Loess Slope Research Articles

Mechanical Properties and Microscopic Study of Steel Slag–Fly Ash-Solidified Loess under Alkaline Conditions

To address the geological hazard posed by unstable loess slopes prone to collapse and landslides, a high-strength geopolymer cementing material was developed utilizing green steel slag–fly ash as its primary constituent and activated through the application of sodium silicate alkalinity. The mechanical properties and microstructure changes of loess under varying dosages of steel slag–fly ash geopolymers and curing age were investigated through a series of tests, including unconfined compressive strength, direct shear, disintegration, electron microscope scanning, and X-ray diffraction. The findings indicate that the incorporation of geopolymers can significantly enhance the internal friction angle, cohesion, and unconfined compressive strength of loess, while mitigating the disintegration quantity and rate of stabilized soil. When 20% geopolymer is mixed into the solidified soil and cured for 28 days, the resulting solidified soil exhibits an internal friction angle of 31.12°, a cohesion of 81.09 kPa, and an unconfined compressive strength of 570.86 kPa. These values are 1.62 times, 1.76 times, and 3.36 times higher than those of loess, respectively. Moreover, the solidified soil shows minimal disintegration within 1800 s, with only 1.97% disintegration. The curing age of solidified soil has a significant impact on its curing effect. Enhancing the curing time can considerably enhance the mechanical properties of solidified soil. When the geopolymer content is 20% and the curing time is extended to 28 days, the internal friction angle, cohesion, and unconfined compressive strength increase by approximately 0.23 times, 0.48 times, and 1.61 times, respectively, compared to a curing time of 7 days. By analyzing SEM and XRD, it was found that the hydration of steel slag–fly ash geopolymer produces C-S-H and C-A-S-H cementing materials, which effectively fill the gaps between soil particles and enhance the mechanical properties of solidified soil. The research findings can serve as a theoretical foundation for the consolidation of loess subgrade utilizing steel slag–fly ash geopolymer.

Measurement and modeling of the evaporation rate of loess under high temperature

The high-temperature dewatering method has a broad application prospect in loess reinforcement, and the evaporation boundary is a crucial factor in determining the dewatering effect. This study conducts evaporation tests on unsaturated loess columns at high temperatures using a self-made high-temperature evaporation test apparatus to reveal the laws of water and heat transfer and surface evaporation in unsaturated loess under high temperatures. Based on the study's results, high temperatures have a significant driving effect on water. Under high temperatures, the portion of soil near the hot end is rapidly dewatered, forming a drying zone. The presence of an evaporation boundary intensifies the high-temperature dewatering effect. Under hot-end dewatering and surface evaporation, soil water content presents the distribution laws of high at both ends and low in the middle. High temperatures greatly increase surface evaporation. The water content and temperature of surface soil significantly affect evaporation intensity, as do the water gradient and temperature gradient of shallow soil. The evaporation coefficient, defined as the ratio of evaporation intensity to saturated evaporation intensity (potential evaporation intensity), is employed to characterize soil evaporation efficiency. The evaporation coefficient measured under high temperatures is found to be higher than that calculated by the existing models for the evaporation coefficient. A new evaporation coefficient model is built using modifying existing models. The new model comprehensively considers surface and shallow soil temperatures and water contents. Validation results showed that the model can more precisely calculate the evaporation rate of surface soil under the influence of a high-temperature heat source. The research results of this paper reveal the evaporation characteristics of the surface and water migration characteristics inside loess under high temperature, which is helpful for promoting the application of thermal dewatering method in the reinforcement engineering of loess pit slopes.

Large scale land reclamation and the effects on hydro-mechanical behavior in loess and loess-derived fill

To discover the complex hydro-mechanical evolution on Loess Plateau that accompany large-scale land reclamation project, we tracked changes of moisture, matric suction, anisotropic displacements and stresses in geological interfaces of natural loess and deep man-made fill during a comprehensive process of construction and the subsequent three years rest period. Results indicate that vertical stress increases during emplacement of thick fill, while the lateral earth pressure first increases and then gradually decreases with elapsed time. There was a non-linear increase in lateral earth pressure with depth of infill during construction. Whereas lateral earth pressure decreased with depth in lengthy rest period. The fill vertically compressesed and laterally extended during construction, while the geological interface of fill and loess laterally rebounded during construction pause. The primary vertical displacement occurred at the contact zone between the original loess slope and fill. The lateral earth pressure coefficient of infill is influenced by lateral compression and extension of contact zone during land reclamation process. It mirrors the observation that variations in lateral earth pressure with depth are dependent on deformation of natural slope materials. Interestingly, vertical stress and lateral earth pressure periodically fluctuated during rest period, correlating to creeping and shrinkage in loess influenced by moisture content change under different environmental relative humidity. The volumetric moisture contents in fill and contact zone significantly increased during construction. The moisture content of contact zone is 10% higher than the overlying higher density fill after construction, which is attribute to the process of matric suction equilibrium. Considering a constant moisture content, the ratio of historical mean principal stress to deviatoric stress in fill and interface are under the principal stress failure line during construction. However, water diffusion potentially threats the stability of this man-made geological structure.

Measured Rainfall Infiltration and the Infiltration Interface Effect on Double-Layer Loess Slope

It is of great theoretical and engineering significance to carry out field rainfall tests and research on double-layer soil slopes in loess areas. Based on the developed rainfall simulation system with slow-moving injection, field rainfall tests were carried out on a natural double-layer loess slope. The characteristics of volumetric water content were monitored, and the rainfall infiltration characteristics and infiltration effect at the interface of the soil layer were analyzed by numerical simulation. The results showed the fastest infiltration at the top platform of the slope, followed by that at the upper surface of the slope, and the slowest infiltration at the lower surface of the slope during rainfall. Under various rainfall intensities, the erosion of the upper silty loess slope was greater than that of the lower clay loess slope, and the erosion patterns were quite different at the end of rainfall. During the infiltration process in the double-layer loess slope, a stagnant transition area was formed near the interface of the soil layer. The equipotential line of water content in the stagnant transition area of the upper region was roughly parallel to the slope surface, and the equipotential line in the lower region was roughly parallel to the interface of the soil layer. With an increase in rainfall intensity, the upper transition area at the interface of the soil layer continued to extend from the slope surface inward, showing the interface infiltration effect that became increasingly significant with the intensification of rainfall. The infiltration effect at the soil layer interface could provide an evaluation basis for rainfall infiltration analyses of multi-layer soil slopes.

Microstructure response to shear strength deterioration in loess after freeze-thaw cycles

Shear strength deterioration owning to freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles affects loess slope stability in seasonal frozen region. The change in loess shear strength is closely related to particle microstructure. In this study, multiple F-t-tests (i.e., 0, 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 cycles) were performed on natural loess from Jing'yang, China. Unconsolidated-undrained triaxial tests and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed on the specimens after the predefined number of F-T cycles. Particle microstructure was quantitatively analyzed using fractal dimension theory. The relationship between shear strength index and particle microstructure characteristics parameters was evaluated using the grey correlation method. Changes in the loess microstructure involved two main processes: transformation and stabilization, and the particle shape, arrangement, and interparticle contact were transformed into different types. The particle shape changed from complex to round with debris detaching from the particle surface. The orderliness of particle arrangement increased and point-face intercontact was formed. The internal friction angle and cohesion decreased with an increasing number of F-T cycles, and the change pattern was similar to that of the particle microstructure characteristics, both of which changed significantly before 5 F-T cycles and stabilized after 15 F-T cycles. An evaluation of the correlation between shear strength index and particle microstructure characteristic parameters demonstrated that, the change in particle shape contributed the most to deterioration of shear strength during F-T cycles, followed by particle arrangement and particle distribution. These results provide insights into the mechanism of degradation of loess shear strength in seasonally frozen areas at the microstructural scale.

Mechanical properties and microstructure evolution of two ecological slope-protection materials under dry-wet cycles

Owing to the occurrence of rain and heat during the same period in the Loess Plateau, the strong dry–wet cycle results in shallow damage such as erosion. As a result, applying new ecological protection technologies has become important in solving this problem. In this study, polypropylene fiber and guar gum were mixed with loess in a certain proportion to form two kinds of slope ecological protection materials, i.e., polypropylene fiber reinforced soil (PFS) and guar gum mixed soil (GGS). Sixteen dry-wet cycle tests were carried out on the two slope protection materials, and the shear mechanical tests were conducted on the samples after cycling. On this basis, the microstructure evolution characteristics of the samples were observed by scanning electron microscope. Results showed that the mechanical properties of the two slope protection materials deteriorated after 16 dry-wet cycles. Among them, the c and φ of PFS under the three levels of water content decreased by an average of 21.3% and 8.9%, respectively, whereas GGS decreased by 55.8% and 21.7%, respectively. Moreover, the mechanical deterioration characteristics of the two slope materials showed strong unity with their internal microstructure. The field tests of the two slope protection materials both performed good ecological protection effect, and the deterioration process was in good agreement with the laboratory phenomena. The microscopic action mechanism inside the material was closely related to the macroscopic performance. Polypropylene fiber can act as a “bridge” among soil particles to prevent the development of cracks, and guar gum and its hydration products can enhance the cementation among soil particles. This study could provide reference for further combining the two materials reasonably, using their respective advantages and improving the ecological protection effect of loess slopes.

Towards accurate mapping of loess waterworn gully by integrating google earth imagery and DEM using deep learning

Accurate mapping of loess waterworn gully (LWG) is essential to further study gully erosion and geomorphological evolution for the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). Due to the vertical joint and collapsibility of loess, LWGs have the characteristics of zigzag and unique slope abruptness under synthetic action of hydraulic force and gravity. This forces existing LWG mapping methods to either focus on the improvement of mapping accuracy or center on the increase of mapping efficiency. However, simultaneously achieving accurate and efficient mapping of LWG is still in its infancy under complex topographic conditions. Here, we proposed a method that innovatively integrates the loess slope abruptness feature into an improved deep learning semantic segmentation framework for LWG mapping using 0.6 m Google imagery and 5 m DEM data. We selected four study areas representing typical loess landforms to test the performance of our method. The proposed method can achieve satisfactory mapping results, with the F1 score, mean Intersection-over-Union (mIoU), and overall accuracy of 90.5%, 85.3%, and 92.3%, respectively. In addition, the proposed model also showed significant accuracy improvement by inputting additional topographic information (especially the slope of slope). Compared with existing algorithms (Random forests, original DeepLabV3+, and Unet), the proposed approach in this study achieved a better accuracy-efficiency trade-off. Overall, the method can ensure high accuracy and efficiency of the LWG mapping for different loess landform types and can be extended to study various loess gully mapping and water and soil conservation.

Influence of the fracture on the seepage stability of loess slopes

The development of fractures in loess slopes often has a great influence on the stability of slopes. In this paper, taking the homogeneous slope model as an example, fractures with different distances and depths from the slope top angle are provided at the top of the slope. Firstly, the influence of single fracture location and depth on slope stability is analyzed, and after the most unfavorable location and depth of the fractures are determined, the influence of the slope top fractures on the slope seepage field and slope stability under the conditions with and without rainfall is studied secondly. The results show that with the increase of the distance from the fracture to the top angle of the slope, the safety coefficient of the slope shows the change law of decreasing first and then increasing. The critical fracture depth corresponding to the fractures at different locations is different, and when the critical fracture depth is exceeded, the slope safety factor tends to be stable. At the end of the rainfall moment through 1-1 section to analyze, it is found that at this time the pore water pressure and volume water content of the soil at the bottom of the fracture at different depths are greater than those of the upper soil, and the shallow fracture has less influence on the seepage field of the slope, and through 2-2 section it is found that the pore water pressure and volume water content in the soil far from the fracture are greater than those of the soil near the location of the fracture. When 288 h after the end of rainfall, the pore water pressure and volumetric water content of the soil around the fracture in section 2-2 were greater than those far from the fracture location. With the passage of time, the pore water pressure at the location of the fracture gradually dissipated and the corresponding volumetric water content gradually decreased, indicating that the fracture had an obvious influence on the characteristics of the seepage field in the soil at different times of rainfall. Under the condition of no rainfall, there exists a critical depth of fractures affecting slope safety stability, while under the condition of rainfall, the slope safety coefficient continuously decreases with the increase of fracture depth, and there is no critical fracture depth. The research results promote the understanding of the safety and stability of loess fracture slopes and provide a reference for slope management.

A field test study on the effect of artificial rainfall on instability characteristics of loess slopes

A field test study on the effect of artificial rainfall on instability characteristics of loess slopes

3D characterization of localized shear failure in loess subject to triaxial loading

The reduction of shear strength of loess slopes is generally driven by localized failure in loess that lowers the trigger thresholds of major landslide geohazards in these materials. Shear failure is initially manifested as discontinuous microscale fractures that progressively develop into macroscale rupture surfaces. In this study, the development of localized shear failure in Malan loess is investigated through an approach combining laboratory triaxial shear test and X-ray micro-computed tomography (μ-CT). The spatial distribution and morphological evolution of fractures associated with the shear failure plane are observed at different loading stages in a non-destructive manner. It is found that, with ongoing strain, the number and persistence of multiple undulating fracture surfaces gradually increase after peak strength condition are reached until a single, dominant shear failure plane is formed. Most fracture surfaces are oblique to the major principal stress direction forming a shear band of finite thickness. Within this band it is possible to observe zones where varying strain magnitude is accommodated by a network of fracture surfaces. The effect of strain accumulation and local shear failure on the sample's macroporosity was determined by performing calculations on the CT images of each loading stage. Whereas the bulk sample underwent a reduction in macroporosity as a result of the triaxial compression, movement along undulating fracture surfaces results in the opening (and closing) of apertures with ongoing shear strain within a shear band of finite thickness. The overall result is an increase in macroporosity in this shear band with an estimated thickness of approximately 5 mm. Image analysis also allows characterization of changes in the 3D macropore network of the original loess fabric. Macropore network can be disconnected, dislocated and even destroyed when affected by shear failure development. These morphological variations of macropores serve as benchmarks that indicate the early initiation and expanding range of local shear failure and also allow the evaluation of the effect of local shear failure on seepage characteristics. The results of this study could provide important insights into multi-scale modelling of mechanical behaviour of loess.

Modified Numerical Method for Improving the Calculation of Rill Detachment Rate

A rational calculation of the rill detachment rate (RDR) and an accurate simulation of the rill detachment process are important for determining the model parameters of hillslope erosion. Here, we found a difference between RDRs calculated using different methods that cannot be ignored. This study proposes a modified numerical method based on the dataset of the measured sediment concentrations along the rill length over a saturated loess soil slope to improve the calculation of RDR. For the saturated loess soil slope, the modified numerical RDR reduced the relative error from 58.3% to 4.6%, thereby demonstrating the efficiency of the modified numerical method. Furthermore, datasets of previous studies on different soil types and rill width verified the accuracy and applicability of the modified numerical method. A measurement strategy with more sampling points set at the forepart of the rill is proposed to enhance the calculation accuracy of RDR in accordance with the absolute error distribution between numerical and modified numerical RDRs. This study contributes to the literature by correcting previous data, improving data for subsequent measurements, and supplying a basis for the accurate estimation of RDR for rill erosion modeling.

Reinforcement mechanism analysis of lattice beam and prestressed anchor rod system for loess slope

Lattice beam and prestressed anchor rod are used to enhance stability and prevent failure of soil or rock slopes. In this study, a model of Lattice beam and prestressed anchor rod (LBPAR) system was designed with reinforcement mechanisms and a model test was constructed with a circular slip surface of a loess slope. First, interaction between the loess slope and the LBPAR system was investigated by an LBPAR system analysis model. Stability of sliding mass from the sliding bed with an arc-shaped sliding surface was then studied by an experimental model designed. Finally, internal force distribution of lattice beams in the LBPAR system was investigated by using a large-scale physical model test. The results were compared to those calculated using the reverse beam method, indicating that the LBPAR system strengthened the sliding mass in space and improved the overall stability of the loess slope. With vertical loading, the axial tensile stress of the main anchor rod increases continuously. The bending area of the anchor rod was concentrated within 2 m of the sliding surface. And the maximum bending moment reaches 70 N·m. The sliding mass was subject to vertical load pressure, lattice beams’ pressure, and dead weight in the meantime and the maximum earth pressure value is near the node of the lattice beams. It is proved that such a method excels in the engineering design of loess landslides, which has promising applications in the future.

Study of the disintegration of loess modified with fly ash and Roadyes

The disintegration property of loess is the wetting and subsequent disintegration of loess in water, which is generally an important index for resistance to erosion and disintegration of wet loess slopes and foundations. In this study, a disintegration instrument is developed in this laboratory and used to study the disintegration properties of fly ash-modified loess in foundations and Roadyes-modified loess in subgrades. Disintegration tests are used to compare samples of loess modified with different amounts of fly ash and Roadyes, different water contents and different dry densities; the influence of fly ash and Roadyes content on the disintegration of modified loess is analyzed. The differences in disintegration properties between the pure loess and modified loess are compared to explore the evolution of disintegration properties of modified loess and the optimal incorporation levels of fly ash and Roadyes. The experimental results show that the incorporation of fly ash reduces the disintegration of loess, while the incorporation of Roadyes likewise decreases the disintegration of loess. The disintegration of the loess modified with the two curing agents is better than that of the pure loess and loess mixed with a single curing agent; the optimal incorporation levels are 15% fly ash and 0.5‰ Roadyes. Comparing the evolution of the disintegration curves of samples of loess with different modifications shows is a linear relationship between time and amount of disintegration for pure loess and Roadyes-modified loess. Thus, a linear disintegration model is established in which the parameter P is the disintegration rate. According to the exponential relationship between time and amount of disintegration of fly ash-modified loess and loess modified with both fly ash and Roadyes, an exponential disintegration model is established in which the water stability parameter Q affects the strong and weak disintegration of the modified loess. The relationship between the water stability of the loess (modified with added fly ash and Roadyes) in water and the initial water content and dry density is analyzed. The water stability of the loess first increases and then decreases with increasing initial water content and gradually increases with increasing dry density. When the sample density is the maximum dry density, the sample has the best water stability. These research results provide a basis for the application of loess modified with added fly ash and Roadyes.

Field experiments on quantifying the contributions of Coreopsis canopies and roots to controlling runoff and erosion on steep loess slopes

Field experiments on quantifying the contributions of Coreopsis canopies and roots to controlling runoff and erosion on steep loess slopes

Searching for sliding surfaces in multi-level loess slopes based on the brachistochrone

As a key problem in slope-stability analysis, searching for potential sliding surfaces has attracted the attention of experts and scholars for a long time. However, the commonly used sliding surface curves are only considered in terms of shape approximation and lack physical significance. The search process involved in stability analysis of multi-level slopes is complex and a large amount of calculation is required. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a new sliding surface form based on physical interpretation of the brachistochrone, and establishes a search model for the brachistochrone sliding surface of a multi-level loess slope. At the same time, in order to further expand the search range and find a more ideal potential sliding surface curve shape and position with a lower safety factor, we recommend continuing the sliding-surface search after the brachistochrone is improved. We compared the calculation results for the position of the potential sliding surface and the stability safety factor with the corresponding results for an arc sliding surface (in combination with a calculation example) to verify its rationality. The approach offered here not only provides a new choice of sliding surface curve form for slope-stability analysis, but also significantly improves search efficiency for potential sliding surfaces of multi-level loess slopes.

Stress response characteristics of BFRP anchors on loess mudstone slope under rainfall conditions

Stress response characteristics of BFRP anchors on loess mudstone slope under rainfall conditions

Impact of Underground Coal Seam Mining on Stability and Slippage of the Loess Slope

How to quantitatively characterise the impact of underground coal mining on the stability and slippage of loess slopes is a key problem in the evaluation of mining damage under loess slopes, but it is more difficult to study this problem under the impact of the particular mechanical properties and topographical features of loess slopes. In order to clarify the impact of underground coal seam mining on the stability and slippage of the loess slope, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and physical similarity simulation experiments are used to address the problem based on the theory of slope stability and strata movement. The results show that the stability coefficient of a mining slope (Kms) is introduced to quantitatively characterise the stability of a mining loess slope, and to measure the degree of landslide risk. Due to the superposition of slope movement caused by mining subsidence and slope sliding tendency, the slope is more unstable when mining along the slope than when mining against the slope. The slope angle and slope height are the most important factors influencing the Kms. The ratio of rock stratum thickness to mining height and the ratio of rock stratum thickness to soil stratum thickness are positively correlated with Kms, and the correlation is relatively strong. The range of variation of the volume weight, internal friction angle and cohesion of the loess is small, and the influence on Kms is relatively weak. Probability integral theory is used to construct the relationship between stability and slippage of mining loess slopes. Taking the mining of a working face under the loess slope of Ningtiaota Coal Mine (China) as an example, the predicted results of the slope movement and deformation theory are in good agreement with the similar simulation test results, reaching 93.57~97.97%.

Mode I fracturing behavior of Malan loess and implications for the toppling failure of loess slopes

Loess-covered areas are susceptible to a variety of geohazards, among which toppling is one of the typical slope failures causing deadly and destructive threat on human life and properties. Loess toppling usually involves slab-like or columnar blocks being detached from the loess mass by vertical or sub-vertical cracks that develop in the manner of Mode I fracturing. Thus, understanding the static fracture behavior of loess is the key to deciphering the mechanism of such failures. This study carried out Mode I fracturing tests on pre-cracked specimens of undisturbed Malan loess following the semi-circular bend test method suggested by ISRM. Through digital image correlation and numerical simulation, the fracturing process (including development of surficial strain and internal stress) was examined, and it is found Malan loess experiences a four-stage fracturing, i.e., compaction, linear deformation, yield and post-failure. The fracturing exhibits fragile or ductile behavior depending on the physical properties and loading conditions. Low water content, high dry density, and/or fast loading rate favor the absorption of elastic strain energy, which tends to lead a fragile failure and a relatively high fracture toughness. The opposite conditions induce gradual consumption of plasto-damage strain energy, promoting a progressive propagation of crack and, therefore a ductile failure and a relatively low fracture toughness. Among these three factors, water content was found to have the first priority when influencing the fracture behavior of Malan loess. These findings depict the development of vertical cracks and toppling failure in loess area, and have practical implication in designing disaster risk management plan.

Performance test and effect evaluation of guar gum-stabilized loess as a sustainable slope protection material

During the rainy season, many slopes are eroded by precipitation on the China Loess Plateau (CLP). Hence, Guar gum (GG) is used to stabilize the topsoil of loess slopes to control rainwater erosion. To test the engineering performance of GG-stabilized loess and its feasibility in slope protection practice, the mechanical and hydraulic properties of specimens with different GG contents were measured in the laboratory. The results show that GG can effectively improve loess mechanical behavior during shear and disintegration and endow loess with good impermeability and water retention ability. With increasing GG content, the cohesion initially increased and subsequently decreased, the disintegration rate and permeability coefficient decreased, and the height of soil–water characteristic curve increased. When the GG content was 1.0%, the comprehensive engineering performance of the treated specimens was optimized. The cohesion, residual water content, and Van Genuchten (VG) model empirical fitting parameter increased by 125.7%, 148.9%, and 34.5%, while the disintegration rate, permeability coefficient, and VG model scale parameter decreased by 84.3%, 84.1%, and 80%, respectively. According to the scanning electron microscopy images, the stabilization mechanism of GG on loess relied on the hydrogel adhesion of soil particles and pore filling. Finally, field model test was used to verify that the GG-stabilized loess had excellent vegetation growth status and erosion control effect. After 120d of natural rainfall, the vegetation coverage increased by 67.6%, and the cumulative erosion decreased by 47.5%. Thus, utilizing GG-stabilized loess as a slope protection material shows great potential and is expected to promote the green construction of engineering and the sustainable development of soil and water conservation in the CLP.

Probe into the Influence of Water Content upon the Safety and Stability of Loess Slope Based on the Garden Project of Hejin Cherry Valley

In order to consider the influence of soil moisture content change on the slope stability of Hejin Cherry Valley Garden Project, this paper firstly selects soil samples at typical locations to obtain the shear strength test results of loess under different moisture content; Then, based on rhinoceros and FLAC3D software, the strength reduction method is used to analyze the slope stability, and the impact of water content on the slope stability is comprehensively evaluated according to the safety factor, plastic zone and shear strain. The results show that when the soil is completely dry, the cohesion and internal friction angle are both maximum; When the water content is 11%, the internal friction angle and cohesion are at a low level; Under different water content conditions, there is a watershed for slope stability. The water content is higher than 11%, and the safety factor is lower than 1.3. With the rise of water content, the maximum shear strain of the slope spreads from the toe to the slope surface. It is found in the comprehensive plastic zone the slope surface near the top of the slope is prone to landslide. The research results of this paper can provide reference and guidance for the stability and safety of loess slope after the construction of landscape architecture in Central Plains.