Logical Consistency Research Articles

Truth Logic of Modalities Consistent and Incompatible: A Computational Program and Experimental Studies among College Students

College students give true judgment routinely, logicians can infer modal inferences, i.e., inferences that concern three alethic modalities; necessary (⸧), possible (◊), and impossible (⟢) from the premises that are logically consistent and incompatible. To achieve the desired results, logicians have intermingled alethic modalities with logical consistency and incompatibility, i.e., necessary consistent, impossible incompatible, possible consistent, or possible incompatible, and write them in classical modal logic as ⸧C (necessary consistent), ◊C (possible consistent) or ◊I (possibly incompatible) and ⟢I (impossible incompatible). M paradigm [Modality, Mental logic theory (MLT), and Mental model theory (MMT)] have been built to enlighten this truth logic. The basic idea of this study is to examine the theory; how do students judge whether two or more different propositions are possible? and, whether their judgment is true. Truth logic is used to construct some principles that help to justify the above theory. First, inferences have either ◊C/ ◊I or ⸧C but assertions are consistent. Second, each ◊C/ ◊I inference and premise is evaluated for both single and double model assertions, and they have consistency (i.e., ⸧C/◊C) and incompatibility (i.e., ◊I or ⟢I). As logicians have predicted, students mostly endorse inferences as ◊C/ ◊I rather than ⸧C and the ⟢I rate is higher in multi-model assertions. Syllogistic logical reasoning with conditionals (if, then...), conjunctions (and), disjunctions (or), and quantifiers “all” and “some” have been used in the M paradigm to evaluate predictions. Moreover, a computational program and experimental studies have strongly supported the all given principles and predictions.

노동조합법 제2조 및 제3조 개정법률안에 대한 거부권 행사의 부당성

This article aims to look into the constitutional legitimacy of the possible exercise of the President's veto power to prevent the proposed amendments to Articles 2 and 3 of the Trade Union Act, which were referred to the plenary session of the National Assembly at the end of June 2023 with the collaborative initiation of the opposition parties despite the resistance of the ruling party, from becoming law.
 The presidential veto is a power that allows the president to object to a bill passed by the National Assembly and return it to the National Assembly for reconsideration. There are some competing views on the legal nature of this power, which is understood as a suspension or release condition, but it is reasonable to understand it as a unique constitutional mechanism that restrains the finalization and promulgation of laws for a certain period of time, since the request for reconsideration itself does not actively create a legal effect on whether the bill is confirmed or not.
 The constitutional function of the presidential veto has been recognized to be the procedural control of rushed, frivolous, or flawed legislation but it is noteworthy to growing focus is given to the presidential check on the National Assembly to promote the balance of power. As the function of the veto has been expanded, there has been a strengthening tendency to argue that there are no legal limitations on the requirements for its exercise so that it can be used out of policy disagreement or political motivation alone. Against this tendency, counter arguments have been consistently put forward that there should be inherent limitation on the exercise of the veto power so that it can be justified only if the target legislation is (1) unconstitutional, (2) unenforceable, (3) contrary to the national interest, and (4) politically motivated to exert political pressure by unreasonably restricting executive power in violation of the separation of powers. I conclude that the inherent limitation theory is preferred when considering the compatibility of the basic values, principles, and institutions of a democratic republic, the constitutional implications of the constitutional power structure, and the relative persuasiveness and logical consistency of the arguments. Above all, considering that the legislative power is an inherent function of the National Assembly in accordance with the principle of separation of powers, which is a universal principle that cannot be denied regardless any form of government, and that the veto power is a procedural controlling power, not a substantive formative power, even according to the systematic interpretation of democracy and the rule of law, and that its legitimacy is to control the evils such as legislative dictatorship, not to replace the legislative power, the constitutional principles of a democratic republic cannot justify that the legislative power is neutralized by the abuse of the presidential veto leading to the presidential administrative dictatorship.
 Even if there is an inherent limit in the exercise of presidential veto power, there is a problem that this limit is a ‘political morality of the constitution’ rather than a ‘law of the constitution’ where normative power can be enforced through judicial procedures, and there is no possibility of external control such as judicial review or constitutional adjudication.

한국의 비영리 공익활동 분류체계 개선 연구

This study was conducted to identify the problems of various public interest activity classification systems currently in use in Korea and to propose a rational improvement plan for the classification system of nonprofit public interest activities in Korea. For the research, we analyzed major domestic and international public interest activity classification systems in terms of analysis units, classification criteria, and response rules. We reviewed the advantages and disadvantages according to the classification system evaluation criteria. The public interest activity classification system proposed in this study takes 'public interest activities' performed at the level of non-profit organizations or individuals as the unit of analysis. The first essential classification criterion is the 'main activity and service area' (10 items), and the second optional classification criteria are 'main beneficiaries' (14 items), 'main spatial range' (4 items), 'main method of performance' (6 items), 'online activity status' (3 items), and 'connection with official organizations' (2 items). The classification system of this study has strengths in terms of logical consistency, exclusivity between classification items, economy, and rich combinability.

Design and Optimization of a Novel Electronic Mechanical Brake Actuator Based on Cam

The electronic mechanical brake (EMB) is considered an ideal actuator for brake-by-wire systems. We applied the negative radius roller cam mechanism as the clamping mechanism of the EMB, solving the problem of large size, poor load-bearing capacity, and the inefficiency of the existing EMBs. When designing a cam as a clamping transmission mechanism, it is necessary to take the pressure angle, contact stress, motion law, etc., as goals and constraints. Existing design methods cannot easily solve this problem. Therefore, we propose a new analysis method from the cam profile and combine it with an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to design the cam profiles. This method can handle various complex goals and constraints of the EMB and obtain the required negative radius roller cam profile. Finally, the logical consistency of the profile-based analysis method was verified, and the EMB design objectives and accuracy were compared using ADAMS. Under the same conditions, the result showed that the optimized cam mechanism requires only 40.52% motor power and only 65.65% clearance elimination time compared to the EMB with the lead screw mechanism.

Linguistic and Rhetorical Features of Dialogue on Rhetorical Topics between a Human and Chatbot GPT

Abstract: This paper presents the results of an analysis of a dialogue between a human and a chatbot on rhetorical topics. The problematic has a topicality that is new in the study of an understudied field, namely the communication in a mini-virtual community between a human and GhatGTP. The first focus is on analyzing linguistic and rhetorical features of answering questions posed by the researcher, who is also a participant in the dialogue. The second focus is on the ways in which the results of the search for rhetoric-related information are presented and structured by the chatbot. The third focus is on the ways in which the chatbot identifies itself using algorithms and pre-prepared information by experts from different fields and how it verbalizes and self-assesses it. The first hypothesis is that from a linguistic point of view the chatbot uses terms; does not allow figurative language, realizes an informative function; structures short texts of good logical consistency, which are dominated by the statement of previously presented information. The second hypothesis is related to rhetorical themes and canons and it is that the chatbot successfully realizes two rhetorical canons (invention and composition) searching for information from accessible online sources, selects and structures facts into popular level. The paper tests a research approach, conventionally called auto-cyberethnographic monitoring, which combines the cyberethnographic method with autoethnography. The text does not aim at providing exhaustive information, it is oriented towards establishing the possibilities of delineating a new scientific field of research that presupposes an interdisciplinary approach and modern research methods. Keywords: rhetoric, rhetorical canons, language, dialogue, Chatbot GPT, cyberethnographic method, autoethnography, auto-cyberethnographic monitoring. Rhetoric and Communications Journal, issue 56, July 2023

Optimal Checkpointing Strategy for Real-time Systems with Both Logical and Timing Correctness

Real-time systems are susceptible to adversarial factors such as faults and attacks, leading to severe consequences. This paper presents an optimal checkpoint scheme to bolster fault resilience in real-time systems, addressing both logical consistency and timing correctness. First, we partition message-passing processes into a directed acyclic graph (DAG) based on their dependencies, ensuring checkpoint logical consistency. Then, we identify the DAG’s critical path, representing the longest sequential path, and analyze the optimal checkpoint strategy along this path to minimize overall execution time, including checkpointing overhead. Upon fault detection, the system rolls back to the nearest valid checkpoints for recovery. Our algorithm derives the optimal checkpoint count and intervals, and we evaluate its performance through extensive simulations and a case study. Results show a 99.97% and 67.86% reduction in execution time compared to checkpoint-free systems in simulations and the case study, respectively. Moreover, our proposed strategy outperforms prior work and baseline methods, increasing deadline achievement rates by 31.41% and 2.92% for small-scale tasks and 78.53% and 4.15% for large-scale tasks.

False Respondents in Web Surveys

Purpose: The aim of the conducted analyses was to propose and test an FR procedure for detecting false respondents (who answer survey questions mindlessly) in online surveys. Design/methodology/approach: Statistical analyses of data from 9 online surveys with a total of 4224 respondents, and 3 offline surveys (a total of 3169 respondents), aimed to identify false respondents using 4 warning signs (WS) based on: (WS1) too short answering time, (WS2) attention check questions, (WS3) rating style that considers, among others, the number of “Don’t know”, (WS4) logical consistency test of the answers and self-reported engagement of respondents. Findings: The percentage of respondents flagged by any of 4 signs (strict criteria) ranged from 5.2% to 71% depending on the survey. With lenient criteria (allowing respondents to be flagged by one warning sign), the percentage of excluded respondents ranged from 0% to 45.9%. Respondents could be excluded from analyses locally (for a specific block of items) or globally. Research limitations/implications: The surveys used in the analyses in this paper were of high quality (designed to minimize the participation of false respondents), which means that the percentages of false respondents for surveys made available to all interested parties will be higher. The analyzed data included respondents with at least secondary education. Originality/value: The conducted analyses provide evidence for the necessity of cleaning data obtained in online surveys. The tested FR procedure proved to be useful. The utility of the FLEXMIX procedure for examining the logical consistency of respondents’ answers was also demonstrated.

EQ-5D-5L Value Set for Slovenia.

The aim of this valuation study was to produce a value set to support the use of EQ-5D-5L data in decision making in Slovenia. The study design followed the published EuroQol research protocol, and a quota sample was defined according to age, sex, and region. Overall, 1012 adult respondents completed 10 time trade-off and seven discrete choice experiment tasks in face-to-face interviews. The Tobit model was used to analyse the composite time trade-off (cTTO) data in order to generate values for the 3125 EQ-5D-5L health states. The data showed logical consistency, with more severe states being given lower values. The greatest disutility was shown in the pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression dimensions. In the EQ-5D-5L value set, the values range from -1.09 to 1. With the exception of UA5 (unable to perform usual activities), all other levels on all health dimensions were statistically different from 0 and from each other.Compared with the existing EQ-5D-3L value set, there is a slightly lower share of 'worse than dead' states (32.1% compared with 33.7%) and the minimum value is lower. Results have important implications for users of the EQ-5D-5L in Slovenia and regions. It is a robust and up-to-date value set and should be the preferred value set used in adults in Slovenia and in neighbouring countries without their own value set.

A contemporary description of the Carnot cycle featured by chemical work from equilibrium: The electrochemical Carnot cycle

The emerging electrochemical heat engines featured by chemical work output necessitate a contemporary description of the Carnot cycle, as it was previously described in terms of volume work. Starting from the quasi-static process and relaxation time, this study recognizes the risk to the consistency of thermodynamic logic caused by multiple relaxation times in the same process. To address this issue, a rigorous description of the Carnot cycle featured by chemical work, namely, the electrochemical Carnot cycle, is presented. Using an ideal mixture capable of phase transitions and chemical reactions as the working fluid, a one-to-one correspondence between the destruction and restoration of the equilibrium in each process is achieved in the electrochemical Carnot cycle. This description effectively avoids interference from other relaxation times when determining equilibrium. In practical terms, the electrochemical Carnot cycle could be implemented by available heat exchangers and electrochemical cells with flow battery structures. Furthermore, an investigation of existing electrochemical heat engines reveals that the cycle configuration of electrochemical Brayton cycle is more thermodynamically rational than that of thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle. This study is expected to provide guidance for the cycle construction of electrochemical heat engines and inspire further thinking in this field.

The Systematisation of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China in Book II Real Rights

The formulation of civil law into a code is an important process of re-integrating and systematising civil law. Compared to the previous application of the individual laws of the civil law, the most important thing in applying the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter called the Civil Code) is to have a systematic thinking, i.e., unified norms and logical consistency. The legal system of real rights in the Civil Code is the basic legal system for the recognition, use and protection of property, which is fundamental to the country and has a bearing on the interests of people's livelihood. Property rights are the basis of every country's economic development, a prerequisite for exchange and a material guarantee for human survival and development. This paper will elaborate on five aspects, as follows: Real Rights and General Provisions, Real Rights and Contracts, Real Rights and Marriage, Family and Succession, Real Rights and Tort Liability, and the systematic arrangement within Real Rights. In order to achieve the purpose of better application of the Civil Code to solve the problems of property rights.

The coverage of information science and knowledge organization in the Library of Congress Subject Headings

PurposeThis article examines the Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH), which is the most used subject heading system in the world and an instance of a controlled vocabulary (CV).Design/methodology/approachThe method used to examine the system is based on both authors’ subject knowledge in the field of information science (IS) and the subfield of knowledge organization (KO). Core concepts in this domain were examined (1) by checking if they are present or not in the system; (2) if not, by determining whether LCSH contains alternative terms useful for searching documents about the missing concept, by examining books indexed by the Library of Congress; (3) by identifying the semantic relations between subject headings.FindingsThe results demonstrate fundamental problems in the logical consistency of the representation of IS and KO in LCSH.Practical implicationsThe implications for CVs in general are discussed.Originality/valueNo previous study has used our method to examine LCSH’s coverage of IS.

Al-Khawarizmi: A Muslim Scientist Who Discovered Algorithms And Their Influence In The Development Of Modern Computation

The algorithm discovered by Al Khawarizmi is a result of thinking that makes something that was impossible in modern science, possible today. In the book “The Advent of the Algorithm: The Idea that Rules the World” by David Berlinski, it is stated that there are two extraordinary ideas, calculus and algorithm. An algorithm is a systematic logical steps to solve a problem, which is composed and designed logically and systematically. The key element in an algorithm is its logical consistency. This is because an algorithm must be logical and its truth value (true or false) can be determined. An algorithm can also be defined as sequential steps in performing certain tasks. The advancement of modern computer technology today cannot be denied thanks to the contribution of algorithms. A computer programmer will undoubtedly always use algorithms in creating and developing their programs. Algorithms play a very important role in the development of computer technology, especially computer programs.

Consistency and interpolation in linear continuous logic

Consistency and interpolation in linear continuous logic

Декомпозиция процессов управления данными в CMDB

Purpose: Data decomposition and classification development for the management of telecommunication network configurations and for the formation of such data management process set with the use of special database which basis on, the formation of requirements for database subsystem projection given the consistency of data about a control object and the system capabilities for this object management. Systematization of configuration data, of configuration element attributes as well as their logical consistency with the processes of the control and management of a state in promising management system subsystems. Methods: Fundamentals of complex process management theory, information storage and presentation system theory, object-oriented projection methods, decomposition method for representing process logic and data analysis about control object as well as theoretic-set approach for describing data set. Results: Decomposition of the tasks has been obtained which are realized by the components of telecommunication network configuration management special database; data sets about configuration elements have been formed. The requirements for promising control system subsystem that embodies the functionality of special database for telecommunications network configuration element management have been presented. Trends for further research in the direction to develop algorithms and models of telecommunication network configuration management with the help of special database have been proposed. Practical significance: The obtained decomposition and classification of data for telecommunication network configuration management is characterized by unique approach and dedication to telecommunication network management system subsystem logical structure, required for promising projection, as well as allows to formulate requirements for modeling the processes of telecommunication network configuration element management.

A national survey of Iranian general population to estimate a value set for the EQ-5D-5L.

The main aim of this study is to estimate a national value set of the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire for Iran. The composite time trade-off (cTTO) and discrete choice experiment (DCE) methods; and the protocol for EuroQol Portable Valuation Technology (EQ-PVT) were used to estimate the Iran national value set. 1179 face-to-face computer-assisted interviews were conducted with adults that were recruited from five Iran major cities in 2021. Generalized least squares, Tobit, heteroskedastic, logit, and hybrid models were used to analyze the data and to identify the best fitting model. According to the logical consistency of the parameters, significance levels and prediction accuracy indices of the MAE; a heteroscedastic censored Tobit hybrid model combining cTTO and DCE responses was considered as the best fitting model to estimate the final value set. The predicted values ranged from -1.19 for the worst health state (55555) to 1 for full health (11111), with 53.6% of the predicted values being negative. Mobility was the most influential dimension on health state preference values. The present study estimated a national EQ-5D-5L value set for Iranian policy makers and researchers. The value set enables the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire to use to calculate QALYs to assist the priority setting and efficient allocation of limited healthcare resources.

Navigating the Excluded Middle: The Jaina Logic of Relativity

Abstract The Jaina tradition is known for its distinctive approach to prima facie incompatible claims about the nature of reality. The Jaina approach to conflicting views is to seek an integration or synthesis, in which apparently contrary views are resolved into a vantage point from which each view can be seen as expressing part of a larger, more complex truth. Viewed by some contemporary Jaina thinkers as an extension of the principle of ahiṃsā into the realm of intellectual discourse, Jaina logic marks quite a distinctive stance toward the concept of logical consistency. While it does not directly violate the law of excluded middle, it does, one might say, navigate this principle in a highly and potentially useful way. The potential usefulness of Jaina logic includes the possibility of its use in arguing for the position known as religious pluralism or worldview pluralism. This is a view which many philosophers see as holding great promise in developing a way to think about differences across worldviews in ways that do not lead to the kind of conflict and polarization that all too often characterizes ideological differences in today’s world.

Defining orienting language in the genetic counseling process.

We defined orienting language in genetic counseling sessions as 'language intended to direct focus to a particular aspect of the counseling process; a physical, emotional, or cognitive space; or an outcome'. This is a concept expanding on the idea of 'orientation' statements in the genetic counseling literature. We propose that orienting language is an important component of effective communication in the genetic counseling process. Our goals were to document the presence of orienting language in genetic counseling sessions with practicing genetic counselors and simulated clients, categorize types of orienting language, and evaluate the purpose of this language. A sample of Genetic Counseling Video Project videotape transcripts was evaluated through consensus coding for orienting language. Orienting language was found to be abundant in the dataset evaluated. Each excerpt was coded for orienting language Strategies and Purpose. The six categories of Strategy codes identified were Logical Consistency, Providing Context, Guidance, Structuring the Session, Anchoring, and Procedural. The six categories of Purpose codes were Counselee Understanding, Guidance, Engagement, Promoting Effective Counselor/Counselee Interactions, Counselee Adaptation, and Relationship Building. Results support our expanded definition of orienting language, which was similar in both cancer and prenatal specialties and across years of counselor experience. Orienting language acts as a series of signposts to help clients navigate the sometimes complex and unfamiliar territory of a genetic counseling session. The introduction of this term into the genetic counseling literature allows its use by genetic counselors to be further evaluated and potentially incorporated into genetic counselor training.

Topology-Guided Graph Learning for Process Fault Diagnosis

Faults in the process industry can be diagnosed using various data-driven methods, but the intrinsic relationships between inputs and outputs, particularly the physical consistency of model prediction logic, have received little attention. To address this issue, we propose a topology-guided graph learning fault diagnosis framework that combines the concept of graphs with process physics. Our framework focuses on knowledge embedding and explanation and includes several key components: a topology graph based on the flowchart, a self-attention mechanism to discover distinctive knowledge from data, graph convolution to capture variable relationships, graph pooling to coarsen graph data, and a gating mechanism to establish long-term dependencies. We also use a graph explainer to assess the physical consistency of the model’s prediction logic. We demonstrate the feasibility of our method using the Tennessee Eastman process and show that it is not a black-box model but rather has natural advantages in terms of effectiveness and explanation.

Probabilistic coherence, logical consistency, and Bayesian learning: Neural language models as epistemic agents.

It is argued that suitably trained neural language models exhibit key properties of epistemic agency: they hold probabilistically coherent and logically consistent degrees of belief, which they can rationally revise in the face of novel evidence. To this purpose, we conduct computational experiments with rankers: T5 models [Raffel et al. 2020] that are pretrained on carefully designed synthetic corpora. Moreover, we introduce a procedure for eliciting a model's degrees of belief, and define numerical metrics that measure the extent to which given degrees of belief violate (probabilistic, logical, and Bayesian) rationality constraints. While pretrained rankers are found to suffer from global inconsistency (in agreement with, e.g., [Jang et al. 2021]), we observe that subsequent self-training on auto-generated texts allows rankers to gradually obtain a probabilistically coherent belief system that is aligned with logical constraints. In addition, such self-training is found to have a pivotal role in rational evidential learning, too, for it seems to enable rankers to propagate a novel evidence item through their belief systems, successively re-adjusting individual degrees of belief. All this, we conclude, confirms the Rationality Hypothesis, i.e., the claim that suitable trained NLMs may exhibit advanced rational skills. We suggest that this hypothesis has empirical, yet also normative and conceptual ramifications far beyond the practical linguistic problems NLMs have originally been designed to solve.

УДИВИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРИКЛЮЧЕНИЯ РЕГИСТРАЦИИ В ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОМ ПРАВЕ

The article questions the feasibility and adequacy of registration procedure and registers in the area of intellectual rights and the rights derived therefrom, taking into account informational (rather than proprietary) nature of those rights. The author analyses the competing public- and private- law concepts of intellectual rights, title-generating and title-validating effects of entries in the private and public registers of intellectual rights and comes to the conclusion that the overlap of diverse and contradictory receptions of objects of intellectual right and methods of their protection does not provide the domestic institution of registration of those rights with public reliability or logical consistency. The mandatory protectability of registered objects of intellectual rights (similar to Torrens title system) maintained by some binding judicial interpretation, along with the infringer’s inability to even prove the right of prior use in their respect, is however energetically refuted by courts on the basis of the rules on latent succession, abuse or unfair competition, and this effectively turns entries in the registers into rebuttable presumptions. Therefore, a registrar, despite extremely complex administrative procedures, may not be held anyhow responsible for their reliability.