Location Of Point Research Articles

GA-RCNN:Graph self-attention feature extraction for 3D object detection

In recent years, 3D object detection based on LiDAR point clouds is a key component of autonomous driving. In pursuit of enhancing the accuracy of 3D point cloud feature extraction and point cloud detection, this paper introduces a novel 3D object detection model, termed as Graph Self-Attention-RCNN (GA-RCNN). This model is designed to integrate voxel information and point location information, enhancing the quality of 3D object proposals while maintaining contextual accuracy. The first stage rectifies the previous approach that relied on local features for preselected boxes, overlooking crucial global contextual information. An improved method is suggested in this work, utilizing BEV to capture long-range dependencies via a cross-attention mechanism. The second stage addresses the overreliance on local neighborhood point feature extraction. The Graph Self-Attention Pooling method is proposed, characterized by its dynamic computation of contribution weights for inputs. This enhances the model’s flexibility and generalization performance. Extensive evaluations on KITTI and Waymo datasets demonstrate GA-RCNN’s superior accuracy compared to other methods, affirming its efficacy in 3D object detection.

Improved textile-vamp punching points location using CNN and priori regional template matching in the footwear industry

The accurate and efficient positioning of punching points on textile-vamps is critical for successful footwear manufacturing. Manual methods often lead to errors, increased labor costs, and reduced efficiency. To address these challenges, this paper takes a full account of punching point layout regularity in the vamp and proposes an approach for locating punching points using priori regional template matching and convolutional neural network. Least-squares ellipse fitting is used for coordinate system establishment based on a fixed pattern of 3D additive on the vamp. This facilitates the description of the placement and orientation of the vamp. Then, the prior region and template images are extracted and recorded in accordance with the relative positional relationship between punching points and the vamp. This can limit the template search to designated regions and improve the speed and accuracy of punching point location. Leveraging the determined coordinates system, the extracted prior regions universally applicable to vamps in any placement and orientation. To automatize the adjustment of punching point matching strategies, a textile-vamp classification CNN model is trained to distinguish between different vamp types. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on various vamp types and placement, achieving a high accuracy rate of 98%. Therefore, this research offers a promising solution for practical applications in the footwear industry, providing accurate and rapid textile-vamp punching point location.

Kerr-like oblate heterogeneous primaries in PCRFB problem with variable mass infinitesimal body

The dynamical motion properties of the variable mass infinitesimal body are investigated under the effects of the gravitational forces of the kerr-like oblate heterogeneous primaries which are situated at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. The effects of the coriolis as well as centrifugal forces are also considered. Under the effects of the above perturbations we evaluate the equations of motion, and then we perform the important dynamical properties of motion such as the locations of parking points, their stability, first return map (i.e. Poincaré surfaces of section), regions of motion by evaluating quasi-Jacobian integral and trajectory allocations by well-known software Mathematica. This study will show the effects of perturbations on these motion properties in various cases such as classical case and for different values of perturbations. One can compare these results from the results available in the literature.

Automatic Acquisition System for Mine Pressure Monitoring in Coal Mine Working-Face Footage

The existing mine pressure monitoring system has realized the online continuous monitoring of the working-face stent resistance, roadway roof offcuts, and anchor rod/rope working resistance. However, the mine pressure monitoring information of the working face currently includes only the stent resistance and the monitoring time, and there is no information on the working-face advance. The mine pressure data cannot be precisely analyzed due to a lack of measurement point locations. Mine pressure data analysis combined with the working-face feed information is the basis for safe and efficient mining and for improving the intelligence level of the comprehensive mining face. According to the special electromagnetic environment of the underground, this system adopts UWB (ultra-wide-band) technology and the SDS-TWR (symmetric double-sided two-way ranging) ranging method, with the UWB positioning base station as the core and installs positioning tags at the end supports of the working face to collect information. The data are uploaded to the host computer via Ethernet for coordinate solving, automatically collecting the working-face footage data and providing positional information for mine pressure monitoring. The application results show that the system operates normally and can collect real-time information of working-face footage and monitor mine pressure data, and meet the requirements of coal mine positioning accuracy, positioning error is less than 30 cm, the application effect is good.

Design and application of distal radial artery hemostat

Transradial approach is the classical access for coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). With the increase in the number of interventional procedures, some disadvantages of the transradial approach have also been found, it is easy to lead to various complications, such as radial artery occlusion, radial nerve injury, and puncture difficulties after radial artery spasm. Therefore, some experts put forward the approach of distal radial artery approach for interventional therapy, which has the advantages of convenient positioning, easy postoperative hemostasis, less damage to the proximal radial artery and improving patients' comfort. However, there is no special distal radial artery hemostat in clinic, which limits the development of this approach to a certain extent. Therefore, based on the principles of anatomy and physics, cardiovascular physician at Jiading District District Central Hospital in Shanghai designed and invented a distal radial artery hemostatic device, which is convenient for clinical hemostasis of distal radial artery puncture, and obtained the National Utility Model Patent (patent number: ZL 2021 2 2097829.6). The hemostatic device consists of a glove body with a silicone gasket protruding towards the skin on the inner surface and a binding component. The patient's hand is inserted into the glove body, and after being fixed by the restraint component, the silicone gasket can effectively compress the location of the radial artery puncture point, and play a good hemostatic effect with less pressure, avoid the common complications of proximal radial artery hemostatic, and reduce the discomfort of the patient. Has good application value.

A Numerical Design Space Investigation of Low-Speed Axial Compressor Stages Using Single-Row and Tandem Bladings

Abstract The present article numerically investigates the design space of an axial, low-speed compressor stage using tandem and single aerofoil configurations. The investigated rotor and stator designs follow a coupled throughflow and blade-to-blade design approach and will yield quasi-3D designed compressor stages with either single-rotor single-stator or tandem-rotor tandem-stator configurations. In past studies, tandem aerofoil configurations have shown a potential for increasing stage working coefficients, while maintaining their efficiency compared to their single aerofoil reference configuration. However, it was also shown that tandem configurations are able to reduce efficiency due to an increase of secondary flow caused by the higher loading and introduction in the second aerofoil. Currently, there is no clear design guideline on when tandem aerofoil configurations should be preferred over single ones, and under which circumstances they should be avoided. To answer this question, the present article will attempt to create a “Smith chart” for tandem aerofoil stages and compare them to their single aerofoil counterparts. Originally intended for use with turbine stages, the Smith chart maps out the potential efficiencies of turbomachinery designs. It plots the working coefficient (Ψ) over the throughflow coefficient (φ), which gives a direct indication of the shape of velocity triangles in the stage. However, the Smith chart has been well investigated for single aerofoil stages, both numerically and experimentally, as well as for low- and high-speed applications, and this is not the case so far for tandem configurations. The current work presents a fast Q3D design and analysis procedure used on a low-speed axial compressor stage and will yield quasi-3D efficiencies for a large number of different design coefficients. The findings of this work will enable future research to identify preferred combinations of design coefficients for tandem aerofoil configurations, which can then be further analyzed in 3D investigations at a higher fidelity level.

High vibrational excitation of the reagent transforms the late-barrier H + HOD reaction into an early-barrier reaction.

Polanyi's rules predict that a late-barrier reaction yields vibrationally cold products; however, experimental studies showed that the H2 product from the late-barrier H + H2O(|04⟩-) and H + HOD(vOH = 4) reactions is vibrationally hot. Here, we report a potential-averaged five-dimensional state-to-state quantum dynamics study for the H + HOD(vOH = 0-4) → H2 + OD reactions on a highly accurate potential energy surface with the total angular momentum J = 0. It is found that with the HOD vibration excitation increasing from vOH = 1 to 4, the product H2 becomes increasingly vibrationally excited and manifests a typical characteristic of an early barrier reaction for vOH = 3 to 4. Analysis of the scattering wave functions revealed that vibrational excitation in the breaking OH bond moves the location of dynamical saddle point from product side to reactant side, transforming the reaction into an early barrier reaction. Interestingly, pronounced oscillatory structures in the total and product vibrational-state-resolved reaction probabilities were observed for the H + HOD(vOH = 3, 4) reactions, in particular at low collision energies, which originate from the Feshbach resonance states trapped in the bending/torsion excited vibrational adiabatic potential wells in the entrance region due to van der Waals interactions.

TCAS-PINN: Physics-informed neural networks with a novel temporal causality-based adaptive sampling method

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) have become an attractive machine learning framework for obtaining solutions to partial differential equations (PDEs). PINNs embed initial, boundary, and PDE constraints into the loss function. The performance of PINNs is generally affected by both training and sampling. Specifically, training methods focus on how to overcome the training difficulties caused by the special PDE residual loss of PINNs, and sampling methods are concerned with the location and distribution of the sampling points upon which evaluations of PDE residual loss are accomplished. However, a common problem among these original PINNs is that they omit special temporal information utilization during the training or sampling stages when dealing with an important PDE category, namely, time-dependent PDEs, where temporal information plays a key role in the algorithms used. There is one method, called Causal PINN, that considers temporal causality at the training level but not special temporal utilization at the sampling level. Incorporating temporal knowledge into sampling remains to be studied. To fill this gap, we propose a novel temporal causality-based adaptive sampling method that dynamically determines the sampling ratio according to both PDE residual and temporal causality. By designing a sampling ratio determined by both residual loss and temporal causality to control the number and location of sampled points in each temporal sub-domain, we provide a practical solution by incorporating temporal information into sampling. Numerical experiments of several nonlinear time-dependent PDEs, including the Cahn–Hilliard, Korteweg–de Vries, Allen–Cahn and wave equations, show that our proposed sampling method can improve the performance. We demonstrate that using such a relatively simple sampling method can improve prediction performance by up to two orders of magnitude compared with the results from other methods, especially when points are limited.

An evolutionary vehicle scanning method for bridges based on time series segmentation and change point detection

In this paper, the problem of bridge health monitoring is formulated as an unsupervised semantic segmentation where the aim is to identify the onset of structural damage by detecting unexpected irregularities in the time series data. In particular, the main objective of this study is to approach this problem through an indirect sensing framework based on the concept of vehicle-mounted scanning. Thus, the sole source of information is the acceleration responses of the moving vehicle passing over the bridge. This is achieved through automatic feature learning by adopting the concept of matrix profile to conduct an all-pair-similarity search for a given time series, where the location of the contextual change is determined by the corresponding Corrected Arc Crossings (CAC) profile. The performance of the method is first evaluated through numerical investigations for different damage cases where the effect of operational uncertainties such as road roughness, and variability in vehicle properties are considered. Further, the method is experimentally evaluated using a lab-scale bridge model with different damage cases. Through these investigations, it is consistently observed that the location of the change point always coincides with the minimum point of the CAC profile. The proposed framework has three major advantages making it more appealing compared to the competing techniques. First, it has been fully formulated in the context of unsupervised learning where no access to labeled data is required. Second, it is capable of working with a limited amount of data yet providing promising results. Finally, it can be easily applied to online settings where data is streaming in real-time. These successful results demonstrate the potential of the proposed method as a cost-effective and rigorous bridge inspection tool and open up opportunities in the field of indirect bridge health monitoring.

Computational extreme value statistics of strength for WC-Co composites at small specimens

The mechanical behavior of ceramic–metal (WC-Co) composites at small specimen level is subject to significant uncertainty due to the random assembly of (1) its constituent phases, (2) the crystal orientation of the WC grains, (3) the intrinsic residual stresses, and (4) the variable level of confinement of the metallic binder, within the contiguous network of much stiffer WC grains. In the existing literature, a Weibull distribution of strength is typically assumed at large specimen level. However, it is unknown whether this assumption can be carried over to small samples. Thus, the aim of this study is to shed light into the randomness in the mechanical strength of WC-Co composites, by using Monte Carlo simulations employing Latin Hypercube Sampling. The marginal distribution of the model parameters is assumed to be a grafted zero-threshold Weibull-Gaussian probability distribution, applied individually to the ceramic particles and the metallic binder using autocorrelation fields. The deterministic models are the recently calibrated microplane models M7WC and MPJ2 for the ceramic phase (WC) and the metallic matrix (Co) respectively. Test data in the form of strength histograms, gathered from literature on tensile tests conducted on nanowires of WC-Co composites, are used to calibrate the Weibull and Gaussian parameters, the grafting point locations and the autocorrelation lengths. The deterministic models M7WC and MPJ2 are assumed to be predictive in this study, as they were already calibrated in a previously published work by the authors. The finite element meshes used in the Monte Carlo simulations are generated using real tomography images, which easily captures the Gaussian part of the probability density function (pdf) without any random variables. This approach is shown to account successfully for the randomness observed in the strength of these ceramic–metal composites. Predictions are made for the strength distribution of differently sized nanowire specimens in tension.

TIME SERIES WITH MULTIPLE CHANGE POINTS AND CENSORED OBSERVATIONS

This article examines a Bayesian model for a nonstationary time series with an unknown number of change points and censored observations. Each segment is assumed to be an autoregressive process with order one. To estimate the number and locations of change points, we use the reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) algorithm. The censored problem is solved by imputing the censored values from a multivariate normal distribution based on the observed part. A numerical example shows that the estimates of the number of change points and their localizations have little bias. Additionally, the estimates are robust to the censoring percentage.

The Assessment of the Influence of Soil Type on the Nonlinear Seismic Response of a Corroded Reinforced Concrete Portal Frame

Background: Most researchers have focused on the effect of rebar corrosion on the seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) columns. On the other hand, the influence of chloride corrosion of reinforced concrete in combination with soil type on the seismic behaviour of RC columns has not been investigated. Objective: This paper investigates the influence of soil characteristics on the seismic vulnerability of reinforced concrete structures. The case study in focus is a reinforced concrete portal frame with columns exhibiting corrosion at ground level. Methods: Chloride ingress initiates corrosion and reduces the cross-sectional area of the corroded concrete steel. In addition, this research considers two different soil types, namely rocky and loose, as relevant factors in the analysis. Firstly, the seismic loads are determined according to the Moroccan seismic building code RPS2011. Then, the evaluation of the evolution of the diameter of corroded bars due to chloride induced corrosion is investigated. Finally, pushover analysis is used to determine the location of the performance point on the capacity curve. Results: The study also includes an investigation of the ductility characteristics of corroded reinforced concrete structures and the inter-storey displacement in different soil conditions. The results show that the inter-storey displacement decreases with increasing age of the structure. In addition, it is observed that the base shear force and roof displacement at the point of failure are more sensitive in loose soils compared to rocky soils. Conclusion: The results indicate that consideration of soil type can significantly alter the expected seismic performance, resulting in higher vulnerability values.

Automation and optimization in daylight analysis and life cycle assessment for automated daylight monitoring device for a metro rail station box in Ahmedabad, India

Daylight analysis and optimization are pre-requisites for energy-efficient and sustainable infrastructure. Conventional practices of designing and providing artificial lighting often ignore the consideration of the availability of natural daylight for the infrastructure. This paper aims to analyze the availability and potential of natural daylight reviewing the sky component type at a designated location, real-time sensor-based illuminance measurement on-site and BIM-based daylight simulation. Consequently, a sensor prototype was deployed to the metro rail station for automated optimization. Firstly, the sky component type of Ahmedabad was determined based on the literature review. Subsequently, sensors were integrated at the strategic grid point location covering the entire metro rail station to collect real-time Illuminance for daylight factor calculation. Furthermore, BIM-based sun path and shadow analysis and daylight simulation were carried out to suggest the possibility and potential of daylight savings. Finally, based on all the analysis and results, a newly designed sensor-based prototype was developed and equipped to enhance automated optimization for daylight savings, which resulted in 29% energy savings monthly. This approach significantly helps the project stakeholders to enhance building energy performance and lead a step closer towards sustainable infrastructure.

Pigment Epithelial Detachment and Leak Point Locations in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

PurposeTo examine the associations between the vortex vein characteristics and locations of the pigment epithelial detachment (PED) and leak point in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). DesignObservational case series. MethodsWe evaluated 116 eyes of 104 patients with CSC. The PED and leak point locations were superimposed over the choroidal en face images using widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography. We defined the draining areas of the superior and inferior vortex veins and analyzed their associations with the PED and leak point locations. ResultsOne of the 116 eyes with a unique irrigation pattern dominated by the nasal vortex vein was excluded from the analysis. Sixty-nine (60%) of the remaining 115 eyes exhibited asymmetry between the superior and inferior vortex veins. PEDs and leak points were in the vortex vein draining area with greater dilation in 66 (96%) of 69 eyes with asymmetry, and none (0%) were in the opposite areas. Both the PEDs and leak points showed significant differences in their distributions (p < .001, respectively). Additionally, 74% of PEDs and 84% of leak points were located upstream of the vortex vein draining areas, whose frequency was significantly higher compared to other areas (p < .001, respectively). ConclusionPED and leak point spatial distributions corresponded with the most terminal part of the dilated vortex veins, suggesting that blood flow disturbances, such as stasis within the affected vortex veins, may be essential in the pathogenesis of CSC.

An Iterative Calculation Method for Internal Forces and Deformation of Curved Tunnel Lining

The accurate prediction of lining forces and deformations is crucial for the design of arched tunnel lining. However, in traditional tunnel structural mechanics methods, the distribution shape of the surrounding rock elastic resistance (SRER), as well as the zero point and maximal point locations of SRER, are not clearly defined. In this paper, an iterative calculation method is proposed based on the gradual convergence of the unitized values of SRER and total displacement (TD) of the lining, and the one-to-one functional relationship between the two in the stability process of the surrounding rock and lining. In this method involves using the initial displacement caused by the pressure of the surrounding rock pressure is used to initiate the iterative process, and iterative calculation is carried out until the errors between the unitized value of SRER and the unitized value of TD of the lining structure meet the error requirements. This enables precise determination of the SRER and TD. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, a case study is conducted on the tunnel of Lianghe Expressway tunnel in Yunnan province, China. The results showed that when the semi-lining structure is divided into unit blocks and the average error of consistency is required to be less than 1e-3, it takes about 20 iterations are needed to meet the error requirement. Furthermore, the accuracy of the calculated results is verified through site-measuring experiments. This method provides an effective tool for failure analysis of arched tunnel lining structures.

Automatic zoning for retinopathy of prematurity with a key area location system.

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) usually occurs in premature or low birth weight infants and has been an important cause of childhood blindness worldwide. Diagnosis and treatment of ROP are mainly based on stage, zone and disease, where the zone is more important than the stage for serious ROP. However, due to the great subjectivity and difference of ophthalmologists in the diagnosis of ROP zoning, it is challenging to achieve accurate and objective ROP zoning diagnosis. To address it, we propose a new key area location (KAL) system to achieve automatic and objective ROP zoning based on its definition, which consists of a key point location network and an object detection network. Firstly, to achieve the balance between real-time and high-accuracy, a lightweight residual heatmap network (LRH-Net) is designed to achieve the location of the optic disc (OD) and macular center, which transforms the location problem into a pixel-level regression problem based on the heatmap regression method and maximum likelihood estimation theory. In addition, to meet the needs of clinical accuracy and real-time detection, we use the one-stage object detection framework Yolov3 to achieve ROP lesion location. Finally, the experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed KAL system has achieved better performance on key point location (6.13 and 17.03 pixels error for OD and macular center location) and ROP lesion location (93.05% for AP50), and the ROP zoning results based on it have good consistency with the results manually labeled by clinicians, which can support clinical decision-making and help ophthalmologists correctly interpret ROP zoning, reducing subjective differences of diagnosis and increasing the interpretability of zoning results.

Assessing Spatial Distribution And Accessibility Of Public Primary Schools In Mafraq City, Jordan: A Gis-Based Approach

The spatial accessibility of educational services is important in planning and managing educational services. This study seeks to evaluate the spatial distribution of basic schools, find the optimal location for the distribution of those schools, and develop solutions and proposals to improve accessibility by creating new schools. p-median models were applied to allocate sites. After analysing the locations of schools and demand points (residential buildings) in the city of Mafraq, where this model tries to provide recommendations regarding the area that service should cover, the standards of the Ministry of Education were adopted; they stipulate that the distance between the site of the basic school and the residential building should range 750 m. Accordingly, two models were applied: The first scenario was applied to evaluate the current school sites, whereas the second suggested the establishment of new schools in underserved areas and the evaluation of the effectiveness of accessibility after the construction of new schools. The results of the study showed that the number of unserviced demand points according to the optimal criterion for distance of access is approximately 58.9%, while it decreased to 38% after proposing the establishment of 10 schools in new locations. The study concluded that the analysis of site allocation using p-median models is an effective method in the spatial planning of schools. It can assist decisionmakers and urban planners in improving accessibility to primary schools by establishing new schools and upgrading access to existing schools in underserviced areas..

Enhancing Heat Storage Cooling Systems via the Implementation of Honeycomb-Inspired Design: Investigating Efficiency and Performance

This study presents a novel approach inspired by the hexagonal honeycomb structure found in nature, leveraging image processing algorithms to precisely define complex geometries in thermal systems. Hexagonal phase change material containers and thermally conductive fins were meticulously delineated, mirroring the intricate real-world designs of honeycombs. This innovative methodology not only streamlines setup processes but also enhances our understanding of melting dynamics within enclosures, highlighting the potential benefits of biomimetic design principles in engineering applications. Two distinct honeycomb structures were employed to investigate their impact on the melting process within cavities subject to heating from the left wall, with the remaining walls treated as adiabatic surfaces. The incorporation of a thermally conductive fin system within the enclosure significantly reduced the time required for a complete phase change, emphasizing the profound influence of fin systems on thermal design and performance. This enhancement in heat transfer dynamics makes fin systems advantageous for applications prioritizing precise temperature control and expedited phase change processes. Furthermore, the critical role of the fin system design was emphasized, influencing both the onset and location of the final point of melting. This underscores the importance of tailoring fin systems to specific applications to optimize their performance. Our study highlights the significant impact of the Rayleigh (Ra) number on the melting time in a cavity without fins, revealing a decrease from 6 to 0.4 as the Ra increased from 102 to 105; the introduction of a fin system uniformly reduced the melting time to Ste.Fo = 0.5, indicating fins’ universal effectiveness in optimizing thermal dynamics and expediting the melting process. Moreover, the cavity angle was found to significantly affect the fluid fraction diagram in unfanned cavities but had minimal impact when fins were present, highlighting the stabilizing role of fins in mitigating gravitational effects during melting processes. These insights expand our understanding of cavity geometry and fin interactions in heat transfer, offering potential for enhanced thermal system designs in various engineering applications. Decreasing thermal conductivity (λ) by increasing the fin thickness can halve the melting time, but the accompanying disadvantages include a heavier system and reduced energy storage due to less phase change material, necessitating a careful balance in decision-making.

Damping loss factor identification based on energy finite element method

A new method for the identification of damping loss factor (DLF) is proposed in this paper, combining energy finite element method (EFEM), energy density testing theory and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms. An experimental system is designed to identify the DLF of a rectangular plate made in steel based on the theoretical formulation. The identification results are compared with the power injection method (PIM) results. Besides, the identification method is modified by considering the range of test deviation. This research shows that the new method is less dependent on the location of the selected exciting points and the location of the measurement points in far-field conditions, and it is more consistent with the PIM method and has a higher accuracy within the correction range. In addition, the method can be used to obtain an accurate identification results with fewer measurement points compared with PIM, which is of high practicality.

Experimental analysis of a tri-partite brazed plate gas cooler for CO2 heat pump water heaters

Gas cooler is a crucial component in CO2 systems, and its performance significantly influences the overall efficiency of the CO2-based heat pump system. Brazed plate heat exchangers feature a compact design, reduced refrigerant charge, enhanced heat transfer coefficient, and lower pressure drop, resulting in space savings and improved system performance. This experimental study investigates a water-cooled tri-partite brazed plate gas cooler in a CO2 heat pump. The tri-partite brazed plate gas cooler has a double effect: it allows matching the temperature glide of CO2 with that of water and meeting the requirements for both domestic hot water and space heating simultaneously. The experiments are conducted in only domestic hot water and combined space and domestic hot water operative modes. The effects of different operating parameters on heat duty, supply temperature, temperature approach, and pinch point location are evaluated. The actual conductance of gas coolers is calculated, and a new definition is adopted to determine the ϵ−NTU of gas coolers. Results show that preheating gas cooler (GC3) has a higher heat duty at pressures near the critical pressure. As the inlet pressure increases, the domestic hot water supply temperature increases, the pinch point moves to the cold end of GC3, and the temperature approach decreases. The LMTD method may result in an undersized or oversized CO2 gas cooler by up to ±50% for different pressures. The errors reach their maximum values when the temperature difference is low at the cold end and high at the hot end. The effectiveness ranges from 0.56 to 0.94 and the NTU ranges from 2.64 to 5.41. The gas cooler shows promising performance. The outcomes of this research are anticipated to serve as a valuable reference for enhancing the design and optimization of transcritical CO2 systems.