Logical Aspects Research Articles

Negativity, conflict and resistance: The Portuguese revolutionary process (1974–75) and its international mediations – Spanish newspapers and the Inter Press Service

By considering the Portuguese revolutionary process of 1974–75 as a mediatic event, this article addresses aspects of the internal logic of information flow in the western context, heavily influenced and mediated by the frame of the Cold War. Initiated by a military coup, intended to put an end to 48 years of an authoritarian regime and thirteen years of colonial wars, the revolutionary process lasted about nineteen months and brought about such a change in the country’s social, political and economic structures that the constitution approved in 1976, included the goal of ensuring a transition to socialism. Meanwhile the hegemonic power of the main news agencies was the object of an international debate, with the UNESCO-sponsored MacBride Report (1980) offering proposals for the rebalancing of information. Focusing on this process as a mediatic event highlights the power of news agencies, influential even in contexts of informative restriction (as in the Spanish case) and responsible, to a large extent, for the dominant negativity of the event’s portrayal. This was the origin of increasing tensions between revolutionary political subjects and foreign correspondents, and also of the activation of forms of resistance, such as the agency Inter Press Service (IPS), whose aim to counter the dominant logic inscribes it in the North–South dialogue.

Dynamic game semantics

AbstractThe present work achieves a mathematical, in particular syntax-independent, formulation of dynamics and intensionality of computation in terms of games and strategies. Specifically, we give game semantics of a higher-order programming language that distinguishes programmes with the same value yet different algorithms (or intensionality) and the hiding operation on strategies that precisely corresponds to the (small-step) operational semantics (or dynamics) of the language. Categorically, our games and strategies give rise to a cartesian closed bicategory, and our game semantics forms an instance of a bicategorical generalisation of the standard interpretation of functional programming languages in cartesian closed categories. This work is intended to be a step towards a mathematical foundation of intensional and dynamic aspects of logic and computation; it should be applicable to a wide range of logics and computations.

Bid evaluation in civil construction under uncertainty: A two-stage LSP-ELECTRE III-based approach

Increasing growth and development of building industry and civil engineering motivates enterprises to advance bid evaluation process in an effort to ameliorate building quality and diminish construction cost. The selection of qualified construction contractor has been generally formulated and addressed as a multi-attribute group decision-making problem. However, few existing studies have taken the reasoning logic pattern in human cognition process and the compensatory among attributes into account. Therefore, a two-stage logic scoring of preference-ELECTRE III-based approach is established for the management and manipulation of bidder selection. In a bid to facilitate expert evaluation articulation, alternative-attribute assessments in this approach take the form of generalized comparative linguistic expressions, which are subsequently converted into possibility-distribution-based hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set via the similarity measure-based generation approach to enhance information quality and reliability. Then, nonlinear optimization-based direction rules are introduced to advance the automatic minimum-distance-based consensus reaching model and based on which, the individual semantic-embedded assessments are algorithmically adjusted to reach acceptable consensus. Furthermore, the expert and attribute importance degrees are extracted from both semantic and formal logic aspects, and the modified individual assessments are gathered by integrating the two-stage logic scoring of preference aggregation structure and the ELECTRE III method. The present approach provides a solution to bid evaluation problems considering the reasoning logic pattern in human cognition process and the compensatory among attributes. A practical case study and a comparative analysis are performed to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the established multi-attribute group decision-making approach.

FORMATION OF TEXT LINGUISTICS IN THE FIELD OF LINGUISTICS

The author in this article considers the history of the formation of text linguistics as a scientific discipline in the field of linguistics, in connection with the emergence of intersubject situations in the study of the text of literary works at the turn of the last century. The article deals with the history of research of the text of a literary work in the linguistic direction and its further development in the field of linguistics. It also examines the scientific works and their features of domestic and foreign scientists in this area. Examines the role of language in shaping identity, culture and future of the people, and explained that acknowledge the value and the aesthetic function of language affects linguistic, logical, intellectual, and cultural aspects of life of the young generation, as well as the fate and future of the people as a whole.

Informed consumers? Students, choices and events management degrees

Comparatively little is known about the extent to which students on vocational courses like events management fit within the student-as consumer framework and, in particular, why and how they decide to study for an events management degree. A study of 582 new events management undergraduates was undertaken at two UK universities. Survey and interview data illustrate that, although students demonstrated aspects of consumerist logic in valuing their degree predominantly in relation to their future careers, they based their choice of course and university largely on emotional, subjective criteria and so were not the ‘informed consumers’ espoused in public discourse.

Routley Star and Hyperintensionality

We compare the logic HYPE recently suggested by H. Leitgeb as a basic propositional logic to deal with hyperintensional contexts and Heyting-Ockham logic introduced in the course of studying logical aspects of the well-founded semantics for logic programs with negation. The semantics of Heyting-Ockham logic makes use of the so-called Routley star negation. It is shown how the Routley star negation can be obtained from Dimiter Vakarelov’s theory of negation and that propositional HYPE coincides with the logic characterized by the class of all involutive Routley star information frames. This result provides a much simplified semantics for HYPE and also a simplified axiomatization, which shows that HYPE is identical with the modal symmetric propositional calculus introduced by G. Moisil in 1942. Moreover, it is shown that HYPE can be faithfully embedded into a normal bi-modal logic based on classical logic. Against this background, we discuss the notion of hyperintensionality.

Nilai-Nilai Pendidikan Dalam Budaya Tarung Presean Di Lombok Barat (Perspektif Agama Hindu)

<p><em>Tarung Presean Culture in Batu Kumbung Village, Lingsar Subdistrict, West Lombok Regency, there are several components that can be examined in the presentation of results including: (a) Tarung Presean Culture is carried out by the Hindu Balinese who have long lived on the island of Lombok along with the Muslim Sasak tribe with a variety of social statuses but one goal is to ask for the gift of rain in order to obtain fertility and commemorate the services of the ancestors and as a form of thanks to the spirits of their ancestors who have fought to achieve independence and unite the archipelago. The culture of Tarung Presean in Batu Kumbung Village, Lingsar District, goes through several stages, namely; (1) preparations include making arenas, providing tools for Tarung Presean, and appointing referees (Pekembar), (2) Introduction marked by the beating of Sasak gamelan instruments accompanied by Sasak version of Pancasila songs, (3) the peak of the Ceremony designating an audience to be Pepadu and Tarung Presean begins after Pepadu is determined and ready to fight, (4) closing ceremony, a pair of Pepadu who have competed with each other / hugged each other and the committee gives gifts to fighters and gives closing words to the audience and fighters / Pepadu about the meaning contained in Tarung Presean. (b) In studying the values of Hindu religious education contained in the culture of Tarung Presean in the Batu Kumbung village of Lingsar sub-district, West Lombok Regency, using the Hindu Religious Concept which refers to the holy books, namely: Vedic Scriptures, Bhagavad Gita, Manawa Dharmasastra, and Sarascamuccaya. (c) In Tarung Presean in Lingsar Temple, Lingsar Subdistrict, West Lombok Regency, there are aesthetic aspects, logic aspects, and ethical aspects as well as very deep meaning, including; (1) Tarung Presean as Actualization of Self-Control, (2) Tarung Presean as a form of Sportmanship and Patriotism, and (3) Tarung Presean Application from Tri Hita Karana.</em></p>

Logic & Structure: An Art Project

AbstractThe Logic & Structure project is about the language of mathematical logic and how it can be of use in the visual arts. It involves a conversation between a mathematical logician and a group of artists. The project is ongoing, and this is a report on its first two phases. This text has two parts. The first, “Logic”, is a short introduction to certain aspects of logic, as it was presented to the participants. The second part, “Structures”, describes some of the outcomes.The inspiration for the project comes from modern model theory whose advances revealed the extent to which formal methods may be helpful in describing and analysing mathematical structures. While the structures that are studied are often immensely complex, the formal language in which their properties can be expressed is simple. Its syntax is precisely defined and well understood, and this understanding often successfully guides us in our explorations of the rich world of mathematical objects. Our goal is to see the extent to which a similar approach could be of value when talking about works of art as structures. To this end, one could try to describe existing art objects in terms of suitably chosen formal languages, but we follow a reverse route. The language is described first, and the participating artists are asked to come up with artwork in which formal elements and their relations are chosen in advance, making it easier to identify those features of the created pieces that can be formally expressed. In other words, we are not thinking of applying formal methods to create art; rather we want to begin with samples that can serve as material for discussion.

Preservice teachers learning to teach proof through classroom implementation: Successes and challenges

Proof and reasoning are central to learning mathematics with understanding. Yet proof is seen as challenging to teach and to learn. In a capstone course for preservice teachers, we developed instructional modules that guided prospective secondary mathematics teachers (PSTs) through a cycle of learning about the logical aspects of proof, then planning and implementing lessons in secondary classrooms that integrate these aspects with traditional mathematics curriculum in the United States. In this paper we highlight our framework on mathematical knowledge for teaching proof and focus on some of the logical aspects of proof that are seen as particularly challenging (four proof themes). We analyze 60 lesson plans, video recordings of a subset of 13 enacted lessons, and the PSTs’ self- reported data to shed light on how the PSTs planned and enacted lessons that integrate these proof themes. The results provide insights into successes and challenges the PSTs encountered in this process and illustrate potential pathways for preparing PSTs to enact reasoning and proof in secondary classrooms. We also highlight the design principles for supporting the development of PSTs’ mathematical knowledge for teaching proof.

Swedish researcher proposes degendered organizational resilience model that combines masculine “oak” qualities with feminine “willow” qualities

PurposeWitmer's belief in the benefits of degendering resiliency is based on three assumptions. First, that gender is socially constructed. Second, that what is historically, socially and culturally constructed as masculine is seen as superior to what is seen as feminine, and third, that the gender system in organisations reproduces masculine power structures that marginalize the feminine qualities of the willow.Design/methodology/approachWitmer proposes the degendered organizational resilience (DOR) model to challenge current thinking and encourage more diverse practices. She analyses resilience factors using the three aspects of the DOR, which are power structure, gendering practices and language.FindingsThe author concludes by saying that a dual focus on resilience and inclusivity will “benefit men, women and the organisation, and it creates the space for innovation, learning and collective transformation.” The result will be a degendered construct that arms organisations with the “agile, collaborative aspects of the willow and the rational, logical aspects of the oak.”Originality/valueThe author concludes by saying that a dual focus on resilience and inclusivity will “benefit men, women and the organisation, and it creates the space for innovation, learning and collective transformation.” The result will be a degendered construct that arms organisations with the “agile, collaborative aspects of the willow and the rational, logical aspects of the oak.”

A Closeness- and Priority-Based Logical Study of Social Network Creation

This paper is part of an on-going programme on the study of the logical aspects of social network formation. It recalls the so-called social network model, discussing the properties of a notion of closeness between agents (in terms of the number of traits they have in common); then introduces an extended social network model in which different agents might assign different values to different traits, discussing the properties of the notion of weighted closeness that arises. These notions are used to define social network creation operations by means of a threshold strategy. The paper studies the properties of the social networks the updates create, providing sound and complete axiom systems for formal languages describing these updates’ effects.

Intensifying and De-intensifying Distinctions

Abstract In this article I explore different ways of imagining distinctions in the form of borders and on the attitudes that people assume towards them. A distinction is primarily a cognitive operation, but appears as such in human communication (people talking about differences and identities), and in constructions that shape the material space people live in (borders, buildings, and the like). I explore two extreme positions, the one de-intensifying distinctions by focusing on their logical and contingent forms, the other intensifying distinctions by making them a potential cause of conflict. The first one is exemplified by Spencer Brown’s and Niklas Luhmann’s reflection on the logical and sociological aspects of distinctions; the second one by Carl Schmitt’s theory of ‘the political’ and its key notion of the distinction between friend and enemy. Both positions are relevant to understand a major debate and struggle in the world of today between liberal cosmopolitans and authoritarian nationalists. I show in what way both positions are aspects of the human condition, and what makes that alternately the one or the other is stressed.

«ЗМІШАНЕ НАВЧАННЯ» ЯК КРОК ДО КОМФОРТНОЇ ОСВІТИ, ЙОГО СУТНІСТЬ І ПЕРЕВАГИ

The article highlights the need for positive changes in education through the use of innovative learning technologies. Analysis of scientific sources shows that this problem is urgent in the education system. Modern findings of equipping teachers with knowledge based on the innovations and child-centered approach are considered. The meaning and the content of flipped learning concept is specified; the own vision of the term is offered in the article. The principles of literary competence formation among high school students with the use of blended learning are substantiated and determined. The methodological aspects of the model application in a modern school are covered as well as its essence, features, advantages, possible difficulties and conditions which ensure the acquisition of literary education. The appropriateness of introducing such training in Ukrainian literature lessons is substantiated. The use of flipped learning at the Ukrainian literature lesson is demonstrated, due to which students acquire moral and ethical values. In the article there are covered methodological aspects of the Flipped Classroom, implementation possibilities of the competence approach in teaching of Ukrainian literature. The educational process is modeled in accordance with the modern requirements of student-oriented approach and task-based approach and Flipped classroom at the lesson of Ukrainian literature. The article proposes an algorithm based on the flipped learning for conducting the 11th grade Ukrainian literature lesson about the life and career of Valerian Pidmohylny. It is noted that the effective acquisition of knowledge occurs due to a combination of traditional and innovative learning, and it also depends on the student’s moral values and the staged use of technological learning. It is justified that the reading experience is based on the ability to analyze, interpret, compare, draw parallels, draw conclusions, use knowledge of literary theory in practice. It is primarily a combination of logical and sensory aspects, modern means of education, remote teaching and online learning, these components allow students to acquire competencies through projects, discussions and other activities. It is proved that the combination of traditional and innovative learning approaches including the virtual and real educational resources contributes to the transformation of literary knowledge into social and reading experience, prepares students for productive activities by turning them into active learners and changing teachers' role from the main source of knowledge to facilitator

Системно-структурный подход в формировании понятийного мышления обучающихся на уровне среднего общего образования

One of the targets of the Federal state educational standard of General secondary education is the training of creative and critical thinking of high school graduates who know the basics of scientific methods of cognition of the world, motivated for creativity and innovation. The leading component of creativity is intelligence, allowing with high efficiency to solve mental tasks, including a limited amount of information. Therefore, the problem of intellectual development of students, which is directly related to the formation of their conceptual thinking, acquires a special significance in modern general education school. From the standpoint of system-structural approach the formation of conceptual thinking is at school age in the development of academic disciplines, built on the conceptual principle of the scientific method and ways of the actions inherent in the particular subject. Conceptual thinking in this approach is viewed as a systemic quality that has the properties of multidimensionality, multilevelity and dynamism, which includes personal and cognitive constructs. According to the principle of structure, conceptual thinking is a mental function, which is not only structured, but also included in structure of the personality. On the basis of theoretical and empirical data, the dialectical interrelation of the logical and psychological aspects of thinking is considered. It is shown that the growth of the reproductive (logical) component of thinking has a significant positive impact on the development of creative thinking of students. Also the author identifies verbal-logical method of learning as strategic component of the educational process that establishes the relationship between all components of the pedagogical system aimed at developing conceptual thinking of students. From the standpoint of the system-structural approach the peculiarities of development of conceptual thinking of students of 10–11 grades of secondary school are characterized: structuring of the content of education based on the principle of scientific presentation of information, orientation of cognitive activity of students in the direction of mastering the methods and laws of scientific knowledge, the formation of logical qualities of thinking through the verbal and logical method of teaching, in-depth subject and logical training of teaching staff.

Neil McCormick’s Theory of Legal Reasoning and Its Evolution

This paper traces, examines and demonstrates Neil MacCormick’s theory of legal reasoning and its evolution. MacCormick’s views shaped gradually, therefore his theory could be divided into two main stages. Thus, a diachronic approach is justified. The aim of this paper is to analyse the difference between the theses of the theory of legal reasoning explained in Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory (1978) and general revisions to this theory marked in Rhetoric and the Rule of Law (2005). According to the author, the most important change in MacCormick’s theory of legal reasoning is the re-examination of the role of deductive reasoning in the process of judicial reasoning. This change leads to extension of the logical aspects of MacCormick’s theory of legal reasoning (legal syllogism) to include rhetorical aspects (argumentative character of law) and ethical aspects (the idea of the rule of law). The evolution of MacCormick’s theory of legal reasoning seems to be a model example of the changes in contemporary philosophy of law.

Epidemics Fuzzy Decision-Making Applications and Fuzzy Genetic Algorithms Efficiency Enhancement.

Fuzzy logic is an innovative scientific field with several successful applications. Genetic algorithms and fuzzy logic systems fusion provide real-world problems modeling through the development of intelligent and adaptive systems. Moreover, the statistical analysis of the epidemiology of infectious diseases, which combines fuzzy logic aspects, is vital for perceiving their evolution and control potential. Author's objective is initially to provide a review of the efficiency of fuzzy logic applications. The advanced implementation of fuzzy logic theory in epidemiology and the application of fuzzy logic for controlling genetic algorithms within strategies based on the human experience and knowledge known as fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) are analyzed. Outcomes of this review study show that not only can fuzzy sets be efficiently implemented in epidemiology but also prove the effectiveness of fuzzy genetic algorithms applications, thus suggesting that fuzzy logic applications are a really promising field of research.

Point-free foundation of geometry looking at laboratory activities

Researches in “point-free geometry”, aiming to found geometry without using points as primitive entities, have always paid attention only to the logical aspects. In this paper, we propose a point-f...

MEANING CHOICE AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEM

The problem of meaning choice as a psychological phenomenon radically different from the classical logical choice is investigated. Differences of mechanisms of formation of personal meaning and operational meaning are analyzed. It is shown that the process of meaning choice is based on a system of different personal meanings and includes such components as decentralization of meanings, generalization of meanings and the initiation of meanings. Decentralization of meaning is considered as its origin on the periphery of the semantic system. Generalization of meaning means its allocation and transition to personally significant positions among available semantic formations. At the initiation of meaning there is an evaluative selection of meaning constructs on the basis of internal criteria for further implementation in the activity. Based on the identified features of the choice of meaning made by man, some difficulties of artificial intelligence systems are shown. These difficulties are analyzed in logical, psychological, epistemological, axiological and existential aspects.

Logical, Philosophical and Ethical Aspects of AI in Medicine

Logical, Philosophical and Ethical Aspects of AI in Medicine

Cultura engleză prezentată prin prisma proverbelor și zicătorilor

Being an integral component of spiritual culture, the proverbs amaze by their proximity to the views of life, accuracy, intuition and wisdom. Knowing the mentality and culture of the English people offers the most accurate understanding of reality, mentality, history and not least of the target culture. The present article studies the proverbs as an instrument in understanding, decoding the English culture from a historical point of view, but also revealing its diversity. The main background of the proverbs is indigenous folk art, which reflects the structure of people's lives, the national culture. In close unity, the ethical, religious, moral, artistic, magical, logical and spiritual aspects of popular consciousness are represented in them.