audience’. I point out a spectrum of traditional narrative tropes by which science makes “contracts with” audiences. The paper draws on theories of entrainment and theatrical game-play from Peter Stromberg and Philippe Gaulier, as well as my own practice and research into the process of contracting with the audience, to propose how to reach beyond tradition and to shift normalising contracts “outside the box”. To illustrate my proposition, I examine the play Seeds by Annabel Soutar as directed by Chris Abraham for Crow’s Theatre and Theatre Porte Parole. Seeds follows the controversial court battles of Saskatchewan farmer Percy Schmeiser against agricultural-biotech corporation Monsanto, which sued him for patent infringement of its Genetically Modified Organism Roundup Ready Canola. Seeds helps its audience define a public arena for discourse even as it brings to our attention the factors that make this difficult to do, while making an excellent contribution to the genre of ‘Documentary Theatre’. It is a successful contract with the audience that creates a public forum for discussion about contemporary ethical debates in science, thereby merging artistic ambiguity and scientific theory.

Development and application of mould breakout prediction system with online thermal map for steel continuous casting

A new system to predict and prevent sticking type breakout in slab continuous casting is presented. It uses novel logic judgment model for sticker prediction. The elaborate model has four important characteristics: (1) arranging more rows of thermocouples in high density; (2) using temperature change rate and the time lag of abnormal changes for neighbouring thermocouple temperatures; (3) abandoning frequently used temperature inversion; and (4) vertical detection and horizontal detection to accurately recognise sticker propagation. The results of example simulations and field application indicate that the present model can detect sticking type breakout completely and in time keep false alarm ratios to a minimum and so achieve better performance for breakout prediction and prevention. Also, the mould breakout prevention system (MBPS) uses online thermal map of the mould for process visualisation and assisting breakout prediction. A novel method called ‘contour region filling method’ is proposed for drawing the colour maps, which includes discrete data gridding, contour line generation and contour polygon filling. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the method is feasible and effective for drawing online thermal maps. Meanwhile, field application results indicate that the present thermal map could well reflect the characteristics of temperature field of mould in normal and abnormal conditions, and is satisfactory for the process of practical operation.

Slope stability susceptibility evaluation parameter (SSEP) rating scheme – An approach for landslide hazard zonation

In this paper a new slope susceptibility evaluation parameter (SSEP) rating scheme is presented which is developed as an expert evaluation approach for landslide hazard zonation. The SSEP rating scheme is developed by considering intrinsic and external triggering parameters that are responsible for slope instability. The intrinsic parameters which are considered are; slope geometry, slope material (rock or soil type), structural discontinuities, landuse and landcover and groundwater. Besides, external triggering parameters such as, seismicity, rainfall and manmade activities are also considered. For SSEP empirical technique numerical ratings are assigned to each of the intrinsic and triggering parameters on the basis of logical judgments acquired from experience of studies of intrinsic and external triggering factors and their relative impact in inducing instability to the slope. Further, the distribution of maximum SSEP ratings is based on their relative order of importance in contributing instability to the slope. Finally, summation of all ratings for intrinsic and triggering parameter based on actual observation will provide the expected degree of landslide in a given land unit. This information may be utilized to develop a landslide hazard zonation map.The SSEP technique was applied in the area around Wurgessa Kebelle of North Wollo Zonal Administration, Amhara National Regional State in northern Ethiopia, some 490km from Addis Ababa. The results obtained indicates that 8.33% of the area fall under Moderately hazard and 83.33% fall within High hazard whereas 8.34% of the area fall under Very high hazard. Further, in order to validate the LHZ map prepared during the study, active landslide activities and potential instability areas, delineated through inventory mapping was overlain on it. All active landslide activities and potential instability areas fall within very high and high hazard zone. Thus, the satisfactory agreement confirms the rationality of considered governing parameters, the adopted SSEP technique, tools and procedures in developing the landslide hazard map of the study area.

Sound mind, irrational behavior?

Sound mind, irrational behavior?

The Friction Model of Dynamic-Wheel Model Based on LuGre Model

With the development of the simulator and the increase of vehicle model simulation frequency, the ring tire models become the research focus. The ring model considers the physical characteristics of the tire, thus it can more accurately describe the tire force transmission. State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control of Jilin University has developed a dynamic wheel model. This model takes the tire crown part as a rigid-ring and describes the elasticity of the tire by using six spring-dampers to connect the rigid-ring with the wheel rim. This paper focuses on the logical judgment of dynamic, static friction between tire and road. Based on the logical analysis, the tire forces at transient process are researched in order to avoid oscillation. Based on the C language to build simulation program, and embed it into complex vehicle model to simulate different conditions, the simulation results show that the vehicle can start smoothly.

Research on Maintenance Strategy of Coal Mining Vehicle Based on RCM

The reliability analysis of the coal mining vehicle is expounded by the application of Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM). According to RCM, maintenance mode and service period of the equipment are determined after a logical judgment and effective analysis of equipment reliability and malfunction results. Corresponding maintenance strategies are established. It is estimated that the strategy may be further applied in equipment maintenance strategy.

A Method for the ORU Division of Manned Spacecraft

In order to make on-orbit maintenance easy, a division method for the orbital replaceable unit (ORU) of manned spacecraft is proposed. Selection range of ORU was determined based on analyzing on-orbit repair requirements of system. Then a logic judgment strategy for ORU division was established to obtain a preliminary partition scheme, and the verification method is used to adjust the scheme of ORU division. Finally, the proposed method is applied on a subsystem of a manned spacecraft and the partition scheme can ensure the balance of system performances, which indicate that the proposed method can provide a feasible approach to engineering implementation.

Study on the Preparation and Implementation of a New Type Digital Electronic Thermometer

Human body temperature, as a manifestation of life activity, is an important physiological parameter of the new supersedes the old. The body temperature not only has physiological significance, but also has important clinical significance, which can be considered as an important index for clinical diagnosis. Based on the NTC temperature sensor as the core, through the whole system framework construction and the software control system design, a quick and accurate intelligent digital electronic thermometer was prepared. Under software control, intelligent temperature measurement is realized. The thermometer not only can accurately register the temperature, also has many functions such as broadcast and logic judgment on temperature, in which, the display module will judge and display the measurement results.

Simulation Modeling for Electrical Switching System of Hydropower Station

This paper proposes a simulation modeling method for the electrical switching system of hydropower station, which is a sub-topic for Hydropower Station Simulation Training System. The graphics model of commonly used electrical switch equipment is developed with a certain software. As vast and different types of Hydropower station circuit breakers and associated grounding switches, and each specific action of the switch process is not same, so the modular modeling method is described to solve the problem. According to the role and status in power plant, electrical switch system is divided into several sub modules, among which a number of small modules are sorted in. In each sub module, a common model is developed. Besides, the application method that the network topology analysis algorithm used in electrical switching system simulation logic judgment is introduced. With the ‘connecting line fusion’ technique, logic function expression member information table is automatically generated, thereby enhancing the suitability for the electrical switch simulation model. The methods mentioned above assure the real-time, typicality and flexibility in simulation, and have been successfully used in the development of a large hydropower station simulator. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i8.3135

Pediatric malpractice: An overview of Turkey

The objective of this study was to evaluate juridical and medical responsibilities of health-care professionals accused of malpractice in Turkey while they care for patients under the age of 18. The cases sent to the Council of Forensic Medicine Institution by the courts, including claims of medical malpractice (n = 1458), in order to get an expert opinion between 2002 and 2006, were examined retrospectively. Cases of negligence by health-care professionals who gave medical care to children between the ages of 0 and 18 were evaluated statistically. There was medical malpractice in 28.8% of the cases; and 68.2% of the cases were male. A large proportion of the cases were found to occur in emergency departments; and 57.9% of injuries resulted in death. The specialist doctors seemed to be sued or to be accountable for compensation more frequently than the general practitioners. This can be attributed to the fact that they perform more complicated medical interventions. Courts specializing in health legislation may be useful to decrease the time consumed by trials. These specialized courts will also support logical judgment. In addition, postgraduate education is useful in reducing malpractice claims.

Low cost digital signal generation for driving space vector PWM inverter

There is an increasing trend of using space vector pulse-width modulation (SVPWM) schemes for driving voltage source inverters because of their easier digital realization and better DC bus utilization. This paper introduces an SVPWM technique based on a reduced computation method, which is much simpler and more executable than conventional means without lookup tables or complex logical judgments. The SVPWM scheme is modeled and simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK and experimentally implemented and verified on microchip PIC microcontroller 18F4431 platform. The experimental results are presented for three-phase two-level inverter followed by three-phase LC filter.