Location Of Substations Research Articles

Grid-connected Electricity Generation Potential from Energy Crops: A Case Study of Marginal Land in Thailand

This paper provides an assessment of the geographical potential of grid-connected electricity generation from the planting of energy crops using GIS while also estimating the levelized costs of electricity (LCOE) under three biomass-prices scenarios. To avoid competition for land use between food and energy crops, marginal land or unsuitable areas (low soil fertility) were used as case study sites for planting energy crops (Napier grass). The total estimated potential based on the location of energy crops and electrical substations was 11,224 MW or 66,367 GWh/y, equivalent to approximately 26.5% of Thailand's total electricity demand in 2037. The LCOEs under the three scenarios ranged from 0.103 to 0.120 USD/kWh for a 9MW capacity power plant, which were lower than the feed-in tariff rate. The results of economic assessment under three scenarios showed positive NPV values but relatively long discounted payback periods. The project and equity IRR ranged from 11.94 to 14.04% and 24.40 to 30.89%, respectively. These findings can be used for land-use planning and energy crop promotion to increase the share of grid-power generation from biomass.

Master Plan for Electricity Distribution Networks Based on Micro-Spatial Projection of Energy Demand

The existing method of the Master plan for electricity distribution networks is sectoral and macro-based, which means it is unable to show load centers in micro-grids. The inaccurate and bias results lead to the failure of determining the capacity of transformers, the total of transformers, and the locations of distribution substations, and thus it will complicate the master planning of the distribution network. Therefore, a micro-spatial-based method in electricity master planning is needed, as it will generate more accurate forecasting, energy projection and estimate the numbers of load centers at each grid based on the geographical structure. The research contribution is to produce a master planning of distribution network that will help in determining transformer capacity, the placement of substations and distribution substations, evaluation, and orientation of electricity distribution system development to a smaller area. The results of the load growth become the basis for determining the capacity and the total of transformers in the area. The methodology developed in this research has analyzed the transformer rating, transformer capacity, total of transformers, and the location of transformer with growing energy demand in the smaller range. The results can be developed into the design planning of distribution network systems with better accuracy.

Алгоритм диагностирования изоляции силовых трансформаторов акустическим методом в условиях изменения температуры

The article presents an algorithm for processing data by the acoustic method of insulation power transformers. The article presents data processing of diagnosing by the acoustic method of power transformers. A feature of the power supply system of railway transport is the location of traction substations along the railway track. For diagnosing power transformers advisable to use portable systems based on acoustic monitoring of partial discharges due to their high mobility and ease of installation. To improve the reliability of diagnosis under the conditions of seasonal temperature changes proposed use a defect simulator and a differential method for measuring the parameters of partial discharges. The scheme of the experiment and the diagnostic algorithm are proposed. Expressions are given that describe the properties of transformer oil with temperature changes, and changes in signal parameters during the propagation of acoustic waves. The data of diagnostics obtained on a power transformer at positive and negative temperatures under conditions of development of an insulation defect accompanied by partial discharges are presented.

Data driven smart policing: A novel road distance-based k-median model for optimal substation placement

In the context of smart city research, finding patterns in crime data to explore trends in crime and to locate the presence of crime has been an exciting research field. Our aim in this paper is optimizing the location of police substations within the jurisdiction of a police station so that law enforcement agencies could work efficiently. These substations are placed near by road in order to immediately respond to nearby crimes. We attempt to optimize the average minimum distance to a crime from its nearest substation. This distance is found by the underlying road network. We are locating these substations in an infinitely large set of points in the given region. Case study has been done on real-world crime data from Lahore, Pakistan to show the efficiency of these methods. We also explored what are trends in crime data with respect to years, seasons and day/night and where to place substations accordingly. We evaluated the placement of substation by our model through comparing the average time taken to report to a crime against random substations placed within the same area. Last but not the least, the analytical insights provided by this study be useful for policy making and smart city research for the inclusion of sustainable cities and communities.

Soft Sensing Image Analysis and Processing Method of Substation Equipment Defects

Under the background of incentive regulation of distribution companies, reference network model can be used as a valuable tool to evaluate its effective cost. These models must plan large-scale distribution areas with different voltage levels. This paper describes a green space planning algorithm for optimizing the location, size and power supply area of RNM medium and low voltage substations. In this paper, from two aspects of “environment-friendly” substation and the importance of implementing “resource-saving” substation in China, the “environment-friendly” and “environment-friendly” are studied. The results show that feature 1 is 0.363, feature 2 is 0.835, feature 3 is 0.824.

Machine Learning and GIS Approach for Electrical Load Assessment to Increase Distribution Networks Resilience

Currently, distribution system operators (DSOs) are asked to operate distribution grids, managing the rise of the distributed generators (DGs), the rise of the load correlated to heat pump and e-mobility, etc. Nevertheless, they are asked to minimize investments in new sensors and telecommunication links and, consequently, several nodes of the grid are still not monitored and tele-controlled. At the same time, DSOs are asked to improve the network’s resilience, looking for a reduction in the frequency and impact of power outages caused by extreme weather events. The paper presents a machine learning GIS-based approach to estimate a secondary substation’s load profiles, even in those cases where monitoring sensors are not deployed. For this purpose, a large amount of data from different sources has been collected and integrated to describe secondary substation load profiles adequately. Based on real measurements of some secondary substations (medium-voltage to low-voltage interface) given by Unareti, the DSO of Milan, and georeferenced data gathered from open-source databases, unknown secondary substations load profiles are estimated. Three types of machine learning algorithms, regression tree, boosting, and random forest, as well as geographic information system (GIS) information, such as secondary substation locations, building area, types of occupants, etc., are considered to find the most effective approach.

Comprehensive Evaluation Indexes Framework and Evaluation Method for Substation Site Selection

The optimal planning of substation location is very significant for the construction of a reliable and reasonable power system, for this purpose, the comprehensive evaluation index system and the evaluation method are researched. Firstly, for the optimal layout of substation location an evaluation index system, which covers four aspects, i.e., security, economy, environment and operation, is established. Then, with a comprehensive consideration of the subjective weights and the objective weights, optimal combination weighting based on moment estimation theory is used to determine the optimal combination weight of each index. On this basis, an improved grey relational analysis method is proposed through a combination of grey relational analysis and cosine sorting method, to determine the optimal site selection more accurately and reasonably. Finally, using the proposed evaluation index system and evaluation method, the location of the newly added substation location in Phnom Penh power system is researched and the conclusion that Plan I should be taken as the location for the newly added substation is attained. The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed evaluation index system and evaluation method are verified by the attained conclusion. Moreover, it shows that it has good application value for the optimization of substation location planning.

The strong effect of network resolution on electricity system models with high shares of wind and solar

Energy system modellers typically choose a low spatial resolution for their models based on administrative boundaries such as countries, which eases data collection and reduces computation times. However, a low spatial resolution can lead to sub-optimal investment decisions for wind and solar generation. Ignoring power grid bottlenecks within regions tends to underestimate system costs, while combining locations with different wind and solar capacity factors in the same resource class tends to overestimate costs. We investigate these two competing effects in a capacity expansion model for Europe’s power system with a high share of renewables, taking advantage of newly-available high-resolution datasets as well as computational advances. We vary the number of nodes, interpolating between a 37-node model based on country and synchronous zone boundaries, and a 1024-node model based on the location of electricity substations. If we focus on the effect of renewable resource resolution and ignore network restrictions, we find that a higher resolution allows the optimal solution to concentrate wind and solar capacity at sites with better capacity factors and thus reduces system costs by up to 10% compared to a low resolution model. This results in a big swing from offshore to onshore wind investment. However, if we introduce grid bottlenecks by raising the network resolution, costs increase by up to 23% as generation has to be sourced more locally at sites with worse capacity factors. These effects are most pronounced in scenarios where grid expansion is limited, for example, by low local acceptance. We show that allowing grid expansion mitigates some of the effects of the low grid resolution, and lowers overall costs by around 16%.

Research on Providing Data and Space Calculation Support for Site Selection of Power Transmission and Transformation Projects

With the acceleration of urban construction, the urban electricity load has increased rapidly, and electricity shortages have also appeared in various places. However, the rapid development of cities has resulted in a shortage of land. The location of substations and the selection of transmission lines are particularly important in planning. In this paper, distributed power transmission and transformation project to optimize network access with locating and sizing problems, establish an annual loss of power as the objective, and consider the output load timing characteristics of multi-period optimal power flow model. Use representative scenes to simulate the situation throughout the year, and give a method for determining scenes and their weights.

Optimal energy management of a DC power traction system in an urban electric railway network with dogleg method

ABSTRACT Today, due to the several benefits of using the subway as a clean transportation system and also its expansion in many cities around the world, electrification to urban and suburban railway systems is experiencing a very important development procedure. Optimal power supply and management of energy that is economically viable is one of the important issues in the design of such systems. In this paper, in order to provide an optimal energy management and to determine the location of rectifier substations (RSs), and also to calculate power supply capacity (PSC) of the traction units, an optimal design and simulation of a DC railway traction power supply system (RTPSS) in urban area is proposed. In this regard, first, the structure of power system of RSs used in urban area is presented and analyzed in detail. Then, considering the importance of the standard criteria in designing the dynamics of a city’s RTPSS, an equivalent circuit for the desired network is provided. After defining the governing equations of the network and using the dogleg optimization method, to ensure convergence, the speed of solving equations is improved. In this study, in order to verify the performance of the presented method, the cost-based convergence characteristic curve for Dogleg optimization method is compared to the particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach. In order to confirm the robustness, applicability, and superiority of the proposed approach for optimal design and energy management in a city railway power system, the presented method is applied to a real study case. The obtained results through the simulation approve the effectiveness of using the Dogleg optimization method in power consumption by approximately 255 kWh in reducing energy compared to the practical energy consumption for one train during the trip in normal condition.

Smart grid planning method based on multi-objective particle swarm optimisation algorithm

Smart grid refers to a modern electric energy supply system to tackle a lot of problems in grid management, such as, resource shortage, environment pollution and so on. In this paper, we propose a novel smart grid planning method using multi-objective particle swarm optimisation algorithm. The goal of smart grid plan is to calculate the minimum investment and annual operating costs, when we obtain the planning level of load distribution, substation capacity and power supply area to satisfy the load requirement and optimised substation location. Afterwards, we propose a multi-objective particle swarm optimisation algorithm which integrates the estimation of distribution algorithm. Furthermore, the propose approach divides the particle population into a lot of sub-populations and then build probability models for each population. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can effectively arrange new substation, which is able to make up for deficiencies of current existing substations.

Assessment of Seasonal Availability and Spatial Distribution of Bio-feedstock for Power Generation in Thailand

This paper presents an assessment of the utilization potential of biomass residues for grid-connected power generation in Thailand, including the spatial distribution and seasonal variation of biomass residues and energy potential. The levelized costs of electricity (LCOE) in various scenarios were also estimated. The residues of up to 17 studied crops were selected depending on the regions. ArcGIS was used as the tool for assessing and mapping the biomass potential. The potential of grid-connected power generation was assessed based on a biomass-fired power plant, the seasonal availability of crop residues by region, and the location of the electrical substations. Based on a 50% of collection factor (base case), the total energy potential of the available biomass residues was 11,299 ktoe year−1, which can generate 5019 MW (30,491 GWh year−1) of power and had LCOEs for power plant capacities of 5 to 9 MW in the range of US$77.72 to 87.66 MWh−1. The results also show that 17.3 MtCO2 year−1 of GHG emissions could be avoided with the abatement cost ranging from −US$89.36 to − 115.83 tCO2−1. According to Thailand’s PDP2018, the estimated electricity generation potential was approximately 8.3% of forecasted electricity demand in 2037. The improvement of the collection factor by up to 75%, the power generated, and the GHG emissions avoided were about 1.5 times higher than the base case. These findings are useful for the management, promotion, and zoning of biomass utilization for power generation.

Optimization of Wind Turbine Interconnections in an Offshore Wind Farm Using Metaheuristic Algorithms

Wind energy is currently one of the fastest-growing renewable energy sources in the world. For this reason, research on methods to render wind farms more energy efficient is reasonable. The optimization of wind turbine positions within wind farms makes the exploitation of wind energy more efficient and the wind farms more competitive with other energy resources. The investment costs alone for substation and electrical infrastructure for offshore wind farms run around 15–30% of the total investment costs of the project, which are considered high. Optimizing the substation location can reduce these costs, which also minimizes the overall cable length within the wind farm. In parallel, optimizing the cable routing can provide an additional benefit by finding the optimal grid network routing. In this article, the authors show the procedure on how to create an optimized wind farm already in the design phase using metaheuristic algorithms. Besides the optimization of wind turbine positions for more energy efficiency, the optimization methods of the substation location and the cable routing for the collector system to avoid cable losses are also presented.

Study on the Application of 220/20kV SF6 Gas Transformer

<p>With the rapid development of Shenzhen's economy, the land resources in Shenzhen are more and more scarce, and the location of substation is more and more difficult. In order to solve the contradiction between the land resources shortage and the development of power grid, the new mode of substation construction of "embedded attached substation" came into being. Because of the particularity of the embedded attached substation, the fire protection requires that the equipment of this kind of substation should be oil-free, making it difficult to select the appropriate 220/20kV transformer. Therefore, this paper studies a new 220/20kV SF6 gas transformer for the above problems, combined with its structural characteristics, aspects including fire protection, ventilation and noise reduction are described to provide reference for transformer selection of this type of substation.</p>

Monopolar mode of operation of HVDC in the main electric networks of Ukraine

Purpose. Perform an analysis of the conditions of the direct-current transmission in a monopolar mode in the conditions near the alternating voltage substation located and to conduct a study of the occurrence of a direct current of dc bias in the windings of power transformers of an alternating current that fall into the zone of the induced potential.Methodology. The basis of the work is based on theoretical studies of the problems related to the operation of power equipment of alternating voltage in the zone of action of the given potential in foreign countries. The results of the research were processed using modern software applications: MathCAD.Findings. In the course of the work, overtime values of the direct current of magnetization of windings of autotransformers for the Vinnytsia 750 kV substations were obtained, with the location of a transformation substation in the Western Ukrainian Power System of Ukraine, at a 750 kV Western-Ukrainian substation. When operating semiconductor converters in unipolar mode, the direct magnetizing current exceeds the permissible norms by 13% for 330 kV substations and more than 7 times for 750 kV substations.Originality. The authors carried out a theoretical study, one of the possible options for establishing the transmission of DC in Ukraine, and identified the risks associated with the monopolar mode of operation of the transducer of constant voltage.Practical value. The results of the work can be used in the design of new DC transmissions (DC inserts) in the power grid of Ukraine in order to increase its export capabilities and also at research of possible operating modes of transfers of a direct current as a part of systems of alternating voltage.

Criteria for Site Selection of Solar Parks in Bangladesh: A Delphi-AHP Analysis

The demand for electricity is increasing fast in Bangladesh to sustain rapid economic growth. The largest share of electricity in Bangladesh is produced by fossil fuel powered electricity generation plants. Though solar energy has high potential in Bangladesh due to favorable geographical location, very little initiative has been taken to develop the solar energy sector. At present, the Bangladesh government’s approval criteria for site selection of solar energy parks does not have any scientific basis. Consequently, the present study was undertaken to develop the site selection criteria for solar parks in Bangladesh. Delphi method with AHP was used to determine the criteria and its weightage for site selection of solar energy park. Two rounds of questionnaire for the Delphi method were conducted: in the first, the criteria list was formulated, and in the second, the weightage of the criteria was finalized. The finalized criteria were: land cover (i.e., vegetation, water bodies, build up area, bare land), land slope, surface solar irradiance, land surface temperature, and location of power sub-stations. Among these, land cover and location of power sub-stations were found to have the highest significance for determining suitable locations for solar energy parks in regard to Bangladesh. DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 43 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

Research on Fault Diagnosis and Location Technology of Secondary System Smart Substation

This paper for the secondary system fault diagnosis Smart Substation location problem. By using fault feature, evidence table and information relationships, the basic evaluation method of the sampling abnormalities of relay apparatus, synchronization abnormalities of multiple MUs, channels abnormalities and operation abnormalities is specifically analysed. An example based on information relationships is given and the functional structure of the secondary fault diagnosis and evaluation system of the main and substation modes is designed, which provides reference for the basic technical methods and implementation methods for the fault diagnosis and location of the secondary system of Smart Substation.

Optimal Power Distribution System Planning and Analysis Using Q-GIS and Soft Computing

The selection of power sub-station location and distribution line routing in power systems is one of the important strategic decisions for both private and public sectors. In general, contradictory factors such as availability, and cost, affects the appropriate selection which adheres to vague and inexact data. The work presented in this research deals with the development of models and techniques for planning and operation of power distribution system. The work comprises a wider framework from the siting of a sub-station to load flow analysis. Work done also shows the application of quantum- geographic information system (Q-GIS) in finding load point coordinates and existing sub-station locations. The proposed integrated approach provides realistic and reliable results, and facilitates decision makers to handle multiple contradictory decision perspectives. To accredit the proposed model, it is implemented for power distribution planning in Bihar which consists of 9 divisions. A Cubic Spline Function-based load flow analysis method is developed to validate the proposal.

Optimization of the electrical connection topology of a tidal farm network

This article presents an approach to optimize the electrical connection topology of tidal energy converters in a tidal farm. The methodology is based on a genetic algorithm (GA). The main purpose is to present a technique of coding to find the best electrical connection topology of the tidal farm network. The optimization model takes into account the energy loss in the submarine cables. The model gives as its output the optimal number of turbine clusters connected to each offshore substation, the number of turbines in each cluster, the cross-section of MV and HV cables, the connection design for each cluster of turbines as well as the number and the locations of the offshore substations. A particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) is used to confirm the results obtained with the GA. The optimization approach is applied to the Fromveur Strait (France).

An Integration Optimization Method for Power Collection Systems of Offshore Wind Farms

The traditional power collection system design separately optimizes the connection topology and the cable cross sections, which may result in the inherent shortcoming of lacking the most economical solutions. In this pursuit, the present work envisages the development of an integrated design method for general wind farm power collection systems, which integrated the coupling random fork tree coding, union-find set loop identification, current and voltage drop calculation models, and a high performance optimization algorithm. The proposed coupling random fork tree coding, for the first time, realized the coupling code of the substation location, connection topology, and cable cross sections, providing the basis for the integration design of the power collection system. The optimization results for discrete and regular wind farms indicated that the proposed integration method achieved the best match of topology, substation location, and the cable cross sections, thus presenting the most economical scheme of the power collection system. Compared to the traditional two-step methods, the integration method used more branches while acquiring them, to maintain the lower number of wind turbines in each branch. Furthermore, it also employed large cross-section cables to reduce the energy loss caused by the impedance in the topology, thereby resulting in a slight increased cable cost; however, the total cost was minimized. The proposed method is very versatile and suitable for the optimization of power collection systems containing any number of wind turbines and substations, and can be combined with any evolutionary algorithm.