Logical Question Research Articles

X-Parameters Based Characterization and Compact Modeling of SiGe HBT Linearity

Linearity is an important SiGe HBT RF characteristics that has received a great deal of research for decades. For relatively small signal RF circuits such as LNAs, linearity is often characterized by measuring 3rd order intercept points, IP3, using a spectrum analyzer, or better, a Nonlinear Vector Network Analyzer (NVNA). For highly linear common-base SiGe HBTs, however, we find that the distortions generated within the RF source, which itself is also a transistor circuit, can be amplified by the HBT under test, which then interfere with the HBT’s distortions, making experimental validation of distortion in compact modeling difficult, or even impossible, for biases of high IP3. The devices used are the high voltage SiGe HBTs from NXP’s QUBIC4Xi technology. We overcome this problem with X-parameter (an invention of Keysight) measurements that are uniquely capable of removing the unwanted RF source harmonics as well as correcting for source mismatch [1], leading to more accurate transistor IP3 measurement. Fig. 1 shows the fundamental and 3rd order Pout versus Pin measured on an on-wafer through structure, with and without using X-parameters. Using X-parameters, the 3rd order harmonic output power is significantly reduced, increasing measurement system’s OIP3 to about 50 dBm.X-parameters approximate the generally nonlinear relationship between reflected waves and incident waves at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies, by a linear expansion around the system response excited by a relatively large fundamental stimulus at port 1, a situation of practical interest for amplifiers and mixers, as shown in Fig. 2. Nonlinear effects are relatively weak so that harmonic components can be superposed. The reflected wave at port p and harmonic index k, Bpk , relates to the large incident wave A11 , and all the small signal incident waves aql (port k, harmonic index l) by Eqs. (1) and (2) embedded in Fig. 2. The term P is the phase of the large signal fundamental incident wave. The superscript “*” means taking complex conjugate. N is number of ports, and K is number of harmonics. In our measurements, N=2, K=3.Fig. 3 shows output IP3 (OIP3) versus VCB for IE=1, 10, 20 and 30 mA, calculated from two FB type X-parameters, XFB23 and XFB21. Fundamental frequency is 2GHz. The Mextram 505.1 model does an excellent job in modeling IP3. While IP3 is an important linearity figures-of-merit, just like fT and fmax are for current and power gains, IP3 is not a complete representation of transistor linearity, just like fT and fmax represent only current and power gain for specific circuit terminations. At a given bias and fundamental frequency, there are for instance 78 X-parameters, for up to order 3 harmonics, including FB, S and T types, while only two FB type X-parameters are used for IP3. A logic question is if our compact model, in this case, Mextram, is capable of accurately modeling the complete X-parameter set, which represent distortion behavior much more completely. A systematic comparison of measured and modeled X-parameters is thus called for. Unfortunately, X-parameters are not supported yet by ICCAP, an industry standard device modeling tool also from Keysight, due to the complexity of X-parameter simulation. Out of necessity, here we use ADS to simulate X-parameters and then manually overlay simulation results with measurement by post-processing, a tedious process, particularly when model parameters are tuned. To a large extent, Mextram 505.1 [2], the latest version, is found to accurately model nearly all the X-parameters for a quite large range of emitter current and collector voltage biasing conditions.As an example, we show in Fig. 4 the FB and S type X-parameters as a function of VCB, for an IE of 30mA. A11 corresponds to an input power of -5dBm. The T type X-parameters for this current are small and below noise floor of measurement, and thus not shown. In the full paper we will also discuss the importance of modeling avalanche, particularly its biasing current dependence as it relates to Kirk’s effect, in modeling X-parameters, as well as how to use behavior of specific X-parameters to identify the dominant distortion mechanism, e.g. CB capacitance nonlinearity, avalanche nonlinearity, or transport current nonlinearity.[1] D. Root, J. Verspecht, J. Horn, and M. Marcu, X-Parameters, Characterization, Modeling and Design of Nonlinear RF and Microwave Components, Cambridge Press, 2013.[2] G. Niu et al., The Mextram Bipolar Transistor Model, version 505.1.0, Auburn University, 2019. Figure 1

Short-Term Prison Sentence in Republic of Srpska’s Criminal Code

The appliance of short-term imprisonment penalties is one of the oldest open issues that accompanies imprisonment and one of the oldest problems of criminal law and penology. For one hundred and fifty years, there have been fierce debates about the need of these penalties in criminal law. The new Republic of Srpska’s Criminal Code explicitly stipulates that a short-term prison sentence is up to six months prison sentence. The new Criminal Code completely reformed this penalty by prescribing that it could be applied only exceptionally. The author analyzes the new solution in an attempt to answer the question of whether it is justified in our legislation. Until the new legal solution in our practice, a large part of the prison sentences imposed were short-term prison sentences. The logical question is whether other criminal sanctions and measures are able to satisfactorily fill the rather large gap created by the practically elimination of this penalty.

METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE RESEARCH OF THE DOMESTIC CONSUMER GOODS MARKET

Introduction. Nowadays, the market reforms on the consumer market are being actively discussed from the viewpoint of numerous dysfunctions that used to emerge and continue emerging. Therefore, there is a logical question of how the regulations in Ukraine have contributed thereto, and how efficient, logical, and well-timed they have been, etc. Hence, the complex methodological research of the system of public regulation of the domestic consumer goods market and finding the directions of improving its regulation are of urgent need. The paper aims to determine the methodological foundations of researching the domestic consumer goods market and the grounds of its regulation. Results. The paper analyzes a range of scientific publications that can be the basis to making a conclusion that determining the scientific paradigm that has the worldview function and emphasizes the most essential problems of the issue examined by the scientists is among the important methodological aspects of scientific opinions’ research. The paper defines that the nature of methodological research lies in determining the functional practices and trends of the development of certain economic phenomena, and in our case – the development of the domestic consumer goods market and its regulation tools. The forming of the developed domestic consumer goods market is confirmed to be totally impossible without the scientific substantiation of the selection of priority development directions in determining the goals and tasks of the public policy directed at adjusting the market processes. In such cases, the scientific diagnostics of the domestic consumer goods market condition should be applied, and on this basis, the processes on the market should be monitored. Conclusions. The paper suggests a logical-structural scheme to research the domestic consumer goods market and approaches to its regulation. The theoretical-analytical and recommending sections are allocated to disclose our view over the contemporary conceptual and methodological approaches and to offer suggestions on the improvement of the set of tools of domestic consumer goods market’s public regulation. Key words: domestic market, consumer goods, methodology, economic research, public regulation.

An appealing technique for designing optimal large experiments with three-level factors

Experimental design is arguably the most commonly used and effective methodology in scientific investigations and industrial applications. Real-world experiments may have hundreds or even thousands of input variables (factors) and thus a large number of observations (experimental runs) is needed to gain a better understanding of the phenomena under the investigation and estimate the most important parameters without bias and with minimum variance. Constructing optimal designs for these large experiments is a significant NP-hard problem investigators may face. This paper gives a new simple efficient technique, called multiple tripling technique, for constructing optimal (in view of distance, aberration, power moments, orthogonality, uniformity) designs for large experiments with three-level factors by multiple tripling of small and simple three-level initial designs. Some logical questions are now arising, such as how to effectively select initial designs to get optimal resulting multiple triple designs, how to measure the optimality of a resulting multiple triple design relative to all the possible designs with the same size, and what is the efficiency of the multiple tripling technique relative to the existing widely used techniques for constructing large three-level designs? Through theoretical and computational justifications, this paper tries to answer these significant questions. Without computational time (no computer search), the multiple tripling technique is used to construct new recommended optimal designs which are better than the existing recommended designs or cannot be constructed by the existing techniques due to their large sizes.

Method of property organization and socialist state

The subject. The article is devoted to the study of the relationship between property and
 the state-building in socialist States.
 The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that the socialist practice
 of state-building, depending on the combination of interaction of the main ways of organizing property, has a different social nature of existence.
 Methodology. The work provides the author’s methodology for studying the structure of the
 state, depending on the combination of interaction of the main ways of organizing property.
 The main results of the research. There are some possible basic options for the existence of
 a socialist practice of state building. After the disappointing results of the Soviet experience,
 the quite logical question is: what will be the future of the socialist concept of state-building
 and does it even exist? Socialist practice of state-building, depending on the combination
 of the interaction of the main ways of organizing property, has a different social nature of
 existence. The Soviet model was based on the liquidation of the private way of organizing
 property and the monopoly dominance of the forms of the general (collective) way of organizing it. The Chinese model, in which the monopoly of the forms of the general (collective) way of organizing property, corresponds to the legislative assumption of a private way
 of organizing it. The European Social Democratic model, where the private way of organizing property as the main system-forming one, acts in combination with forms of general
 (collective) and mixed (corporate) ways of organizing it.
 If we take into account that each method of organizing property is determined by the need
 to perform a specific social function, then in each model of socialist construction, depending on the particular combination of methods of organizing property, it is clear which of the
 social functions is dominant in the practice of construction. For example, if the main systemforming way of property organization is private, then this is a function of social development; if general (collective), then the function of social security, and finally, if mixed (corporate), then the function of social compromise (convergence). Such determination, in our
 opinion, is sustainable.
 Conclusions. Socialist practice of state-building has a different social nature of existence.
 This nature can be described provisionally as the Soviet, the Chinese and the European Social Democratic models.

Multidimensional green brand equity: A cross-cultural scale development and validation study

A plethora of studies indicate that brand equity is an intangible asset that played a vital role in increasing overall performance and customer preferences. The next logical questions would be the following: “How can a firm offer eco-friendly brands?” and “How can one measure green brand equity?” The purpose of this research is to propose an original, unique, and validated scale to measure multidimensional green brand equity for both products and services in a cross-cultural context. This study used a multistep scale development research design, and collected data from 980 consumers of telecommunication and home appliances industries in Pakistan and Italy. The six-dimensional green brand equity scale consists of social influence, sustainability, perceived quality, brand awareness, brand association, and brand leadership. As the green brand equity scale was invariant across Pakistan and Italy, researchers can test this scale both conceptually in the research and theoretically in the corporate environment.

Functional Medicine-Based Dentistry: A Clinical Conversation with Mary Ellen S. Chalmers, DMD, and Robert Rountree, MD

Functional Medicine-Based Dentistry: A Clinical Conversation with Mary Ellen S. Chalmers, DMD, and Robert Rountree, MD

Review of the European standard for postgraduate training of medical specialists in internal medicine and prospects for implementation in Russian Federation

Relevance. Residency remains an integral part of quality postgraduate education in Russia. Improving the education system of medical workers and creating a system of motivation for their quality work is one of the priority tasks implemented within the framework of the Concept of development of the healthcare system in the Russian Federation until 2020. Objective. Comparison of the European standard of postgraduate training of medical specialists in the field of “internal diseases” with the existing training system in the Russian Federation. Results. The residency program of the Russian Federation pursues a similar aim to the European standard — the training of a qualified general practitioner. The program is based on a modular system and includes the study of various disciplines, an extensive practice program and state final certification. An analysis of the content of the work programs of the disciplines indicates that the training is aimed at the formation of both universal (general cultural) competencies, which are essentially similar to CanMEDS, and professional competencies. There is no significant difference between the list of knowledge, skills and practical skills that a general practitioner must possess after graduation from residency in Europe and Russian Federation. However, the development of a similar program in the Russian Federation takes much less time (2 years or 4,320 hours), which raises a logical question about the quality of training. Conclusion. Despite the diff erence in the programs for postgraduate training of internist (primarily in terms of hours), the learning goal is the formation of similar competencies. It should also be noted a well-structured control system, which makes it possible to objectively evaluate the acquired competencies and adjust the individual learning process.

The Complexity of Analytical Tasks: A Driving Force for Sensor Array Design

Introduction Analytical tasks, the detection goals and scoping of quantitative measurements, are a foundational consideration for the design of chemical sensor arrays. Often sensor arrays are expected to support a variety of possible tasks which are only vaguely defined by both the end user and array designer. Nonetheless, the expedient choices made by or forced upon array designers and fabricators can significantly impact the analytical tasks that could be supported by an array. Analytical tasks may be defined as boundaries in an abstract space defining chemically and practically relevant quantities that are to be measured; chemical sensor and instrument responses may be defined in related spaces specific to their physics. Intelligently finding a mapping between these two abstract spaces defines our problem and informs the impact of analytical tasks upon sensor array design while avoiding the “black box” problems of popular machine learning approaches. This presentation details recent work at NRL that probes the meaning and impact of analytical tasks on chemical sensor array design through general, device agnostic figures of merit developed via techniques originating in statistical mechanics, information theory, information retrieval, and theoretical computer science. Approaches Multiple theoretical approaches are explored to determine and measure the impact of analytical task on chemical sensor array design. To begin, we use Ising model-like descriptions of binary sensor responses first described in a biological context by Murugan et. al. [1-3] and subsequently developed by us for chemical sensing with environmental interferents. Analytical tasks are then scoped as molecular and concentration identification against an unknown chemical background. On this framework, we explore the capabilities of a variety of approaches towards assessing the impact of analytical task on sensor array design.The first set of approaches originate in information theory and we consider the mutual information and Kullback-Leibler divergences between different sensor array configurations considered over probability distributions defining the likelihood of that sensor array needing to perform different analytical tasks. Platform-agnostic figures of merit are derived and used to show the impact of analytical tasks on sensor array design.Next, Van Riijsbergen and Melucci [4,5] have developed and elaborated upon an approach to representing and searching information in Hilbert spaces using operator theoretic methods reminiscent to those used in quantum mechanical calculations. By transferring our probabilistic sensor array models to a Hilbert space, we are able to perform similar searches against sensor arrays and by operator methods to ask logical questions of the sensor array using operators that encode analytical tasks and specific exigencies like comparisons to the effectiveness of the array for other analytical tasks.Finally, Almagor et. al. [6-9] have recently developed a finite state machine approach for formally describing the complexity of sensing tasks within formal languages. We attempt to map our binary chemical sensor array model to this methodology and to describe the formal complexity of this toy model for chemical sensing. Analytical tasks are input as restrictions on available formal words in the finite state language. Conclusions Using a simple statistical mechanical model for a chemical sensor array with background interferents, we have been able to probe multiple approaches to quantifying the impact of analytical tasks on the design and relevance of a sensor array for a set of chemical detection problems. Importantly, these approaches avoid drawbacks associated with more empirical, machine learning-based approaches, enabling a more clear understanding of the chemical landscape and how chemical sensor array design interacts with it. Our investigation has explored ways to construct figures of merit for specific families of analytical tasks using methodologies as diverse as information theory, Hilbert space search methods, and complexity techniques for automata-defined sensing.

A question of logic: experiments cannot prove lack of an herbicide-resistance fitness penalty

A question of logic: experiments cannot prove lack of an herbicide-resistance fitness penalty

Exploring the use of corporate social responsibility in building disaster resilience through sustainable development in India: An interpretive structural modelling approach

The indomitable spirit of growth of mankind has led to rapid urbanisation, steered by industries and corporates. While globalisation and development mark the good face of the consequential coin, increased frequency of extreme events and disaster risks along with the phenomenon of climate change, marks the dark face of the same coin. Each time the society takes a catastrophic hit, humanity begs to question the role of corporates in disaster mitigation, management and rehabilitation. The most popular way of engagement for the corporates in such a time of dire need is through providing relief and support, be it in cash, kind, man-power etc. The idea of this study evolves from this very trend which appears to be embedded in the socio-political fibre of our society, especially India. The Companies Act, 2013 of India has steered India into becoming one of the few countries with a mandatory CSR regime. The avenues of expenditure, as mandated by the government, effectively circumscribes the objectives of sustainable development. This study finds its genesis in the logical question that follows this premise; since expenditure through CSR is already mandatory in India and is directed towards sustainable development, why not channel such investments in such a manner that disaster resilience and climate change adaptation becomes inclusive of the final objective of sustainable development? However, the socio-political ecosystem is not conducive to enforce such a paradigm shift; from CSR expenditures in relief and rehabilitation to disaster resilience oriented sustainable development. Hence, the purpose of this study is to identify those crucial elements of our society and their inter-dependencies which when ideally tweaked and nurtured will lead to a social setup where CSR investments would lead to sustainable development inclusive of disaster resilience.Extensive literature review was done to identify elements or enablers, which are critical in bringing about a change in the present socio-political texture of CSR investment and engagement. Questionnaire survey and interviews were used as a tool to judge and evaluate these enablers. Discussions and debates leading to feedbacks and inputs from twenty experts from the relevant field and academicians were used for further refinement of the enablers and then the enablers were subjected to Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM) which brought out the contextual relationships among the enablers.The resultant model is illustrated in the form of a hierarchical structure of enablers revealing their inter-dependencies and relations with each-other. This would help policymakers, corporates and other stakeholders to understand and know those, already existing, societal elements which when tapped upon would not only benefit them but also help in building a disaster resilient society.

Continuous glucose monitoring: Musing on our progress in memory of Dr Andrew Jay Drexler

Continuous glucose monitoring: Musing on our progress <i>in memory of Dr Andrew Jay Drexler</i>

Contemporary practice and perceptions surrounding the management of asymptomatic umbilical hernias in children: A survey of the American Pediatric Surgical Association

PurposeTo explore variation in perceptions regarding the natural history of asymptomatic umbilical hernias, and to characterize the influence of clinical and nonclinical factors on decision-making surrounding timing of repair. MethodsThis was a survey of the American Pediatric Surgical Association. Branching logic and Likert scale questions were used to explore perceptions surrounding natural history (risk of complications and likelihood of spontaneous closure), preferred age for repair, and influence of anatomic, caregiver, sociodemographic, and biological factors on operative timing. Results44% of members completed the survey (371/846). The most common age respondents would consider elective repair was 3 years (37%), although the majority preferred to wait until 4 or 5 years (54%). Most respondents estimated a <1% risk of complications for unrepaired defects, and much greater variability was found in the perceived likelihood of spontaneous closure over time. Decision-making surrounding operative timing was most influenced by anatomic factors (larger defects, proboscoid changes, and interval growth) and parental anxiety surrounding need for emergency surgery, cosmesis, and stigma of parental neglect. ConclusionPractice and perceptions surrounding management of asymptomatic umbilical hernias vary widely. More robust epidemiological data are needed to define the likelihood of spontaneous closure in the context of age and physical exam findings. Collaborative efforts between surgeons and referring providers are also needed to optimize management of caregiver anxiety and expectations surrounding need for surgical referral and repair. Level of evidenceLevel V (expert opinion).

Desenvolvimento de jogos educativos implementados em Arcades

The teaching of subjects related to programming and logic presents a series of challenges evidenced by recent works in the area of informatics in education, mainly related to the students' difficulty in associating logical questions in the initial programming subjects and difficulty in applying concepts related to these. disciplines on problems in other areas of knowledge. Such a feature is intrinsic to the area of computing, which is constantly applied with other problem solving disciplines. This paper presents the process of recycling components from slot machines for the construction of games focused on logic and algorithm learning. Through this process were created machines that support educational games. The application of these games will be held in workshops in schools and at UFSM, Cachoeira do Sul campus.

Definition of Clinical Outcomes in Pediatric Anesthesia Research: It Is Like the Tower of Babel!

Definition of Clinical Outcomes in Pediatric Anesthesia Research: It Is Like the Tower of Babel!

The Correlation between Logic Ability, Mathematical Proof and The Holy Qur’an Recitations

The purpose of this study is to measure the ability of logic and mathematical proof of students through logic problems, proof. To measure the ability of logic in addition to the logic test also by testing the ability to memorize the Holy Qur’an (tahfidz). This research method is a quantitative method measuring the ability of logic and mathematical proof of mathematics education study program students. The subjects of this study were 47 students of mathematics education at one of the tertiary institutions in Bandung who were finishing their thesis and memorizing the Holy Qur’an juz 30. The instruments used consisted of logic questions, proof questions, tahsin and tahfidz assessment forms, and questionnaires. The results showed that the mathematical proof ability was in the low category while the logic ability was in the sufficient category. Ability of tahsin and or tahfidz in either category. Students respond to both tahsin and tahfidz activities and do not object to the obligation to memorize the Holy Qur’an juz 30. The low ability of proof is caused by students not practicing proving questions, difficulty in completing because of the low understanding of theorems and forms of proof. There is a correlation between logical ability and mathematical proof, correlation between logical ability, mathematical proof with memorization of the Holy Qur’an. Mathematical proof ability can be trained by doing a lot of work or practicing proving questions, whereas logic ability can be trained by increasing brain activity for example memorizing.

Inference comprehension from reading in individuals with mild cognitive impairment.

Inference comprehension is a complex ability that recruits distinct cognitive domains, such as language, memory, attention, and executive functions. Therefore, it might be sensitive to identify early deficits in subjects with MCI. To compare the performance of subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in an inference reading comprehension task, and to analyze the correlations between inferential comprehension and other cognitive functions. We studied 100 individuals aged 60 and over, divided into MCI (50) [aMCI (35), naMCI (15)], and cognitively healthy individuals [controls (50)]. The Implicit Management Test (IMT) was used to assess inference in reading comprehension in five categories: explicit, logical, distractor, pragmatic, and "others". MCI group performed worse than controls in logical, pragmatic, distractor, and "others" questions (p < 0.01). The aMCI and naMCI subgroups presented a similar performance in all types of questions (p > 0.05). We observed significant correlations between the total IMT score and the TMT-A in the naMCI group (r = - 0.562, p = 0.036), and the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure and RAVLT tasks in the aMCI group (r = 0.474, p = 0.010 and r = 0.593, p = 0.0001, respectively). The MCI group as a whole performed worse than controls on the logical, pragmatic, other and distractor questions, and consequently on the total score. There were no differences in explicit questions, which impose lower inferential demands. The aMCI group suffered a significant impact from memory on inference comprehension, and difficulties in executive functions impacted naMCI performance. The IMT was useful to differentiate MCI patients from cognitively healthy individuals, but not MCI subgroups among themselves.

Critical Thinking and Learners’ L2 Writing Development in a Saudi Tertiary EFL Context

Writing in a second language (L2) is a complex process that encompasses a multitude of various sub-processes. A logical question that arises is as to what may help students become more eloquent, or rather, what the factors behind successful L2 writing development are. The current study is concerned with how critical thinking influences L2 writing progress. The particular aim of this investigation is to establish whether there is any interrelation between critical thinking and English language learners’ writing development. The working hypothesis for this study is that L2 writing skills are often contingent on a student’s critical thinking (CT) abilities among other metacognitive faculties. A group of EFL (English as a foreign language) undergraduate students (n= 55) at a Saudi Arabian public university participated in the current study. Throughout the process of the eight-week investigation, the study subjects took a test in CT, wrote passages and convened for a brief interview (n= 20) to identify how students conceptualise CT and utilize it in their EFL classes. Contributing to the realms of L2 writing and metacognitive development in the Saudi EFL context, the current study contributes further evidence, which suggests that CT is well-conceptualized by EFL students and has a positive impact on their L2 writing development and in particular; on deduction and evaluation skills.

Building some bridges among various experimental designs

Designing their experiments is the significant problem that experimenters face. Maximin distance designs, supersaturated designs, minimum aberration designs, uniform designs, minimum moment designs and orthogonal arrays are arguably the most exceedingly used designs for many real-life experiments. From different perspectives, several criteria have been proposed for constructing these designs for investigating quantitative or qualitative factors. Each of those criteria has its pros and cons and thus an optimal criterion does not exist, which may confuse investigators searching for a suitable criterion for their experiment. Some logical questions are now arising, such as are these designs consistent, can an optimal design via a specific criterion perform well based on another criterion and can an optimal design for screening quantitative factors be optimal for qualitative factors? Through theoretical justifications, this paper tries to answer these interesting questions by building some bridges among these designs. Some conditions under which these designs agree with each other are discussed. These bridges can be used to select a suitable criterion for studying some hard problems effectively, such as detection of (combinatorial/geometrical) non-isomorphism among designs and construction of optimal designs. Benchmarks for reducing the computational complexity are given.

ПРАГМАТИЧНІ ЗНАЧЕННЯ МОВНОГО РЕПЕРТУАРУ СЛІДЧОГО В ДИСКУРСІ ДОПИТУ

The article considers the act-speech specifics of the investigator’s speech in conflict and competitive interactions “investigator – suspect/accused” in interrogations at the stage of pre-trial investigation. The study was based on transcripts of interrogations at police stations in the United Kingdom. The speech of the investigator as the initiator of communication and the representative of the institute is characterized by the use of both direct and indirect speech acts, devoid of personal connotations and perceived by the interviewee as typical models of communicative behaviour: indirect directives to avoid acts of direct impression, imperatives and hedge markers to mitigate directive allocation, objective with the infinitive constructions, conditional sentences, modal verbs with the function of logical inference, interrogative and negative questions. Direct acts of directives are not perceived as acts threatening the “face” of their addressee (“face-threatening acts”), but implement a direct strategy of politeness “on-record”, as it is perceived as part of the institutional requirements in the interaction of an investigator- an interrogated person. Manipulative techniques of an investigator in case of sabotage and pseudo-cooperation from an interrogated person are realized by speech acts of a directive illocutionary force with structural indicators of representatives, invective acts in the form of representatives that provoke an interlocutor to state the circumstances of the crime.