Location Shift Research Articles

A pilot study on the effect of nasal continuous positive airway pressure on arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide during spinal anesthesia with intravenous sedation for total knee arthroplasty.

Deep sedation of surgical patients may be associated with hypoventilation, airway collapse, and hypercarbia, although the extent of hypercarbia is rarely quantified. In this prospective, randomized, controlled clinical pilot study, we assessed the efficacy of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) for reducing arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) among deeply sedated, spontaneously ventilated patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) under subarachnoid block (SAB), versus standard airway management in a control group. Forty ASA status I-III patients underwent deep sedation with propofol to level 2 on the Modified Observers Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale during TKA performed under SAB. Nasal or oral airways were placed at the discretion of the anesthesia team, but they were not used in conjunction with nCPAP. Baseline arterial blood gas analysis (ABG-1) was performed after Modified Observers Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale level 2 was reached. Patients were then randomized to receive nCPAP (nCPAP group, N = 20) or standard oxygen mask management (control group, N = 20). A second ABG (ABG-2) was performed 30 minutes later to assess the effect of nCPAP on PaCO2. The primary efficacy end point was change in PaCO2 from baseline to the 30-minute time point. Baseline (ABG-1) PaCO2 values were similar between nCPAP and control groups with median values of 54.5 and 56.1 mm Hg, respectively. There was a significant decline in PaCO2 in the nCPAP group (median of -4.6 mm Hg [10th-90th quantile, -14.55 to 3.85]) as compared with the control group (median of 0.95 mm Hg [-4.75 to 9.85]; P = 0.015; 95% confidence interval [CI] for location shift = -9.5 to -1.3). Within the control group, PaCO2 was similar from ABG-1 to ABG-2 (median [10th-90th quantile] = 56.1 mm Hg [47.2-67.0] vs 56.6 mm Hg [46-68.8]; P = 0.52; 95% CI for the median = -3.4 to 3.4). Forty percent of all patients received an airway before ABG-1. The baseline PaCO2 value of patients receiving an airway was not different from that of patients without an airway (median [10th-90th quantile] = 56.0 mm Hg [46.0-68.4] vs 54.1 mm Hg [45.6-65.6], respectively; P = 0.33; 95% CI for location shift = -2.30 to 7.20). Deep sedation of TKA patients during SAB resulted in moderate hypercarbia (mean and median PaCO2 = 55). There was a trend showing that nCPAP treatment reduced PaCO2 versus treatment for control group patients receiving standard airway management; however, estimated treatment difference varied widely, from 1.4 to 12.6 mm Hg. Among control group patients, the initial PaCO2 during deep sedation was similar to the PaCO2 when measured after a 30-minute period of continued deep sedation. Finally, baseline PaCO2 among deeply sedated patients who received an airway was not different from that of patients who did not receive an airway.

Event structure and cognitive control.

Recently, a great deal of research has demonstrated that although everyday experience is continuous in nature, it is parsed into separate events. The aim of the present study was to examine whether event structure can influence the effectiveness of cognitive control. Across 5 experiments we varied the structure of events within the AX-CPT by shifting the spatial location of cues and probes on a computer screen. When location shifts were present, a pattern of AX-CPT performance consistent with enhanced cognitive control was found. To test whether the location shift effects were caused by the presence of event boundaries per se, other aspects of the AX-CPT were manipulated, such as the color of cues and probes and the inclusion of a distractor task during the cue-probe delay. Changes in cognitive control were not found under these conditions, suggesting that the location shift effects were specifically related to the formation of separate event models. Together, these results can be accounted for by the Event Horizon Model and a representation-based theory of cognitive control, and suggest that cognitive control can be influenced by the surrounding environmental structure.

Sektor Pertanian Unggulan di Sumatera Selatan

The objectives of this research were to analyze the contribution of agricultural sector to GRDP from South Sumatera, to identify agricultural leading sector and sub sector in South Sumatera, to analyze the growth component of agricultural sector. This research used GRDP time series data from year 2005-2013, with analytical methods used Location Quotient, Dynamic Location Quotient and Shift Share. The result of this research showed that agricultural sector contributed 21,79% on GRDP of South Sumatera, and the most contribute sub sector was plantation. The agricultural sector is still a leading sector. The agricultural sectors influenced positively of the national economics, but the growth is still lower than other sectors in South Sumatera, but nationally still compete with other provinces.

Analysis of Potential Economic Sector on Gowa District, Indonesia

Anwar Ramli 2014 ( Analysis Of Potential Economic Sector On Gowa District, Indonesia ) The study aims at discovering the superior sector in Gowa district and examining the economic growth in Gowa district. The study is a quantitative research with figures-based regional micro economic that verificative-quantitative in nature, which use the formula on regional economic on date of regional macro in Gowa district. Data were collected by determining the types of data adjusted with quantitative data. The measurement period used time series data with five-year period, from 2008 to 2012. Data were analyzed by employing economic analysis method, namely Location Quotient (LQ) analysis and Shift Share analysis. The results of the study reveal that the result of LQ analysis determined that the basis sectors in Gowa district were agriculture, finance, and services; the non-basis sectors were mining and quarrying sector, processing industry, electricity gas and water supply, building construction, trade, hotel and restaurant, as well as transportation and communication. The results of Shift Share analysis indicated that the sector which have rapid growth in the province level (PS+) were electricity gas and water supply, building construction, trade, transportation and communication as well as finance leasing sector. The economic sectors which have competitive superior or competitiveness (DS+) were mining, transportation and communication, as well as finance and leasing sectors. Keywords: Potential Economic Sector, Growth,Location Quotient.

Cloud masking of MODIS imagery based on multitemporal image analysis

We present multitemporal Bayesian classification of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) mosaic data over the Caspian Sea during winter. The multitemporal analysis methods used were cross-correlation and motion detection based on phase correlation. Our motion estimation algorithm estimates the motion of a target between two adjacent images over the same areas based on finding the maximum correlation with respect to location shift within a given area around each location. The motion detection algorithm also provides a quality estimate for the detection. Because sea ice, unlike clouds, is typically rigid and its motion is significantly slower than the motion and metamorphosis of clouds, drifting sea ice can be distinguished from clouds. Over land and static sea ice, detection of clouds, is easier because the cross-correlation is typically higher for land and ice than for clouds. Also, locating clouds over open water is straightforward because clouds appear significantly brighter than open water. The results show that multitemporal features can be used to distinguish between clouds and clear sky.

Seasonal Changes in Condition Factor and Weight-Length Relationship of Invasive Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) from Leszczynskie Lakeland, Poland

Samples of invasive cyprinid fish, the Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio), were collected by fyke nets in Leszczynskie Lakeland (Poland) during the summer and autumn, 2010, and during the spring, 2011. All captured fish were females. For each fish, the total weight (W,g) and the standard length (L,cm) were measured and Fulton’s condition factor (KC=100 W/L3) was computed. Graphical investigation and the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test showed statistically significant location shift of the KC distribution from summer to autumn (upward) and from autumn to spring (downward). Relationship between total weight and standard length was described with the mean growth curve E(W∣L)=aLb. Seasonal parameters (a and b) were estimated with a nonlinear regression approach, that is, numerical optimization methods. Growth was allometric in summer and autumn and isometric in spring. The differences between summer and autumn growth curves and between autumn and spring growth curves were statistically significant. The seasonality exhibited by the condition factor and the growth curve may be due to different spawning, breeding, and feeding activity in the different seasons and to variable environmental conditions.

Effect of Board Thickness on Sn-Ag-Cu Joint Interconnect Mechanical Shock Performance

The mechanical stability of solder joints with Sn-Ag-Cu alloy joints on various board thicknesses was investigated with a high G level shock environment. A test vehicle with three different board thicknesses was used for board drop shock performance tests. These vehicles have three different strain and shock level condition couples per board, and are used to identify the joint stability and failure modes based on the board responses. The results revealed that joint stability is sensitive to board thickness. The board drop shock test showed that the first failure location shifts from the corner location near the standoff to the center with increased board thickness due to the shock wave response. From analysis of the thickness variation and failure cycle number, the strain rate during the pulse strain cycle is the dominant factor, which defines the life cycle number per board thickness, and not the maximum strain value. The failure location shift and the shock performance differentiation are discussed from the perspective of maximum principal strain, cycle frequency and strain rate per cycle.

Improved visual performance in letter perception through edge orientation encoding in a retinal prosthesis simulation

Objective. Stimulation strategies for retinal prostheses predominately seek to directly encode image brightness values rather than edge orientations. Recent work suggests that the generation of oriented elliptical phosphenes may be possible by controlling interactions between neighboring electrodes. Based on this, we propose a novel stimulation strategy for prosthetic vision that extracts edge orientation information from the intensity image and encodes it as oriented elliptical phosphenes. We test the hypothesis that encoding edge orientation via oriented elliptical phosphenes leads to better alphabetic letter recognition than standard intensity-based encoding. Approach. We conduct a psychophysical study with simulated phosphene vision with 12 normal-sighted volunteers. The two stimulation strategies were compared with variations of letter size, electrode drop-out and spatial offsets of phosphenes. Main results. Mean letter recognition accuracy was significantly better with the new proposed stimulation strategy (65%) compared to direct grayscale encoding (47%). All examined parameters—stimulus size, phosphene dropout, and location shift—were found to influence the performance, with significant two-way interactions between phosphene dropout and stimulus size as well as between phosphene dropout and phosphene location shift. The analysis delivers a model of perception performance. Significance. Displaying available directional information to an implant user may improve their visual performance. We present a model for designing a stimulation strategy under the constraints of existing retinal prostheses that can be exploited by retinal implant developers to strategically employ oriented phosphenes.

Determination of the Regional Economy Leading Sectors in Indonesia

Economic growth and its process are the main condition for the sustainability of the regional economic development. Because of the continuing population growth means economic needs also increase so that additional revenue required each year. This can be obtained by the increase in aggregate output (goods and services) or the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) each year. To carry out development with limited resources as a consequence should be focused to develop the sectors that provide great multiplier effect on other sectors or the whole economy. This research is focused to determine the regional leading sector of Bone Bolango as the information and considerations in planning economic development. Location Quotient (LQ) and Shift Share are tools of analysis. Location Quotient analysis indicates agriculture, manufacture, finance, leasing and corporate services are base sectors in the Bone Bolango district. Shift Share analysis indicates that the competitive sectors are finance, leasing and corporate services. The results of the analysis based on three analysis tools indicate that the leading sector with the criteria developed, base, and competitive is finance and services sector.

PLANT LOCATIONS WITH REVERSE IMPORTS IN THE PRESENCE OF UNEMPLOYMENT

In this paper, we develop a location model of two multi‐national firms (MNFs) with reverse imports and examine the consistency of MNFs' location shift in terms of social welfare in the foreign direct investment (FDI) source (home) country. If fixed costs are incurred in FDI, trade liberalization induces a gradual overseas production by MNFs. When an unemployment problem exists in the home country, firms tend to undertake FDI at a lower level of trade liberalization, compared to the socially desirable level. As a result of the presence of a foreign rival firm, FDI by a home firm benefits the home country given that another home firm chooses foreign production. On the other hand, because of the negative effect of unemployment on social welfare, FDI by a home firm hurts the home country given that another home firm chooses domestic production. Hence, the government of the FDI source country might use subsidy‐tax policies in order to induce the MNFs to choose a socially desirable production location.

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Introduction: Subdural hematoma (SDH) affects >100,000 patients/year in the US and leaves >50% of its victims dead or severely disabled. Coagulopathy is an independent predictor for death and disability after SDH. Optimal treatment for coagulopathy-associated SDH remains controversial. Prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) may rapidly reverse coagulopathy in warfarin-associated SDH (wSDH) but may increase thromboembolic (TE) complications. We hypothesize that PCC use in wSDH may decrease time to surgery from rapid coagulopathy reversal and therefore decrease mortality, but may increase in-hospital TE complications Methods: From a single center prospective database we identified 82 consecutive acute wSDH patients from 2008–2012 with admission INR>1.4. All patients were treated per standardized protocol for rapid warfarin reversal with conventional therapy (FFP+IV vitamin K). Additional 3-factor PCC may be used at treating physician’s discretion. Patients with “do-not-resuscitate” orders within 24 hours of admission, multiple anticoagulant use, chronic SDH, SDH associated with multisystem trauma, and with GCS of 3 and fixed and dilated pupils on presentation were excluded. Primary endpoint was in-hospital and 6-months mortality. Secondary endpoints were time to surgery and incidence of deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism (DVT/PE) and troponin elevation. Propensity scores adjustment was used to reduce confounding. PS for PCC use were modeled using age, gender, mean arterial pressure, admission INR, presence of fixed dilated pupils, GCS, presence of multiple SDH, SDH diameter, SDH location, and midline shift as covariates. Conditional logistic regression models matched on quartiles of propensity score were used to compare in-hospital and 6-month all-cause mortality between PCC-treated and conventional therapy groups. Results: PCC-treated (n=38) and conventional therapy groups (n=44) had similar mean age, gender, baseline hypercoagulable conditions, and median initial INR on presentation. PCC-treated group had lower median GCS on presentation compared with conventional therapy group (14 vs. 15, p<0.0001). PCC-treated group received fewer units of FFP transfusion compared with conventional therapy (median 4 vs. 6 units, p=0.003). Overall in -hospital (OR: 1.61 [0.19–13.62], p=0.66) and 6-month mortality (OR: 3.24 [0.85–12.41], p=0.09) were not different between PCC-treated and conventional therapy group after PS adjustment. PCC use was independently associated with reduced time to surgery (-1.92 [(-2.70)–(-1.20)] after PS adjustment. Univariate analysis showed PCC group had higher incidence of DVT/PE (16% vs. 0%, p=0.006) and troponin elevation (32% vs. 14%, p=0.04) compared to conventional therapy. However, after PS adjustment there were no between-group differences in the incidence of DVT/PE or troponin elevation. Conclusions: Warfarin reversal with PCC reduced time to surgery and decreased the number of FFP transfusion needed but did not reduce in-hospital or 6-month mortality in wSDH. PCC use was not independently associated with increased TE complications in wSDH. Future prospective randomized studies are necessary to determine the risk versus benefit of PCC use in wSDH, and to determine whether rapid correction of coagulopathy leads to better neurological outcome and decreased mortality in wSDH.

Modeling and stress analysis of large format InSb focal plane arrays detector under thermal shock

Higher fracture probability, appearing in large format InSb infrared focal plane arrays detector under thermal shock loadings, limits its applicability and suitability for large format equipment, and has been an urgent problem to be solved. In order to understand the fracture mechanism and improve the reliability, three dimensional modeling and stress analysis of large format InSb detector is necessary. However, there are few reports on three dimensional modeling and simulation of large format InSb detector, due to huge meshing numbers and time-consuming operation to solve. To solve the problems, basing on the thermal mismatch displacement formula, an equivalent modeling method is proposed in this paper. With the proposed equivalent modeling method, employing the ANSYS software, three dimensional large format InSb detector is modeled, and the maximum Von Mises stress appearing in InSb chip dependent on array format is researched. According to the maximum Von Mises stress location shift and stress increasing tendency, the adaptability range of the proposed equivalent method is also derived, that is, for 16×16, 32×32 and 64×64 format, its adaptability ranges are not larger than 64×64, 256×256 and 1024×1024 format, respectively. Taking 1024×1024 InSb detector as an example, the Von Mises stress distribution appearing in InSb chip, Si readout integrated circuits and indium bump arrays are described, and the causes are discussed in detail. All these will provide a feasible research plan to identify the fracture origins of InSb chip and reduce fracture probability for large format InSb detector.

Efficient estimation of the censored linear regression model

In linear regression or accelerated failure time models, complications in efficient estimation arise from the multiple roots of the efficient score and density estimation. This paper proposes a one-step efficient estimation method based on a counting process martingale, which has several advantages: it avoids the multiple-root problem, the initial estimator is easily available and the variance estimator can be obtained by employing plug-in rules. A simple and effective data-driven bandwidth selector is provided. The proposed estimator is proved to be semiparametric efficient, with the same asymptotic variance as the efficient estimator when the error distribution is known up to a location shift. Numerical studies with supportive evidence are presented. The proposal is applied to the Colorado Plateau uranium miners data. Copyright 2013, Oxford University Press.

A Pilot Study of Eptifibatide for Treatment of Acute Pain Episodes in Sickle Cell Disease.

Abstract 2102 Background:Despite the abundant laboratory evidence of platelet activation and inflammation in sickle cell disease (SCD), the contribution of these changes to the pathogenesis of SCD remains uncertain. Patients with SCD exhibit increased platelet activation in the non-crisis, “steady state,” and further increases with acute pain episodes. In addition, levels of the inflammatory mediator, CD40 ligand (CD40L) are increased in the plasma and significantly reduced in the platelets of SCD patients compared to healthy individuals. CD40L may contribute to the pathogenesis of acute pain episodes. Despite an improved understanding of the pathophysiology of SCD, the treatment of acute pain episodes is supportive. We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of eptifibatide, a synthetic peptide inhibitor of the glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor, in patients with SCD during acute painful episodes. Methods:In this single site placebo-controlled trial, eligible patients admitted for acute painful episodes received eptifibatide (two 180 mg/kg boluses 10 minutes apart, followed by a continuous infusion at 2 mg/kg/min for 6 hours) or placebo at a ratio of 2:1. The Post-Treatment Phase lasted for up to 7 days or until resolution of the crisis, whichever was shorter, but no less than 24 hours after discontinuation of infusion. The Follow-up Phase included safety evaluations obtained 14 to 17 days and 28 to 35 days after discontinuation of infusion. The primary outcomes were major bleeding episodes and the largest observed decrease in platelet count during the study. We also evaluated the effect of eptifibatide on the duration of acute pain episodes, pain intensity, duration of hospitalization, total opioid use and acute chest syndrome. Results:Thirteen patients (SS - 10, Sb0 - 2, SC - 1) were randomized to receive either eptifibatide (N=9; 6 females; median age - 25 years) or placebo (N=4; 3 females; median age - 31 years). One patient in the eptifibatide arm withdrew consent following completion of study drug infusion and 1 patient in the placebo arm was withdrawn early because she did not meet eligibility criteria. In the intent-to-treat analysis, there were no major bleeding episodes in either group (point estimate of difference in eptifibatide vs. placebo proportion: 0.0, 95% CI; −0.60, 0.37).There was one minor bleeding episode in a patient on the eptifibatide arm (point estimate of difference in eptifibatide vs. placebo proportion: 0.11, 95% CI: −0.502, 0.494). There was a trend for the largest decrease in platelet count to be greater in the eptifibatide arm compared to the placebo arm, although the difference was not statistically significant (Hodges-Lehman estimate of location shift for eptifibatide vs. placebo: −82, 95% CI; −281, 54). There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients with thrombocytopenia between the treatment groups (point estimate of difference in eptifibatide vs. placebo proportion: 0.11, 95% CI: −0.587, 0.495). The median time to discharge and the median time to crisis resolution were 3.0 days for both treatment arms. The median total opioid use was 400.2 morphine equivalents (ME) for the eptifibatide group and 1471 ME for the placebo group (Hodges-Lehman estimate of location shift for eptifibatide vs. placebo: −65.8, 95% CI: −2519, 1700). There was one episode of acute chest syndrome in each treatment arm. Conclusions:In this small study of SCD patients hospitalized with acute painful episodes, eptifibatide appeared to be safe, but did not improve the times to crisis resolution or hospital discharge. Eptifibatide was associated with a reduced requirement for opioid analgesics, although the difference was not statistically significant. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00834899. Disclosures:Parise:BD: Consultancy; Biogen-Idec: Consultancy; NIH: Research Funding; AHA: Research Funding; SCDAC-NIH: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; BRI Milwaukee: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Ataga:Pfizer: Consultancy; HemaQuest Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Adventrx Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy. Off Label Use: Eptifibatide, a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, was evaluated as treatment for acute pain episodes in patients with sickle cell disease.

PENENTUAN SEKTOR UNGGULAN PEREKONOMIAN WILAYAH KABUPATEN BONE BOLANGO DENGAN PENDEKATAN SEKTOR PEMBENTUK PDRB

Economic growth and its process are the main condition for the sustainability of the regional economic development. Because of the continuing population growth means economic needs also increase so that additional revenue required each year. This research is focused to determine the regional leading sector of Bone Bolango as the information and considerations in planning economic development. Location Quotient (LQ) and Shift Share are tools of analysis. Location Quotient analysis indicates agriculture, manufacture, finance, leasing and corporate services are base sectors in the Bone Bolango district. Shift Share analysis indicates that the competitive sectors are finance, leasing and corporate services. The results was indicate that the leading sector with the criteria developed, base, and competitive is finance and services sectorDOI: 10.15408/etk.v11i2.1893

1508 Spectrum of Neural Tube Defects after Prenatal Antiepileptic Drug Exposure: Extensive Case Series

BackgroundMost pregnant women with chronic active epilepsy need to use antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during pregnancy to prevent epileptic seizures that may threaten maternal and fetal well-being. Valproic acid (VPA) and...

Application of Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation To Elucidate Proton Location and Dynamics in N···H···O Hydrogen Bonds

The proton location and dynamics in a hydrogen bond in solution are fundamentally important for understanding the phenomenon of proton transfer (PT). In the present study, the proton location and its dynamics were explored for the NH form of the two PT tautomers of the Schiff base by analyzing the fluctuation of the (15)N-(1)H magnetic dipolar coupling by the PT as well as the NH reorientational motion. For this purpose, the (15)N and (13)C spin-lattice relaxation times were measured in dichloromethane or acetonitrile solutions of three Schiff bases with different substituents on the benzene moieties, N-(4,6-dimethoxysalicylidene)methylamine (compound 1), N-(1-methylnitrilomethylidyne)-2-naphthalenomethylamine (compound 2), and N-(3,5-dibromosalicylidene)-methylamine (compound 3). For the NH form of compound 2 in dichloromethane, the proton location shifted to the center between the nitrogen and oxygen atoms, as compared with the minimum of the PT potential surface derived from molecular orbital calculations. For the NH form of compound 3 in dichloromethane, the proton location shift was not observed, and the PT rate was significantly lower than the reorientation rate of the NH bond. The results are discussed in terms of the electronic effect of the substituents and the static and dynamic solvent effect.

More power via graph-structured tests for differential expression of gene networks

We consider multivariate two-sample tests of means, where the location shift between the two populations is expected to be related to a known graph structure. An important application of such tests is the detection of differentially expressed genes between two patient populations, as shifts in expression levels are expected to be coherent with the structure of graphs reflecting gene properties such as biological process, molecular function, regulation or metabolism. For a fixed graph of interest, we demonstrate that accounting for graph structure can yield more powerful tests under the assumption of smooth distribution shift on the graph. We also investigate the identification of nonhomogeneous subgraphs of a given large graph, which poses both computational and multiple hypothesis testing problems. The relevance and benefits of the proposed approach are illustrated on synthetic data and on breast and bladder cancer gene expression data analyzed in the context of KEGG and NCI pathways.

Two sample distribution-free inference based on partially rank-ordered set samples

This paper develops distribution-free inference for a location shift model based on a partially rank-ordered set (PROS) sample. In a PROS sample, a small set of experimental units is judgment ranked without measurement by allowing ties whenever the units cannot be ranked with high confidence. These tied units are replaced in partially ordered judgment subsets from which a unit is selected at random for a full measurement. Based on this sampling design, we construct an estimator, a test and a confidence interval for the location shift parameter. It is shown that the new sampling design is robust against any possible ranking error and has higher efficiency than competitor designs in the literature.

A Boundary-Respecting Confidence Interval Method for a General Effect Size Measure in Paired Experiments

The most general form of analysis in paired experiments investigates whether within-pair differences are stochastically positive, and the most natural measure of stochastic positivity is θ, the expected sign of Walsh averages, with values in [−1, + 1]. The estimate of this effect size measure is asymptotically equivalent to the generalized Wilcoxon signed rank test statistic. Its non null variance can be estimated, leading to formulation of Wald confidence intervals, but to find more accurate score-type, boundary-respecting intervals, some conceptual and technical difficulties must be overcome. This is achieved firstly by a transformation result stating that any continuous stochastically positive variable D can be transformed by a smooth odd function g so that g(D) and g(−D) come from a symmetric location shift model. In turn, this allows the rank method assumption that observed differences have a symmetric distribution. The further assumption that this is from an extended logistic family, covering a wide range of shapes ranging from heavy to light tailed, along with some accurate functional approximations, enables a simple iterative method to be developed for confidence intervals for the effect size measure θ. Simulation studies show that the proposed method performs better than other existing confidence interval methods.