Locus Of Control Scale Research Articles

Unfolding the aggression and locus of control paradigm in sportspersons and non-sportspersons

The present study investigated Aggression and Locus of Control on Combat Sports Persons, Non-Combat Sports Persons, and Non-Sports Persons. In this study, a sample of 240 individuals (80 Combat sports, 80 Non-Combat Sports & 80 Non-Sportspersons) was used through purposive sampling. The tools administered were the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire by Arnold H. Buss and Mark Perry and Rotter’s Locus of Control Scale by Julian Rotter respectively. The objective of the study was to investigate Aggression and Locus of Control in males and females from Combat, Non-Combat, and Non-Sports persons. This research also aims to explore the relationship between Aggression and Locus of Control. Mean, t-test, F-value (ANOVA), and correlation have been computed over SPSS-16. Results suggest that males from Combat have higher Aggression than people from non-sports and non-combat sports. There is also a significant difference between non-sports persons and sports people over the Locus of Control, sports persons showed internal locus of control compared to non-sports persons who were higher on external locus of control. The result also indicates a significant relationship between the anger dimension of the Aggression and Locus of Control.

Psycho-Social Predictors of Parental Involvement in Academic Activities of Junior Secondary School Students in Port Harcourt Metropolis

This study investigated psycho-social predictors of parental involvement in the academic activities of junior secondary school students in Port Harcourt Metropolis. The study was guided by four research questions and their corresponding null hypotheses. The design for the study was correlational research design. The population of the study consisted of 16,835 parents of 24,343 JSS3 students (Source: School Board, 2024) from 278 public secondary school students in Port Harcourt Metropolis (Post Primary Education Board, 2024). A sample of 689 parents who are alive and can read and write, as reported by their children (The JSS3 students) was used for the study. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used in drawing the sample. Four instruments were used for the study. They are, Self-efficacy Scale (SES), Locus of Control Scale (LCS) Family Conflict Scale (FCS) and Parental Involvement Scale (PIS). The validity of the instruments were done by two experts in Educational Psychology. To ensure the reliability of the instruments Cronbach alpha () technique was used. The alpha coefficients of 0.75, 0.82, 0.67 and 0.76 were obtained for family conflict, self-efficacy, locus of control and parental involvement scale respectively. Multiple regression, simple regression and ANOVA were used for data analysis. Research questions 1 and 3 were answered using simple regression, research question 2 and 4 were answered using multiple regression. Hypotheses I and 3 were tested using ANOVA associated with simple regression while hypotheses 2 and 4 were tested using ANOVA associated with multiple regression. All analyses were done at 0.05 alpha level. Results revealed among others that self-efficacy did not significantly predict parental involvement in the academic activities of junior secondary school students in Port Harcourt Metropolis while locus of control and family conflict significantly predicted parental involvement in the academic activities of junior secondary school students in Port Harcourt Metropolis. It was recommended amongst others that parents should always make effort to exhibit internal locus of control as this will help them get better involved in the academic activities of their children.

Locus of Control, Learning Styles, and Academic Achievement of Saudi Pre-professional Medical Students: A Cross-sectional Study.

The objective of this study was to describe medical students' learning styles and locus of control (LOC) and to determine their association with academic achievement. A cross-sectional study was performed at a health science university in Saudi Arabia. A sample of 158 medical students completed Kolb's learning style and locus of control scales. The authors measured academic achievement by grade point average (GPA) and collected demographic characteristics. Most students' learning styles were classified as convergent (51.3%), whereas the rest adopted divergent (23.4%), accommodative (18.4%), and assimilative (7%) styles. Analysis revealed that students with a lower LOC tend to have higher GPAs than those with a higher LOC. However, no association was found between Kolb's learning styles and LOC or GPA. The findings of this study provide educators with essential insights into factors that enhance students' academic achievements. We conclude that locus of control plays a crucial role in academic success. Medical educators should consider diverse student learning styles to adopt appropriate teaching methods that meet students' needs, ultimately improving educational practices and outcomes in medical education.

Mental health and locus of control among Naga youth giving various competitive examinations

Purpose Competitive examinations, especially in a country like India, are important in deciding careers and access to prestigious institutions. Each year thousands of youth appear for different national and state level examinations, the competition for which becomes progressively tougher. Hence, it is important to study the mental health of youth appearing for competitive examinations. Nagaland, with an unemployment rate of 19.3%, is among the states with the highest unemployment rate in India. Therefore, this paper aims to study Naga youth with special focus on three aspects, namely, the status of mental health, to examine locus of control and to examine the correlation between mental health and locus of control. Design/methodology/approach The study was conducted in Kohima town and Dimapur town respectively with a sample comprising of 196 youth. The participants were in the age range of 15–35 years. The tools used included the Rotter’s Locus of Control Scale, Mental Health Continuum (Short-form) and a demographic questionnaire. Findings A considerable proportion of the participants (36%) were found in flourishing category whereas majority of the participants were either moderately healthy (46%) or languishing (17%). Age and employment status were found to have a significant relationship with mental health whereas gender was found to have a significant relationship with locus of control. Pearson chi-square showed a significant association between mental health and locus of control. Originality/value The present study used the mental health continuum model and locus of control to give a comprehensive view of mental health and the perceived control among Naga youth appearing competitive examinations.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON MORAL VALUES AND LOCUS OF CONTROL BETWEEN ATHEISTS AND THEISTS

The degree to which individuals feel they have control over the events and circumstances that impact their lives is known as their locus of control, a psychological concept. Guidelines that help a person distinguish between good and wrong are known as moral values. The study aims to compare the relationship between Locus of Control and Moral Identity among Atheists and Theists, determining the influence of religious belief on these factors. Atheism believes in the absence of deities, using scientific data and logical justifications to explain human life. Theism is the belief in a superior reality, often called God in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Understanding religious beliefs can help us understand human nature and religion's impact on values and behaviors. A sample of 211 individuals was included, including male and female participants from various geographical areas. The study used socio-demographic data collection tools, such as the Moral Identity Questionnaire and Rotter's Locus of Control Scale, and collected data for statistical analysis. The study maintains confidentiality and uses T-tests to examine significant relationships and gender differences. The research found that no significant difference exists between theists and atheists on their locus of control and moral values, and higher morality levels lower an individual's locus of control. KEYWORDS: Locus of control, Atheism, Theism, Moral values, Religio

A Descriptive Study on Locus of Control, Perfectionism, and Academic Procrastination among young adults

Many factors, particularly trait-like psychological dimensions, have been demonstrated to greatly contribute to procrastination, but the intricate interactions between these variables have gotten less attention. The purpose of the study was to assist young adults to navigate their academic voyage because these young adults often come across few stumbling blocks such as academic procrastination, locus of control and perfectionism in their academic work. The study group for this research consisted of 150 young adults (111 female, 37, male, 1 transwoman, 1 prefer not to say) and mostly belonged from undergraduate level from various private and public universities of Kolkata. Snowball sampling method was incorporated to identify the sample for the study. In this study, the “Rotter’s Locus of control scale”, “Academic Procrastination Scale by McCloskey” and “Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale” were used to collect data. The Pearson Correlation, descriptive statistics and other statistical analysis were used for data analysis. According to the findings obtained, a significant relationship was established between academic procrastination and perfectionism that might altogether affect the academic outcome and further there were also a significant negative correlation between the locus of control and academic outcome. Research can further be done by using other variables to understand the effectiveness of academic outcome. In addition, educators, policymakers, and mental health professionals can work together to guide young adults based on their beliefs and can help individuals in making informed decisions.

Psychosocial Predictors of Students' Achievement in Mathematics: A Path-Analytical Study

Almost everything a person does involves mathematics, especially in this day and age of science and technology. Therefore, it is essential to ensure success among students regarding achievement in mathematics learning. This study explored how psychosocial variables (self-efficacy, motivation, locus of control, anxiety, and peer influence) contribute to student achievement in Mathematics. Two hundred and forty secondary school students participated in this study. The study employed the correlational design, and data was collected using reliable instruments: (mathematics anxiety scale ? = 0.82; academic self-efficacy scale ? = 0.79; academic motivation scale ? = 0.81; locus of control scale ? =0.84; peer influence inventory ?=.76; and achievement test in mathematics ? =0.88). The model displayed a goodness-of-fit index of 1.000 and a comparative fit index of 1.000, both of which are regarded as perfect fits, according to path analysis. In this model, every path has high significance (p < .01) except for the path coming from motivation to self-efficacy and locus of control (p = .053 and .493), respectively. The study recommended that efforts be made to increase mathematics achievement, emphasising how the many elements considered interact with one another.

“Are darker individuals in control?”: A path model of the Dark Triad, Emotional Regulation and Locus of Control

Among the socially aversive personality traits, the Dark Triad (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) is one of the most prominent. It is known that there is an association between these traits and emotional regulation and control strategies. However, further empirical support is needed to understand how these traits simultaneously influence each other. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the Dark Triad, emotion dysregulation strategies, and locus of control using a predictive model. The participants consisted of 305 individuals aged 18 to 59 years (M = 32.5; SD = 12.05) who responded to the Dirty Dozen (DD), the Emotional Dysregulation Scale (EDEA), the Locus of Control Scale (ELOCUS), and the Baptist Depression Scale (EBADEP). Our results suggest positive associations of Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism with maladaptive emotional dysregulation strategies, and these strategies predicted external locus of control. Therefore, individuals with darker traits tend to employ dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies and consequently attribute external events as the cause of such outcomes.

Examining the validity and reliability of the academic entitlement scale in Turkish culture

This study aims to adapt the Academic Entitlement Scale to Turkish culture and examine the scale's measurement invariance according to gender. The study was conducted with 372 university students aged 18 and 54 (I = 20.90). The study used the Academic Entitlement Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Narcissistic Personality Inventory, and Locus of Control Scale as data collection tools. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to identify the construct validity of the scale. The measurement invariance of the scale according to gender was examined using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. Correlations between research variables were analyzed with the Pearson Correlation Test. Cronbach's Alpha was performed to measure the internal consistency reliability of the study. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that academic entitlement was positively correlated with self-esteem and external locus of control. In addition, it was revealed that the externalized responsibility sub-dimension was positively correlated to narcissism. The research findings indicate that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool within Turkish culture.

A STUDY OF SELF-ESTEEM, ACADEMIC SELF-CONCEPT, AND LOCUS OF CONTROL AMONG BEHAVIORAL PROBLEM AND NON-BEHAVIORAL PROBLEM CHILDREN

OBJECTIVE: The aim of current study was to identify and compare the children with behavioral problems and without behavioral problems on self-esteem, academic self-concept, and locus of control. METHOD: For this study, a cross sectional research design was used, for data collection purposive sampling technique was applied. Out of 300 children a sample of 34 children with behavioral problems (that lies above 67th percentile) and a matched comparative group of 34 children (fall below 33 percentile children) were selected. The age range of sample was 11-13 years and from Wah Cantt data was collected. A booklet consisted of consent form, demographic sheet, children behavioral problem checklist; self-esteem scale, academic self-concept, and locus of control scales were administered. RESULTS: Correlational analysis indicated that there was significant relationship between all the study variables. Children with behavioral problems exhibited lower level of self-esteem (M=39.92; SD=16.4) than non-behavioral problem children (M=47.57; SD=9.52). On academic self-concept, children with behavioral problems exhibited lower mean scores (M=32.9; SD=26.3) as compared to children having non-behavioral problems (M=44.6; SD=15.8). Furthermore, results also highlighted that non-problematic children exhibit less external locus of control (M=8.35; SD=2.51) as compared to problematic children (M=10.70; SD=3.36). CONCLUSION: This study highlighted that SE, ASC and LOC are related process children behavioral problems. Therefore, in order to handle such children, teachers and school counselor should develop such intervention strategies that promote their self-esteem, academic self-concept and internal locus of control. Keywords: self-esteem, Locus of control, Behavioral problems, academic self-esteem.

The effects of psychological factors on urinary incontinence after robotic radical prostatectomy: pilot study

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a frequent complication of radical prostatectomy (RP), and identifying preoperative predictors may assist in patient selection and continence rehabilitation. We investigated the association between preoperative psychological factors and UI after RP. Consenting patients planned for RP were recruited prospectively to this pilot study. They responded to preoperative psychological surveys, including a depression anxiety stress scale, coping behavior questionnaire, general self-efficacy scale, revised life orientation test and locus of control scale (LCS). Incontinence severity was assessed by the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF) and daily pad usage at 6 months after surgery. Correlation tests and linear regression models evaluated the association between psychological factors and UI. Twenty-five men with a median age of 69 years were enrolled. Continence outcomes at 6 months were a median ICIQ-SF score of 11 (Interquartile range (IQR) 7–14) and a median use of 2 pads per day (IQR 1–5). LCS was linearly correlated to ICIQ-SF scores (p = 0.05) and daily pad use (p = 0.005). Age and pathological staging were also linearly correlated to incontinence severity. LCS remained linearly associated with daily pad use on multivariate analysis adjusting for age and pathology (β = 0.61, p = 0.007). Locus of control is a psychological predictor for post-RP UI severity, and patients with external control may be prone to worse incontinence. The LCS may be used when counseling patients before surgery in order to clarify expectations regarding postoperative continence. Future studies to evaluate whether psychological intervention may be beneficial for continence rehabilitation are warranted.

Alkol Kullanım Bozukluğu Olan ve Olmayan Bireylerde Bağlanma Stilleri, Aile İşlevselliği ve Kontrol Odağının Karşılaştırılması

This study aims to examine the variables of attachment styles , family functioning, and locus of control in individuals with and without alcohol use disorder. The 54 participants, including 51 male and 3 females with alcohol use disorder between the ages of 18-60s were chosen from the outpatients of xx service, the attendants of xx meetings, and the people referred by them. The control group consisted of 60 participants who were similar to the study group in terms of age and gender variables, without alcohol use disorder and psychological disorder. Data were collected through a questionnaire including Sociodemographic Data Form, Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), Experiences in Close Relationships - Revised (ECR -R), Family Assessment Device (FAD), and Rotter’s Locus of Control Scale (LCS). In the results of the study, it was found that the participants with alcohol use disorder had a significantly higher ECR-R anxiety and avoidance score, and LCS score than the control group. Participants with the alcohol use disorder had a considerably lower FAD score than the control group. Finally, the effects of the applied scales on alcohol addiction are analyzed and it was concluded that the scores of FAD and LCS had a statistically significant effect on alcohol addiction. Accordingly, an increase in the FAD score by one unit reduces the alcohol addiction risk by %95, while an increase in the LCS score by one unit increases the alcohol addiction risk by %31.

Characteristics of Achieving Goals in the Professional Activity of Young People: the Relationship with the Level of Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control

Introduction. The article deals with the relationship of self-efficacy and internal locus of control with the characteristics of achieving goals in the professional activities of young people. The work is relevant because of the sufficient establishment of the specific factors that ensure a person's rapid and successful achievement of goals. The article expands the understanding of the factors of achievement of goals in professional activity, which can be useful for employees and managers to increase the effectiveness of professional personnel.Purpose: to study the relationship of self-efficacy and internal locus of control with the characteristics of young people's goals achievement in professional activity.Materials and methods. The study sample consisted of 57 people, among whom 84.2% were girls, 15.8% were boys, aged 18 to 31 years, with work experience from several months to 12 years. In the course of the study, we used the following methods: "The General Self-Efficacy Scale", "Rotter's Locus of Control Scale", and our questionnaire.Results. As a result of the use of correlation analysis, several significant relationships were found between the level of self-efficacy and subjective assessments of achieving one's goals. In particular, there are direct relationship between self-efficacy with the assessment of one's professional achievements in the past (0.411), with the strength of motivation from the words of approval of colleagues (0.443) and with a calm psychological state when performing professional tasks in the course of achieving goals (0.413).Discussion. One of the significant elements of self-efficacy is a positive self-attitude, which is formed, on the one hand, from a high assessment of one's successes in the past and, on the other hand, from words of support from colleagues and friends. The data obtained by us indicate the significant role of the presence of achievements in the experience and the perception of this experience as successful in the formation of self-efficacy, which in turn affects goal-setting. This is consistent with the data that purposefulness depends on a person's belief in their strength and luck.

Understanding the Relationship between Faith-based Locus of Control and Academic Self-Efficacy among Muslim Students in Nigeria

In spite of numerous research reports demonstrating the relationship between locus of control (LOC) and academic self-efficacy (ASE) among Muslim students, studies on how faith-based LOC relates to ASE among Muslim students in Nigeria are scarce. This study employed a correlation survey to examine the relationship between faith-based LOC and ASE among Muslim students in Nigeria. The sample comprised university undergraduates (n=124) [71 females and 53males] aged between 18 and 35 years in the federal universities in South East, Nigeria. A purposive sampling procedure was used to get the sample for the study. The researchers adopted two instruments for this study: A 20 item structured Faith-based external LOC Scale (FBLCS) adapted from Rotter (1966). The second instrument is a five-item General Academic Self Efficacy Scale (GASES) adapted from Braun et al. (2021). The instrument was used in measuring students’ ASE. The data analysis in this study was done using version 29 of IBM SPSS. The relationship between the study variables was established using regression analysis while linear regression (t-test) and Hayes’ PROCESS were used to analyze the hypotheses. Result shows that there is a significant positive relationship between faith-based LOC and ASE among Muslim students in Nigeria. Furthermore, result also shows that there is no significant influence of gender on the relationship between faith-based LOC and ASE among Muslim students in Nigeria. It was recommended that teachers and stakeholders in Islamic Education system should strive to incorporate the faith aspect of their LOC into their curriculum for optimal development.

Locus of Control and Self-Directed Learning Readiness of Nursing Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study from Saudi Arabia.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused one of the worst global pandemics in recent decades. It has disrupted education systems worldwide, leading to a forced shift from traditional face-to-face to blended or fully distanced learning, requiring a higher level of student readiness for self-directed learning (SDL) and a more internal locus of control (LOC). This study explored the relationship between locus of control and level of readiness for SDL among Saudi nursing students and whether the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted this relationship. A cross-sectional correlational descriptive study was conducted to survey 277 Saudi nursing students enrolled in the bachelor program at one of the reputable universities in Saudi Arabia. An E-questionnaire containing two scales, the Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale for Nursing Education, and the Locus of Control Scale, was used to collect data in addition to the selected participants' characteristics. Nursing students had a moderate-to-low level of readiness for SDL (mean = 144.0), and the majority had an external LOC. There was a significant association between locus of control and level of readiness for self-directed learning (r = 0.19 *, p = 0.001), and the internal locus of control was more significantly associated with self-directed learning (r = 0.22 *, p = 0.0001) than with external locus of control. The study findings indicate a propensity of respondents indicating an external locus of control, whereas most of the respondents' reported levels of readiness ranged between low and moderate across all dimensions of self-directed learning. This study was not registered.

The Relation Between Psychological Stress and Locus of Control Among University Students

The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between psychological stress and locus of control among students at A University, while taking various factors into account. To achieve this objective, two scales were utilized: the psychological stress scale, previously used in Derany’s (2003) research, and the Locus of Control scale, developed by Rotter and translated to Arabic and coded by Barhoom (1999). The study sample included 353 randomly selected students, and the data was analyzed using the distributive method of analysis. The findings indicated that the level of psychological stress among the students was moderate, with an average of 2.34. The mental area had the highest stress level, with a mean of 2.70, followed by the psychological area, with a mean of 2.32 and the physiological area, with a mean of 1.99. The majority of students exhibited an internal locus of control (59 percent), and there was a statistically significant difference between psychological stress and locus of control.

Öğretmen Adaylarında Okumaya Yönelik Tutum Ve Dijital Bağımlılık Arasındaki İlişkide Denetim Odağının Aracı Rolü

This research aims to investigate a relationship between digital dependency and reading behaviour of pre-service teachers and how locus of control mediates this relationship. In the research, conducted with 804 pre-service teachers aged 18-25, data was collected using a demographic data form, digital addiction scale, reading attitude scale and locus of control scale. Within the sub-problems of the research, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis and Mediation Analysis were applied to the dataset. The findings show that digital addiction is negatively correlated with attitude towards reading and positively correlated with locus of control showed that there is a significant relationship. Attitude towards reading and locus of control were found to have a significant negative relationship. It was found that locus of control was a partial mediator of the relationship between the level of digital addiction of pre-service teachers and their attitudes towards reading. Accordingly, it was concluded that the attitudes towards reading of pre-service teachers with high digital addiction and external locus of control were more negative than their peers with high digital addiction but internal locus of control.

Is the locus of control a predictor and/or mediator of emotional dysregulation and psychopathological symptoms?

Locus of control has been highlighted as a variable related to mental health and well-being, as well as being indicated as a predictor for psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety. To verify these relationships, the aim of this study was to present two path analysis models related to the associations between locus of control, depression, anxiety, and emotional dysregulation. A sample of 327 participants (Mage = 38.3 years, SD = 12.8), of both genders (Fem. = 75.2%), completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Locus of Control Scale (ELOCUS), the Baptista Depression Scale (EBADEP-A), the Emotional Dysregulation Scale (EDEA), and the Cognitive Anxiety Scale (ECOGA). Spearman correlations and path analyses were performed for the two proposed models. In the first model, the locus of control was a predictor of emotional dysregulation, symptoms of depression and anxiety. In the second model, the locus of control mediated the relationship between factors of emotional dysregulation (seeking strategies and pessimism) in relation to depression and anxiety. It was concluded that the locus of control is an important construct in the direct or indirect prediction of psychopathological symptoms.

Comparison of Mental Health Professionals in terms of Locus of Control, 5-Factor Personality Test, Defense Styles and Coping Styles According to the Psychotherapy School They Feel They Have in Practice

Personality plays an active role in all our behaviors, choices, beliefs and mechanisms to protect ourselves. It seems possible that there is an interaction between the career choices of mental health professionals, who are a professional group working on the structure and dynamics of personality, and their personality structures. Mental health professionals continue to work with many different schools. These are predominantly psychodynamic school and psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioral therapy, gestalt school and eclectically a combination of these and other schools. The aim of this research is to reveal the differences of professionals working in the field of mental health according to the psychotherapy school they choose, according to locus of control, five-factor personality scale, defense strategies and coping styles. The schools preferred by mental health professionals were examined in 3 different groups as "Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Therapy", "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy" and "Eclectic Approach". 90 people, including 21 psychiatrists, 29 psychological counselors and 40 psychologists, from the province of Istanbul participated in the research. In the evaluation of personality traits, four different scales were used: "Locus of Control Scale", "Five-Factor Personality Scale", "Defense Strategies Scale" and "Coping Styles". According to the results obtained from the research, it was seen that there was no significant difference between the schools chosen by the mental health experts in the direction of the research and the personality structures. However, it indicates that the neuroticism sub-dimension score has decreased over the years. Finally, a significant difference was found between individuals who adopted the CBT school and the sub-dimension of responsibility. Key Words: Locus of Control, Personality, Defense Mechanisms, Coping Strategies

The The Effect of Locus of Control on Academic Grit in Final Year Students

Academic grit is a characteristic needed by final year students in order to be able to face all the demands in their lectures. However, preliminary studies and several previous studies show that the academic grit level of students in Indonesia tends to be moderate to low. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of locus of control on academic grit in final year students. Respondents of this study namely 201 final year students of the faculty of psychology, Universitas Negeri Makassar (UNM) who were in 9, 11, and 13 semesters. Measuring instrument used is the locus of control scale and the academic grit scale. This study used a quantitative methods. Sampling technique used was simple random sampling technique. The data collection technique used was a scale type questionnaire. The data analysis technique used was multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that there was a positive influence of internal locus of control on academic grit (β =1,568, p = 0,000 ; p < 0,05). There is a negative influence of external locus of control on academic grit (β = -0,476, p = 0,018 ; p < 0,05). Internal locus of control and external locus of control contributed 54.3% to academic grit. This research can be a source of information in designing interventions to improve academic grit by considering the locus of control possessed by students.