Parallel Logic Research Articles

Parallel Logic Operations in Electrically Tunable Two-Dimensional Homojunctions.

Two-dimensional materials show great potential for future electronics beyond silicon materials. Here, we report an exotic multiple-port device based on multiple electrically tunable planar p-n homojunctions formed in a two-dimensional (2D) ambipolar semiconductor, tungsten diselenide (WSe2). In this device, we prepare multiple gates consisting of a global gate and several local gates, by which electrostatically induced holes and electrons are simultaneously accumulated in a WSe2 channel, and furthermore, at the boundaries, p-n junctions are formed as directly visualized by Kelvin probe force microscopy. Therefore, in addition to the gate voltages in our device, the drain/source bias can also be used to switch the 2D WSe2 channel on/off due to the rectification effect of the formed p-n junctions. More importantly, when the voltage on the global gate electrode is altered, all p-n junctions are affected, which makes it possible to perform parallel logic operations.

Mythological thinking in the cognitive system

Each era's theoretical-cognitive thought forms a new cultural and historical integrity because it is the heir to all of its preceding main directions while evolving at a qualitatively different level, choosing a distinct re-search topic and range of interests, and creating its own vocabulary for describing and explaining the phe-nomena of the surrounding reality. In addition to providing a theoretical understanding of the phenomena of understanding the world by our forebears, the modern theory of cognition has an important task in revealing the ontological structures and mechanisms of knowledge, demonstrating the subject volume and pluralism of concepts of cognition and understanding of the world, and adequately and clearly demonstrating some sub-stantive and logical parallels. The article deals with the evolution of the cognitive capabilities of myth. It ana-lyzes various scientific points of view concerning the epistemological function of myth.It also notes that the study of the heuristic role of myth in relation to culture and science requires a philosophical concept capable through the analysis of the universal aspects of myth to synthesize a holistic picture of the mythological way of thinking as the basis for all creative activity immanently inherent in man.

Gaussian Pseudo-spectrum Optimization-Based Fuzzy Logic Parallel Parking Trajectory Planning

Gaussian Pseudo-spectrum Optimization-Based Fuzzy Logic Parallel Parking Trajectory Planning

Realistic Cost to Execute Practical Quantum Circuits using Direct Clifford+T Lattice Surgery Compilation

We report a resource estimation pipeline that explicitly compiles quantum circuits expressed using the Clifford+T gate set into a surface code lattice surgery instruction set. The cadence of magic state requests from the compiled circuit enables the optimization of magic state distillation and storage requirements in a post-hoc analysis. To compile logical circuits into lattice surgery operations, we build upon the open-source Lattice Surgery Compiler. The revised compiler operates in two stages: the first translates logical gates into an abstract, layout-independent instruction set; the second compiles these into local lattice surgery instructions that are allocated to hardware tiles according to a specified resource layout. The second stage retains logical parallelism while avoiding resource contention in the fault-tolerant layer, aiding realism. Additionally, users can specify dedicated tiles at which magic states are replenished, enabling resource costs from the logical computation to be considered independently from magic state distillation and storage. We demonstrate the applicability of our pipeline to large, practical quantum circuits by providing resource estimates for the ground state estimation of molecules. We find that variable magic state consumption rates in real circuits can cause the resource costs of magic state storage to dominate unless production is varied to suit.

Sequential-dependent synthesis of gold-chromium nanocomposites for multimode colorimetric sensing, advanced logic computing, and tri-layer information protection

Binary materials combine the properties and advantages of their components, but their fabrication paradigm needs updating to fully exploit their characteristics and broaden their application. Here, multifunctional bimetallic gold-chromium nanocomposites (Au–Cr NCs) were synthesized facilely in a sequential-dependent manner, and applied from multi-channel sensing to molecular informatization (including advanced logic computing and tri-layer information protection). By sequentially mixing Cr6+, Au3+, and NaBH4 (reducing agent), Au–Cr NCs with Au nanoparticles attached to Cr nanobelts can be prepared easily and quickly. The resulting Au–Cr NCs exhibited multi-signal sensing capability for hypochlorite, with significantly improved selectivity (about 5 times) and sensitivity (about 1650 times) when analyzing multiple signals. The synthesis process can be used to implement parallel molecular logic gates and customizable keypad lock operations. Moreover, by digitizing logical relationships and multimodal selective responses based on Au–Cr NCs, specific information (wise sayings and literary works sentence) can be encoded, encrypted and hidden to realize nano-cryptography and steganography. When combined with molecular keypad lock, a tri-layer information protection system can be constructed to enhance anti-cracking ability. This study promotes controllable preparation and multi-purpose applications of advanced multifunctional nanocomposites, but also opens up a new direction for nano-based sensing and digitization in multi-dimension.

Multifunctional Antimonene-Silver Nanocomposites for Ultra-Multi-Mode and Multi-Analyte Sensing, Parallel and Batch Logic Computing, Long-Text Information Protection.

To simulate life's emergent functions, mining the multiple sensing capabilities of nanosystems, and digitizing networks of transduction signals and molecular interactions, is an ongoing endeavor. Here, multifunctional antimonene-silver nanocomposites (AM-Ag NCs) are synthesized facilely and fused for molecular sensing and digitization applications (including ultra-multi-mode and multi-analyte sensing, parallel and batch logic computing, long-text information protection). By mixing surfactant, AM, Ag+ and Sodium borohydride (NaBH4) at room temperature for 5min, the resulting NCs are comprised of Ag nanoparticles scattered within AM nanosheets and protected by the surfactant. Interestingly, AM-Ag NCs exhibit ultra-multi-mode sensing ability for multiplex metal ions (Hg2+, Fe3+, or Al3+), which significantly improved selectivity (≈2 times) and sensitivity (≈400 times) when analyzing the combined channels. Moreover, multiple sensing capabilities of AM-Ag NCs enable diverse batch and parallel molecular logic computations (including advanced cascaded logic circuits). Ultra-multi-mode selective patterns of AM-Ag NCs to 18 kinds of metal ions can be converted into a series of binary strings by setting the thresholds, and realized high-density, long-text information protection for the first time. This study provides new ideas and paradigms for the preparation and multi-purpose application of 2D nanocomposites, but also offers new directions for the fusion of molecular sensing and informatization.

Shaping the time to be a good teacher: a case study on teacher excellence and time ownership in a British transnational university

ABSTRACT This study is about a lecturer protecting herself and her teaching from the university’s increasing demands on her personal and timeless time. The British university is shaped by a fundamental arrhythmia: the co-existence of digital time, that academics are encouraged to embrace working from anywhere at any time; and analogical time, the linear time of classes, deadlines, and required administrative tasks. Pressured by these competing demands on their time and responsibilities, research and surveys show that academics feel alienated as university time arrhythmia ‘devours’ both their thinking and personal time and can compromise their wellbeing. This case study aims at uncovering the connection between the lecturer’s practices of teaching excellence, her administrative work and university time. Qualitative content analysis of semi-structured interviews illustrates how university time and teaching excellence are related, and university arrhythmia can actually be used to protect good teaching. This lecturer skilfully managed university time-devouring arrhythmia: when the university used an analogical logic of time, she used digital time, and vice versa. By doing this, she protected her personal and timeless time as well as her own teaching from mounting demands of teacher excellence, measured by the university’s simultaneous and conflicting digital and analogical logics of time.

Utilizing layout effects for analog logic locking

While numerous obfuscation techniques are available for securing digital assets in the digital domain, there has been a notable lack of focus on protecting intellectual property (IP) in the analog domain. This is primarily due to the relatively smaller footprint of analog components within an integrated circuit (IC), with the majority of the surface dedicated to digital elements. However, despite their smaller nature, analog components are highly valuable IP and warrant effective protection. In this paper, we present a groundbreaking method for safeguarding analog IP by harnessing layout-based effects that are typically considered undesirable in IC design. Specifically, we exploit the impact of length of oxide diffusion and well proximity effect on transistors to fine-tune critical parameters such as transconductance (gm\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$g_{m}$$\\end{document}) and threshold voltage (Vth\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$V_{th}$$\\end{document}). These parameters remain concealed behind key inputs, akin to the logic locking approach employed in digital ICs. Our research explores the application of layout-based effects in two commercial CMOS technologies, namely a 28 nm and a 65 nm node. To demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed technique, we implement it for locking an operational transconductance amplifier. Extensive simulations are performed, evaluating the obfuscation strength by applying a large number of key sets (over 50,000 and 300,000). The results exhibit a significant degradation in performance metrics, such as open-loop gain (up to 130 dB), phase margin (up to 50∘\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^\\circ $$\\end{document}), 3 dB bandwidth (approximately 2.5 MHz), and power consumption (around 1 mW) when incorrect keys are employed. Our findings highlight the advantages of our approach as well as the associated overhead.

Hierarchical online energy management for residential microgrids with Hybrid hydrogen–electricity Storage System

The increasing proportion of renewable energy introduces both long-term and short-term uncertainty to power systems, which restricts the implementation of energy management systems (EMSs) with high dependency on accurate prediction techniques. A hierarchical online EMS (HEMS) is proposed in this paper to economically operate the Hybrid hydrogen–electricity Storage System (HSS) in a residential microgrid (RMG). The HEMS dispatches an electrolyzer-fuel cell-based hydrogen energy storage (ES) unit for seasonal energy shifting and an on-site battery stack for daily energy allocation against the uncertainty from the renewable energy source (RES) and demand side. The online decision-making of the proposed HEMS is realized through two parallel fuzzy logic (FL)-based controllers which are decoupled by different operating frequencies. An original local energy estimation model (LEEM) is specifically designed for the decision process of FL controllers to comprehensively evaluate the system status and quantify the electricity price expectation for the HEMS. The proposed HEMS is independent of RES prediction or load forecasting, and gives the optimal operation for HSS in separated resolutions: the hydrogen ES unit is dispatched hourly and the battery is operated every minute. The performance of the proposed method is verified by numerical experiments fed by real-world datasets. The superiority of the HEMS in expense-saving manner is validated through comparison with PSO-based day-ahead optimization methods, fuzzy logic EMS, and rule-based online EMS.

Malaysian Banknote Reader Featuring Counterfeit Detection Using Fuzzy Logic Weighted Specific (FLWS) Algorithm

To identify fake Malaysian banknotes, this research suggested a revolutionary fuzzy logic weighted specific (FLWS) approach in image processing techniques. The FLWS Algorithm has the benefit of a more accurate model because it is a human guidance learning algorithm that demands training to obtain the precise weights for each security feature. The trial outcomes also demonstrated that, for the purpose of detecting counterfeit Malaysian banknotes, the FLWS model outperformed the parallel fuzzy logic weighted averaging (FLWA) algorithm, MobileNet model, and VGG16 model. Its adoption of well-known watermark features, with specific weights assigned, and well-known machine learning techniques to distinguish between genuine Malaysian banknotes and counterfeit Malaysian banknotes gives it a clear advantage over earlier or current banknote counterfeit detection techniques.

Programmable Threshold Logic Implementations in a Memristor Crossbar Array.

In this study, we demonstrate the implementation of programmable threshold logics using a 32 × 32 memristor crossbar array. Thanks to forming-free characteristics obtained by the annealing process, its accurate programming characteristics are presented by a 256-level grayscale image. By simultaneous subtraction between weighted sum and threshold values with a differential pair in an opposite way, 3-input and 4-input Boolean logics are implemented in the crossbar without additional reference bias. Also, we verify a full-adder circuit and analyze its fidelity, depending on the device programming accuracy. Lastly, we successfully implement a 4-bit ripple carry adder in the crossbar and achieve reliable operations by read-based logic operations. Compared to stateful logic driven by device switching, a 4-bit ripple carry adder on a memristor crossbar array can perform more reliably in fewer steps thanks to its read-based parallel logic operation.

Brownness and the Ontology of Analogy

Abstract: This article theorizes the concept of "compulsory analogy" as a reiterated, compelled speech act that fundamentally structures Brown ontology within white supremacy. The author contends that white interpellation forces Brown subjects to define themselves via similitude to position Brown/ness both as whiteness's subordinate and as whiteness's ally in perpetuating anti-Blackness. Subsequently, the essay pivots to considering the function of literary analogies in the work of the contemporary South Asian poet Kazim Ali, suggesting that it offers a model for an analogical logic that vehemently rejects compulsory analogy in favor of a Brown relationality that confounds white inscription and is predicated on antiracist alliances between Brown and Black subjects.

Some Benefits and Limitations of Modern Argument Map Representation

Argument maps represent some arguments more effectively than others. The goal of this article is to account for that variability, so that those who wish to use argument maps can do so with more foresight. I begin by identifying four properties of argument maps that make them useful tools for evaluating arguments. Then, I discuss four types of argument that are difficult to map well: reductio ad absurdum arguments, charges of equivocation, logical analogies, and mathematical arguments. The difficulties presented by these four types appear unrelated to one another, but I show that, in each case, the difficulty can be traced back to the use of metalinguistic reasoning. The need to represent a transition between object language and metalanguage can undermine one or more of the benefits that argument map representation would otherwise confer.

Berkeley's Master Argument

AbstractOne of Berkeley's best-known arguments for the view that there are no material objects is the so-called Master Argument. There are several good critical discussions of it. That invites the question: is there anything new to say? Well, it will be argued, there are a few things to say. First, although refutations by logical analogy have been advanced against the Master Argument, the strongest such refutation, one which demonstrates its incoherence, has not been. It is here. Second, there are few formal reconstructions of the Master Argument – the great majority of discussions treat it discursively – but a formal reconstruction, and one not found elsewhere, is offered here. Third, the formal reconstruction makes possible identification of the essential mistake of the argument. That mistake is equivocation. The common complaint that Berkeley illicitly introduces the act of conceiving into the content of the concept conceived is not quite correct; but to the extent that it is correct, it's explicable in terms of an underlying equivocation. Fourth, the article presupposes no acquaintance with Berkeley's work and is written in a conversational, easy-to-read style. Given that Berkeley himself wrote in a similar style, he could at least agree that the fourth point is a merit of the article.

Concealable physical unclonable function generation and an in-memory encryption machine using vertical self-rectifying memristors.

The importance of hardware security increases significantly to protect the vast amounts of private data stored on edge devices. Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are gaining prominence as hardware security primitives due to their ability to generate true random digital keys by exploiting the inherent randomness of the physical devices. Traditional approaches, however, require significant data movement between memory units and PUF generation circuits to perform encryption, presenting considerable energy efficiency and security challenges. This study introduces an innovative approach where PUF key generation and encryption are accomplished in the same vertically integrated resistive random access memory (V-RRAM), alleviating the data movement issue. The proposed V-RRAM encryption machine offers concealable PUFs, high area efficiency, and multi-thread data handling using parallel XOR logic operations. The encryption machine is compared with other machines, demonstrating the highest spatiotemporal cost-effectiveness.

Peptide-graphene logic sensing system for dual-mode detection of exosomes, molecular information processing and protection

Peptides with highly sequence-dependent recognition, assembly, and encoding abilities can perform functions similar to DNA or even better, such as biosensing, molecular information processing, coding, or storage. However, the combination of versatile peptides and 2D materials are rarely used for multipurpose integrated applications, including biosensing, information processing and security. Herein, peptide-graphene sensing system was comprehensively used for dual-signal sensing of tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs), logic computing, and information protection. The system used fluorescent-labeled CD63-binding peptide CP05 and graphene oxide (GO) to selectively detect CD63 and TDEs by fluorescence and resonance light scattering. From three levels such as matter, energy, and information analysis, the matter and energy changes in GO−CP05 peptide sensing system were transformed into valuable information, which achieve the dual-mode quantitative detection of TDEs and its marker CD63, and the actual serum analysis. This matter-energy interaction network was also informationized, and utilized for parallel and batch logic computing, two kinds of molecular crypto-steganography (based on peptide sequence and Boolean logic relationships), which facilitates development of intelligent sensing and advanced information technology. This work not only provides a new method for sensitive detection of important disease markers, but also provides ideas for integrating molecular sensing and informatization to open molecular digitization.

INTRINSIC, EXTRINSIC AND MNEMONIC FACTORS OF METACOGNITIVE MONITORING ACCURACY

The paper reports upon an investigation of metacognitive monitoring accuracy factors in learning tasks of university students. The experiment explores the contribution of some intrinsic, extrinsic and mnemonic factors such as type of learning material, task type, task complexity, and ease / difficulty of performing to metacognitive monitoring accuracy. The study was conducted among 233 university students. The empirical results show the predominance of metacognitive monitoring accuracy, while underconfidence is a downward trend. MMA (+ +) rates of metacognitive monitoring accuracy can be found in the easiest tasks on recollecting pairs of words and MMA (– –) rates – in general knowledge questions of medium difficulty. Overconfidence appears in the most difficult tasks on the deduction inferences and on the logical analogies. The results confirm the dependence of metacognitive monitoring accuracy on the level of ease / complexity of tasks and ease / difficulty of performing; the level of task complexity affects higher rates of metacognitive judgments’ inaccuracies, in particular, in the form of overconfidence. In open-answer questions there is a predominance of MMA (+ +) and MMA (– –) rates of metacognitive monitoring accuracy; underconfidence and overconfidence rates are also higher in openanswer questions. The more complex the task is, the greater is the confidence in the difficulty of performing. The results can be significant in the process of understanding the relationship between metacognitive monitoring accuracy and learning performance of university students.

Built-in Analog Automatic Controls for Small Robots

One of the most promising methods for improving control efficiency is the parallel synthesis of commands by a group of computing devices. However, delays in digital-to-analog conversions and software processing, the need to synchronize calculations, and signal transmission coordination prevent the achievement of maximum performance in distributed systems. Problems can be solved by increasing the power of embedded microprocessors. This leads to an undesirable increase in design complexity, energy consumption, and dimensions of controls. For the miniaturization of embedded control systems, the article proposes to apply the principles of the indivisibility of physical processes in a technical system and the execution of control commands based on the functional combination of aggregates with analog logic devices (agents). A generalized model of changing the states of a technical system is considered, which sets the principles for switching on or off groups of units. The concept of an automaton of ternary logic is introduced, which determines the order of interaction of aggregates in the time domain. The synthesis of the block diagram of the automaton is carried out. In the mathematical model of the automaton, the operations of ternary logic receive a specific physical content in the form of retrospective processing of changes in the states of aggregates. It is shown that ternary logic automata can be combined into open and closed chains, setting hardware control algorithms units robot. The circuits for connecting automata controlled by elements of asynchronous logic are given. When connected in series, the automata control the order of switching on and off the units. Chains of three-valued logic automata can be arbitrarily long, determining the behavior of the system in the process of its operation. Due to the rejection of program control, such automata can operate in real time, limited only by the delay of signals in logic elements. An important advantage of the proposed technical solution is the unification of the automatic control system. The simplicity of the design of devices and the absence of additional add-ons make it possible to integrate such circuits into the controls of microminiature robots, reducing their weight and size parameters. Promising areas of application of analog automata are microelectromechanical and microelectronic devices.

Multimorphological Remoldable Silver Nanomaterials from Multimode and Multianalyte Colorimetric Sensing to Molecular Information Technology.

Inspired by life's interaction networks, ongoing efforts are to increase complexity and responsiveness of multicomponent interactions in the system for sensing, programmable control, or information processing. Although exquisite preparation of single uniform-morphology nanomaterials has been extremely explored, the potential value of facile and one-pot preparation of multimorphology nanomaterials has been seriously ignored. Here, multimorphological silver nanomaterials (M-AgN) prepared by one pot can form interaction networks with various analytes, which can be successfully realized from multimode and multianalyte colorimetric sensing to molecular information technology (logic computing and security). The interaction of M-AgN with multianalytes not only induces multisignal responses (including color, absorbance, and wavelength shift) for sensing metal ions (Cr3+, Hg2+, and Ni2+) but also can controllably reshape its four morphologies (nanodots, nanoparticles, nanorods, and nanotriangles). By abstracting binary relationships between analytes and response signals, multicoding parallel logic operations (including simple logic gates and cascaded circuits) can be performed. In addition, taking advantage of natural concealment and molecular response characteristics of M-AgN nanosystems can also realize molecular information encoding, encryption, and hiding. This research not only promotes the construction and application of multinano interaction systems based on multimorphology and multicomponent nanoset but also provides a new imagination for the integration of sensing, logic, and informatization.

AritPIM: High-Throughput In-Memory Arithmetic

Digital processing-in-memory (PIM) architectures are rapidly emerging to overcome the memory-wall bottleneck by integrating logic within memory elements. Such architectures provide vast computational power within the memory itself in the form of parallel bitwise logic operations. We develop novel <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">algorithmic</i> techniques for PIM that, combined with new perspectives on computer arithmetic, extend this bitwise parallelism to the four fundamental arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division), for both fixed-point and floating-point numbers, and using both bit-serial and bit-parallel approaches. We propose a state-of-the-art suite of arithmetic algorithms, demonstrating the first algorithm in the literature of digital PIM for a majority of cases – including cases previously considered impossible for digital PIM, such as floating-point addition. Through a case study on memristive PIM, we compare the proposed algorithms to an NVIDIA RTX 3070 GPU and demonstrate significant throughput and energy improvements.