Logical Definition Research Articles

НОРМИ, ЩО ВСТАНОВЛЮЮТЬ ПРОЦЕДУРИ СПРАВЛЯННЯ МІСЦЕВИХ ЗБОРІВ, У СТРУКТУРІ ПОДАТКОВОГО КОДЕКСА УКРАЇНИ

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the proposal regarding the placement of legal norms that establish the procedure for collection of local taxes in the structure of the Tax Code of Ukraine. Methods. The quantitative text processing of the text of the Tax Code of Ukraine followed by the interpretation of the results was carried out with the help of content analysis. The formal and legal method was used for the logical processing of legal norms. The comparative method was used when comparing the structure of the code throughout its validity period and the grouping method was used during the division of local taxes and fees depending on the object of taxation. Results. It was substantiated that the legally established definition of the concept of “tax (fee, contribution)” has a tautology of essential features of the direction of mandatory payment. It contains the condition that payers receive a special benefit, which does not correspond to reality, is not fully correlated with rent payments and rent (for land). The words that are not synonyms and have different lexical meanings are identified in the defined concept. The logical definitions of the tax-legal terms such as “tax” and “local tax” which reveal the essence of these mandatory payments were formulated. It was proven that there is no property tax in the tax system. The norms of article 265 of the Tax Code of Ukraine are contrary to common sense – one local tax cannot “consist»” of three local taxes that have different legally established mandatory elements. It was emphasized that today, if business entity has the appropriate property (within the meaning given in article 190 of the Civil Code of Ukraine), it may be a payer of real property tax other than land, transport tax, land tax and parking spaces tax. The object of tourist taxation is not legally established. It was proven that it is a temporary accommodation service received by individual who is a taxpayer in the places of residence (overnight stay), the list of which is given in paragraph 268.5.1 of the Tax Code of Ukraine. It was emphasized that the name and the structure of Section XII of the Tax Code of Ukraine are not consistent with the norms of article 10 and article 265 of this Code. This section of the codified legal act includes the norms that establish the procedure for collection of the tourist tax, which is not taxed on property. Conclusions. The proposed structure of the special part of the Tax Code of Ukraine, which includes the procedures for collection of existing taxes and fees in the tax system, fully complies with the current norms of paragraph 8.1 of article 8, paragraph 9.1 of article 9 and paragraphs 10.1, 10.2 of article 10 of the Tax Code of Ukraine. It provides the opportunity to make additions to the relevant section of the Tax Code of Ukraine in case of the introduction of new national and/or local taxes and fees into the tax system of Ukraine.

Frege on the Fruitfulness of Definitions

What, in Frege’s view, makes definitions fruitful? In Grundlagen §70, Frege offers an answer: Unfruitful definitions are definitions that “could just as well be omitted and leave no link missing in the chain of our proofs”. The §70 passage, however, poses an interpretive puzzle as its characterization of fruitfulness appears to conflict with other conditions that Frege imposes on definitions, namely, eliminability and conservativeness. It appears that the only way to resolve this conflict is to attribute to Frege a notion of fruitfulness that is trivially satisfied and, hence, poorly motivated. I argue that this worry is misplaced. This is because Frege distinguishes between two roles of definitions, namely, between definitions qua explanations of concepts (analytic definitions), and definitions qua resources of a proof system (logical definitions). I use this distinction to argue that a fruitful definition, for Frege, is a definition that plays both roles, and that to play both roles, the definition has to be used in the proof of sentences containing the term so defined. Starting from §70, I develop and defend this reading of Frege’s notion of fruitful definition.

Proposal of a new grading system for meningioma resection: the Copenhagen Protocol.

The extent of meningioma resection is the most fundamental risk factor for recurrence, and exact knowledge of extent of resection is necessary for prognostication and for planning of adjuvant treatment. Currently used classifications are the EANO-grading and the Simpson grading. The former comprises radiological imaging with contrast-enhanced MRI and differentiation between "gross total removal" and "subtotal removal," while the latter comprises a five-tiered differentiation of the surgeon's impression of the extent of resection. The extent of resection of tumors is usually defined via analyses of resection margins but has until now not been implemented for meningiomas. PET/MRI imaging with 68Ga-DOTATOC allows more sensitive and specific imaging than MRI following surgery of meningiomas. To develop an objective grading system based on microscopic analyses of resection margins and sensitive radiological analyses to improve management of follow-up, adjuvant therapy, and prognostication of meningiomas. Based on the rationale of resection-margin analyses as gold standard and superior imaging performance of 68Ga DOTATOC PET, we propose "Copenhagen Grading" for meningiomas. Copenhagen Grading was described for six pilot patients with examples of positive and negative findings on histopathology and DOTATOC PET scanning. The grading could be traceably implemented and parameters of grading appeared complementary. Copenhagen Grading is prospectively implemented as a clinical standard at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen. Copenhagen Grading provided a comprehensive, logical, and reproducible definition of the extent of resection. It offers promise to be the most sensitive and specific imaging modality available for meningiomas. Clinical and cost-efficacy remain to be established during prospective implementation.

Supporting analysis for WCLL test blanket system safety

The Water-Cooled Lithium Lead Breeding Blanket is one of the most promising concepts to be used as a key component in fusion power devices. It provides tritium breeding and nuclear power conversion and extraction. Before its integration in a DEMO plant, a testing phase is required to gain data on both thermal and neutronic performances. For this purpose, a Test Blanket System is currently under conceptual design and will be integrated into dedicated ITER equatorial ports. Early insight on the safety performance of the Test Blanket System remains an essential element for integrating into ITER, and accident analysis is one of its critical components. Preliminary safety studies have been performed in the framework of Safety And Environment (SAE) work package of the EUROfusion consortium program to support the design and the integration of the Water-Cooled Lithium Lead Test Blanket System into ITER. At the present conceptual design phase, these studies are tailored to give insight on the effects of some parameters, such as postulated initiating event timing, plasma termination system or valves intervention, and possible safety provision implementation. A MELCOR model of the Water-Cooled Lithium Lead Test Blanket System has been developed, and two accident scenarios have been studied: an ex-vessel LOCA inside the port cell and a loss of flow accident because of pump seizure. The impact of mentioned parameters on accident evolution and consequences is investigated in support of the safety logic definition.

TCDO: A Community-Based Ontology for Integrative Representation and Analysis of Traditional Chinese Drugs and Their Properties.

Traditional Chinese drugs (TCDs) have been widely used in clinical practice in China and many other regions for thousands of years. Nowadays TCD's bioactive ingredients and mechanisms of action are being identified. However, the lack of standardized terminologies or ontologies for the description of TCDs has hindered the interoperability and deep analysis of TCD knowledge and data. By aligning with the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), an ISO-approved top-level ontology, we constructed a community-driven TCD ontology (TCDO) with the aim of supporting standardized TCD representation and integrated analysis. TCDO provides logical and textual definitions of TCDs, TCD categories, and the properties of TCDs (i.e., nature, flavor, toxicity, and channel tropism). More than 400 popular TCD decoction pieces (TCD-DPs) and Chinese medicinal materials (CMMs) are systematically represented. The logical TCD representation in TCDO supports computer-assisted reasoning and queries using tools such as Description Logic (DL) and SPARQL queries. Our statistical analysis of the knowledge represented in TCDO revealed scientific insights about TCDs. A total of 36 TCDs with medium or high toxicity are most densely distributed, primarily in Aconitum genus, Lamiids clade, and Fabids clade. TCD toxicity is mostly associated with the hot nature and pungent or bitter flavors and has liver, kidney, and spleen channel tropism. The three pairs of TCD flavor-nature associations (i.e., bitter-cold, pungent-warm, and sweet-neutral) were identified. The significance of these findings is discussed. TCDO has also been used to support the development of a web-based traditional Chinese medicine semantic annotation system that provides comprehensive annotation for individual TCDs. As a novel formal TCD ontology, TCDO lays out a strong foundation for more advanced TCD studies in the future.

A new Turing test: metaphor vs. nonsense.

My basic argument is that a computer cannot distinguish between metaphor and nonsense. This would be my new “Turing Test.” I was very fond of a particular Italian poem, but I was told by an Italian friend that it was a hackneyed poem of little worth. I then taught myself to experience the poem alternately, as real poetry and as the silly nonsense that my friend claimed it really was. Having done so, I realized that I could do the same with any metaphor, such as “having a green thumb.” Thinking about the nature of this switch, from the literal to the metaphorical, I also realized that it was the sort of change that could not be prescribed or even described: this, the basic aesthetic gesture, remains beyond the boundary of logical definition. It then dawned on me that it might provide a test for the validity of a “Turing Test,” by any definition. Can a computer track a mind as it goes through this transformation? I could not envisage such a possibility. This would be a “Turing Test” based on the discipline of aesthetics rather than on technology. It may even be argued that the ability to experience metaphor is the very definition of the human.

Conflict of interest: The case of a non-decision-making committee at a South African public higher education institution

The avoidance of a conflict of interest within private and public institutions is closely associated with good corporate governance. This study departed from the question of whether a conflict of interest is possible within a non-decision-making institutional committee. For this purpose, a high-level non-decision-making committee within a South African public higher education institution was selected as a case study. This article reports on an exploratory qualitative study consisting of qualitative content analysis of the constituting and operational documents of this committee, as well as on a study of the perceptions and lived experiences of the selected committee. It was found that the selected committee was established to be a high-level consultative body for the executive management committee of the university on decisions of strategic operational nature. This committee does not have any decision-making duties. Conflict of interest is perceived by committee members in terms of either the explicit or the hidden agenda metaphor. According to the explicit agenda metaphor, a conflict of interest within a non-decision-making committee is not possible, whilst the hidden agenda metaphor holds that a conflict of interest is the reality of members’ lived experiences. This article provides a comparison of the two perspectives according to three defining attributes of the concept and shows a need for a logical and principled definition of the concept ‘conflict of interest’ within the context of higher education and the public sector at large.

Cultural logics: Toward theory and measurement

Researchers have increasingly used the concept of “logics” to study and explain cultural phenomena. Yet aside from the institutional logics perspective – which mostly focuses on organizations and uses a neo-institutional framework – there has been little guidance on how to define and measure logics. Examining fifty years of research, I find that analysts have tended to theorize and operationalize logics in two conflicting ways – as organizing principles for decision-making and/or as well-reasoned justifications. I propose a new definition of logics, as shared, internalized, cognitive structures which are fundamentally evaluative in nature, and distinguish them from other cultural constructs like “frames” and “schemas.” I advocate for a measurement strategy in which logics are operationalized as an evaluation with a unique set of criteria, with each criterion having a particular importance as well as direction of importance. I then provide some practical guidelines for collecting and analyzing data on logics. I illustrate the potential of this approach in two cases studies: a qualitative case using simulated college admissions decisions, and a quantitative case using original data on views toward poverty. I find evidence for previously-overlooked distinctions between liberals’ and conservatives’ bases for poverty policy support, revealing the power of a logics approach.

Language Temporality as Culture Metaphor

The article considers issues of defining language temporality through content for communication between language and thinking in the world conceptualization regarding the ideas of time developing in culture. The author notes the role of the person in modeling language temporality based on which the general worldview reflecting existential understanding of culture is constructed. Moreover, the author underlines that consideration of language temporality is defined by specifics of time perception as the objected universal forming a conceptual basis of culture. Metaphorical ways of exteriorization of language temporality in perception of typical repeatability of an event row are revealed (B. L. Whorf). The author considers metaphorization of culture in implementing language temporality through the identification of time and human life. In addition, the author notes that integration of models between time and life is not always subjected to logical coordination and definition. Time as a natural process represents the movement caused by natural laws, which set the formalized principles of the consecutive changes, which are abstractly presented in the straight line (infinity). However, assessment and understanding of the movement direction is possible if the straight line becomes discrete, as only in this case it is possible to speak about the components of the whole pointing out its sense, that is possible to present in the form of the points located on the straight line. This discretization defines differences in understanding of time that is dictated by metaphorical sense of language temporality and culture, since a lack of opportunities for unambiguous interpretation of changes generate modifications of meanings which lie in the nature of defining time and its goal-setting

“A New Logic”: Bacon’s Novum Organum

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to assess Bacon’s proclamation of the novelty of his Novum Organum. We argue that in the Novum Organum, Bacon reshapes the traditional representation of logic as providing tools for the building of philosophical discourse. For he refuses both an understanding of logic in terms of an ars disserendi, and an approach to philosophy in terms of a discourse of a certain type of necessity and universality. How can Bacon articulate a logic, that is, a set of rules with formal features, on the basis of a distrust of the paradigm of discourse? This seemingly paradoxical definition of logic follows from Bacon’s rejection of the conception of the scientific reasoning provided by the Organon. It also stems from his reworking of Aristotle’s semiotics, in an effort to deal with the gap between what reality consists in and what the mind perceives of it.

M.L. Estimator for Fuzzy Survival Function to the Kidney Failure Patients

The dependence of traditional statistical methods in finding estimators and testing hypotheses depends on data that take specific values. However, uncertainty (Fuzzy) appears in most data, including survival time data, which requires researchers to apply Fuzzy methods in general when finding estimators, particularly the estimators of a survival function. In this research, the experimental method (simulation) was used to compare Fuzzy methods (definition of fuzzy logic, cut level -δ, Buckley) at three fuzzy degrees (0, 0.5, 1), for selected survival times (t = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12) in days. To determine the best fuzzy method used to find the Maximum Likelihood Estimators of the fuzzy survival function depends on the Avery Mean Squares Error (AMES) for the lower and upper bound estimators of the fuzzy survival function for each method. From the experimental method, we came to an advantage of defining fuzzy logic for the maximum likelihood estimator for the survival function of Weibull distribution (distribution of survival times data in the research). The maximum likelihood estimator calculated according to the method of defining fuzzy logic for patients' survival times with kidney failure collected from sections of the dialysis department in educational hospitals (Baghdad, Al-Kindi, Al-Karama, Al-Kadhimiya). This research found that the probability of fuzzy survival for two days to the patients with kidney failure reaches 0.7504 and this probability decreases with an increase in the time of stay until it reaches 0.07704 the probability of staying for a month.

Referentiality of event in postmodern fictional discourse: pragmatics and semantics

The article is devoted to the study of postmodern fictional discourse referentialism in terms of pragmatics and semantics. Postmodern fictional discourse eliminates the oppositions of different narrative perspectives, which entails a non-distinction of the author’s narrative and the characters’ speech. The relevance of the article arises from the need to identify the communicative parameters of the creator of fictional discourse and its recipient from the standpoint of the cognitive and discursive linguistic paradigm, but it should be noted that both sides of fictional communication are free in the choice and interpretation of language elements outside the fixed conventional meanings. This feature of fictional discourse results in a set of conventions adopted by both sides of aesthetic communication. Metaphorically polysemantic images, which conflict with the definitions of formal logic and affirm the variability of the world and consciousness, are characteristic of postmodern fictional discourse. Pastiche, irony, collage, allusions, citations, direct derivations have significant pragmatic potential. The aim of the article is to identify and describe the pragmatic and semantic features of structuring the referentiality of an event in postmodern fictional discourse on the material of Sasha Sokolov’s novel “School for Fools”. The semantic space of the novel creates the dialogicity of the characters’ consciousness, pragmatically marked by dialogization of speech, which emphasizes the recipient’s attention to the imaginary event. The text fragments become independent discursive phenomena, thus contributing to the perception of the novel as a complex of macrocontexts. Markers of narrative polyphony, as well as intertextuality and precedent phenomena serve as pragmatic markers of the special referentiality of an event in S. Sokolov’s novel.

Definition and validation of SNOMED CT subsets using the expression constraint language

BackgroundSNOMED CT Expression Constraint Language (ECL) is a declarative language developed by SNOMED International for the definition of SNOMED CT Expression Constraints (ECs). ECs are executable expressions that define intensional subsets of clinical meanings by stating constraints over the logic definition of concepts. The execution of an EC on some SNOMED CT substrate yields the intended subset, and it requires an execution engine able to receive an EC as input, execute it, and return the matching concepts. An important issue regarding subsets of clinical concepts is their use in terminology binding between clinical information models and terminologies for defining the set of valid values of codified data. ObjectiveTo define and implement methods for the simplification, semantic validation and execution of ECs over a graph-oriented SNOMED CT database, and to provide a method for the visual representation of subsets in order to explore, understand and validate its content, as well as to develop an EC execution platform, called SNQuery, which makes use of these methods. MethodsSince SNOMED CT is a directed and acyclic graph, we have used a graph-oriented database to represent the content of SNOMED CT, where the schema and instances are represented as graphs and the data manipulation is expressed by graph-oriented operations. For the execution of ECs over the graph database, it is performed a translation process in which ECs are translated into a set of Cypher Query Language queries. We have defined some EC simplification methods that leverage the logic structure underlying SNOMED CT. The purpose of these methods is to reduce the complexity of ECs and, in turn, its execution time, as well as to validate them from a SNOMED CT Concept Model and logical definition points of view. We also have developed a graphic representation based on the circle packing geometrical concept, which allows validating subsets, as well as pre-defined refsets and the terminology itself. ResultsWe have developed SNQuery, a platform for the definition of intensional subsets of SNOMED CT concepts by means of the execution of ECs over a graph-oriented SNOMED CT database. Additionally, we have incorporated methods for the simplification and semantic validation of ECs, as well as for the visualization of subsets as a mechanism to understand and validate them. SNQuery has been evaluated in terms of EC execution times. ConclusionIn this paper, we provide methods to simplify, semantically validate and execute ECs over a graph-oriented database. We also offer a method to visualize the intensional subsets obtained by executing ECs to explore, understand and validate them, as well as refsets and the terminology itself. The definition of intensional subsets is useful to bind content between clinical information models and clinical terminologies, which is a necessary step to achieve semantic interoperability between EHR systems.

Mechanisation of Model-theoretic Conservative Extension for HOL with Ad-hoc Overloading

Definitions of new symbols merely abbreviate expressions in logical frameworks, and no new facts (regarding previously defined symbols) should hold because of a new definition. In Isabelle/HOL, definable symbols are types and constants. The latter may be ad-hoc overloaded, i.e. have different definitions for non-overlapping types. We prove that symbols that are independent of a new definition may keep their interpretation in a model extension. This work revises our earlier notion of model-theoretic conservative extension and generalises an earlier model construction. We obtain consistency of theories of definitions in higher-order logic (HOL) with ad-hoc overloading as a corollary. Our results are mechanised in the HOL4 theorem prover.

Сергей Рубинштейн о методе мышления у Гегеля: неокантианская критика

In this research I focuse on Sergey L. Rubinstein’s German dissertation “A Study on the Problem of Method” (1913–1914), which aimed at solving the problem of method in transcendental philosophy as distinguished from Hegel’s philosophy and dualistic philosophical systems. After a brief description of the context in which this problem emerged in the 1910s, I reconstruct its general original in­tent from the archive copy of the dissertation. Further I show that the published part of Rubinstein’s study was the first serious attempt to explain the difference between the transcendental logic of Cohen and Natorp and what the Neo-Kan­tians called Hegel’s “absolute rationalism”. This issue has become one of the most difficult questions in the philosophical self-reflection of Marburg Neo-Kantianism. I reveal that in his critique of Hegel Rubinstein is based on the Co­hen’s thesis on the immanence of thinking and being, which means that all being in sense of its substantive determination is a function of thinking. In Hegel’s “Science of Logic” Rubinstein finds a violation of this principle, namely dualis­tic features expressed in the independence of being and thinking. From Rubin­stein’s further reflections it becomes clear that his critical thesis against Hegel about the transcendence of being in relation to all other logical definitions is ori­ented on Cohen’s conception of the last ground and his own project of an open system of categories. However, Rubinstein has overlooked that the epistemologi­cal differences between the concept and the object of the concept, thinking and being, are overcome on the last pages of Hegel’s “Phenomenology of Spirit” by the concept of absolute knowledge, and “The Science of Logic” is a theory of pure thinking which seeks to justify the substantivity of thinking on the basis of a methodological rule, by means of which both the difference of being and think­ing, and their unity with the concept of pure thinking are revealed simultaneously.

Lógica transcendental, teoria da investigação, filosofia. Sobre a lógica transcendental de J. G. Fichte

The paper, focused on the analysis of the first four lessons of the Transzendentale Logik II of 1812, deals with the status of transcendental logic in the construction of Fichte’s Wissenschaftslehre. From the historical and textual point of view, the problem investigated involves the definition of transcendental logic as an introduction to the Wissenschaftslehre (§ 2) and the relationship of this definition with different approaches to logic in the post-kantian debate (Fries, Reinhold, Bardili, Kant § 3). From a theoretical point of view the paper involves a reflection on the meaning of the so-called recursivity of the Wissenschaftslehre and draws attention to the ways in which the recursivity allows for a restructuring of experience and rationality. This perspective allows us to clarify two elements implicit in Fichte’s transcendental approach: the difference between formal and transcendental logic and the propaedeutic dimension of this difference, which would show its proximity to the assumptions of the Dewey´s theory of investigation (§ 4).

Inner models from extended logics: Part 1

If we replace first-order logic by second-order logic in the original definition of Gödel’s inner model [Formula: see text], we obtain the inner model of hereditarily ordinal definable (HOD) sets [33]. In this paper, we consider inner models that arise if we replace first-order logic by a logic that has some, but not all, of the strength of second-order logic. Typical examples are the extensions of first-order logic by generalized quantifiers, such as the Magidor–Malitz quantifier [24], the cofinality quantifier [35], or stationary logic [6]. Our first set of results show that both [Formula: see text] and HOD manifest some amount of formalism freeness in the sense that they are not very sensitive to the choice of the underlying logic. Our second set of results shows that the cofinality quantifier gives rise to a new robust inner model between [Formula: see text] and HOD. We show, among other things, that assuming a proper class of Woodin cardinals the regular cardinals [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] are weakly compact in the inner model arising from the cofinality quantifier and the theory of that model is (set) forcing absolute and independent of the cofinality in question. We do not know whether this model satisfies the Continuum Hypothesis, assuming large cardinals, but we can show, assuming three Woodin cardinals and a measurable above them, that if the construction is relativized to a real, then on a cone of reals, the Continuum Hypothesis is true in the relativized model.

On Kant and Husserl on transcendental logic

It is well known that the notion of transcendental logic has a prominent role in both Kant’s and Husserl’s theories of knowledge. The main aim of the present paper is to study the links between formal and transcendental logic in Husserl on the one hand, and the links between general logic and transcendental logic in Kant on the other. There is a debate about the proper relation between transcendental logic and general logic in Kant’s philosophy. By means of our definition of transcendental logic, mainly drawn from Husserl’s analyses, we will try to offer an appropriate interpretation of Kant’s view.

Gelenbevi’nin İsaguci Şerhi İsimli Eseri Üzerine ‘Delâlet ve Tanım Konuları Bağlamında’ Bir İnceleme

İsmail Gelenbevî (1730-1790) mantık, münazara, matematik, astronomi, tasavvuf ve kelâm alanlarındaki eserleriyle tanınır. Aristoteles (MÖ. öl. 322) mantığının devamı olarak Fârâbî-İbn Sina geleneğine bağlı kalan Gelenbevî, Osmanlıların son döneminde mantık ilminde telif eseri bulunan bir mantıkçıdır. Onun Burhan isimli eseri, Osmanlı ilim dünyasında mantık ilminde yazılan son telif eserler arasında sayılır. Ayrıca onun başka mantık eserleri bulunmakla birlikte Esirüddîn el-Ebherî’nin (öl. 1265) İsagûci isimli eserine yazdığı bir şerhi mevcuttur. İslâm mantık tarihinde dikkate değer bir konuma sahip olan İsagûcî isimli bu risale üzerine çok sayıda şerh ve haşiye bulunmaktadır. Mantık metni olarak İsagûcî’nin diğer ilimlerdeki eserlere göre avantajı, biçimsel bir konuyu açık bir dille anlatmasıdır. Ancak yine de bu biçimsel metnin, her dönemdeki muhataplarının anlama düzeyine uygun hale getirilmesine ihtiyaç hissedilmektedir. İslâm mantıkçıları bu şerhleri, kendi dönemindeki öğrencilerin anlayış düzeyine uygun olarak yazmışlardır. İşte Gelenbevî de İsagûci şerhiyle, döneminin öğrencileri için bu risaledeki anlaşılmayan hususları açıklamayı amaçlamıştır. Her ne kadar 13. yüzyıl sonrasındaki mantık eserlerinde benzer türde içeriklere rast-lansa da Gelenbevî’nin şerhi, kendi dönemine kadar gelen görüş farklılıklarını ele alıp incelemesi açısından dikkat çekmektedir. Eserin girişinde Gelenbevî, hem mantık ilmiyle dilbilgisi ve dînî ilimler arasındaki bağı sıkı bir şekilde kurmakta hem de dînî ilimler öğrencisine mantık öğrenmeden tefsir, kelâm gibi ilimleri tam olarak öğrenmesinin mümkün olmadığını ispatlamaya çalışmaktadır. Ayrıca o, ihtilaflı kelâmî me-seleleri kelâmcıları referans vererek cedelî bir tarzda konuları tartışmaktadır. Böylece o, dînî ilimlerin öğretiminden önce bu ilimler için yöntem olarak mantığın bilinmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. İsagûcî şerhinin mukaddimesinde mantık-dînî ilimler ilişkisi tesis edildikten sonra mantık kelimesinin anlamının tahliline ve tanımına geçi-lir. Burada Gelenbevî mantığın tanımlanması konusunda Molla Fenarî’yi takip ederek cihet-i vahde ifadesini kullanarak onun yöntemiyle tanım yapmaktadır. Böylece onun, varlık nazariyesindeki birliği bilgi teorisine de yansıttığı ve yine bu konudaki tasavvufî eğilimini ima ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Mantık ilmini ilm-i mizan yani ölçü ilmi olarak adlandıran mantıkçı şerhinde, mantığın tatbikî yönünü öne çıkartmaya çalışır. Çünkü mantık, dînî ilimlerin aracıdır ve bu nedenle her türlü delillendirmenin sağlamlığı ve kesinliğinin sağlanması için mantığa büyük bir görev düşmektedir. Bunun için o mantık ilminin kurallarını izah ederken mantıksal açıklamalarla birlikte dilbilimsel olarak da çoğu kelimenin ne anlama geldi-ğini ve bunun gramatik konumunu araştırır. Bu makalede Gelenbevî’nin İsagûci şerhinin mukaddime ve tasavvurât bölümünde yer alan delâlet ve tanım konuları mantıksal ve dilbilimsel bakımdan incelenecektir. Gelenbevî, İslâm mantıkçılarına göre delâletin sözlü yani lafzî olan ve olmayan şeklinde ikiye ayrılmasını ayrıntılı bir şekilde inceler. Bunlardan her birinin tabiî, aklî ve vaz’î olarak üç türü vardır. Mantıkçılar bunlardan lafzî vaz’î olan delâlet biçimiyle ilgilenirler. Lafzî vaz’î delâlet ise İbn Sina’yla birlikte mutabakat, tazammun ve iltizam olarak ele alınır. Gelenbevî her üç delâlet biçimini ayrıntılı olarak anlatır. Bu delâlet biçimleriyle ilgili farklı görüşleri anlatarak ihtilafları çözer. Yine o, tanım konusunda dönemine kadar gelen tüm çatışmaları birer birer tahlil etmekte ve onlara cevap vermektedir. Böylece bir klasik eser olan İsagûcî’yi dînî ilimlerden istifade ederek yeniden kurgulamakta ve ona dînî ilimlerin yönte¬mi denilecek bir yapı kazandırmaya çalışmaktadır. Bu makalede onun bu eseri Molla Fenarî (öl. 1431) ve Davûd el-Karsî (öl. 1756) gibi Osmanlı mantığında etkisi olan mantıkçıların İsagûcî şerhleriyle birlikte değerlendirilecektir. Ayrıca onun bu eseriyle İslâm mantık geleneğindeki yeri, önemi ve katkıları belirlenmeye çalışılacaktır.

Begriffsschrift’s Logic

In Begriffsschrift, Frege presented a formal system and used it to formulate logical definitions of arithmetical notions and to deduce some noteworthy theorems by means of logical axioms and inference rules. From a contemporary perspective, Begriffsschrift’s deductions are, in general, straightforward; it is assumed that all of them can be reproduced in a second-order formal system. Some deductions in this work present—according to this perspective—oddities that have led many scholars to consider it to be Frege’s inaccuracies which should be amended. In this paper, we continue with the analysis of Begriffsschrift’s logic undertaken in an earlier work and argue that its deductive system must not be reconstructed as a second-order calculus. This leads us to argue that Begriffsschrift’s deductions do not need any correction but, on the contrary, can be explained in coherence with a global reading of this work and, in particular, with its fundamental distinction between function and argument.