Spring Locations Research Articles

Detection of Crack Location and Crack Depth in Leaf Spring

The objective of this work is to find the crack location and crack depth in leaf spring of an army jeep. The spring is subjected to heavy jerks and vibration during the military operation. Therefore it is necessary to find the crack in a leaf spring. Crack in a leaf spring introduces local flexibility that would affect the vibration response of the leaf spring. Main problem is to detect existence of a crack together with its location and depth in the leaf spring .We used a natural frequency a basic criteria for crack detection. Analytical calculations are done to find out natural frequency of leaf spring by using Euler's beam theory. Ansys 16.0 is used to find out natural frequency along with experimentation on FFT analyzer. Now, We propose a method based on some set of fuzzy rules obtained from the information supplemented by Numerical Analysis. Fuzzy controller use comprises of three input variables (first, second and third natural frequency) and two output variables (relative crack length and relative crack depth) are generated with Triangular MF.

Nomadic responses to rainfall: Nighttime light evidence from wadis in Djibouti

This study examined the association between human activities and precipitation in dry areas, focusing on nomadic people in Djibouti. Nomadic communities often lack access to essential social services, and water resource management is crucial for their survival and social welfare. Understanding how they respond to variations in water availability could contribute to effective policy implementation. Using satellite-derived information, this study found that nighttime light brightness increased in response to precipitation around wadis, with potential water spring locations, and decreased with distance from a wadi. Specifically, we observed no effect when the distance was more than 5 km. Furthermore, no effect of precipitation was found in urban areas, while a positive effect was found in remote areas. These findings suggest that the activity of nomadic people increases around wadis in response to increased water resource availability, indicating that water supply is important for settlement projects because it can reduce water-seeking costs and improve social welfare. This study provides the first empirical evidence using satellite data and statistical analysis to show that water availability is critical for nomadic communities which can inform better resource management and policy decisions in African countries.

Preliminary Conceptual Model of Hydrogeological System in The Pandanduri Dam and its Surrounding Area on the Lombok Island

Abstract the availability of water resources is increasingly limited and even tends to be increasingly scarce; an in-depth study of geological-hydrogeological analysis of springs and groundwater is needed to support various community activities. This research was conducted to determine the hydrogeological system in the Pandanduri Dam area and its surroundings. Geological conditions and geomorphology determine the hydrogeological system and groundwater flow direction patterns. Geological conditions were obtained by conducting field investigations, and groundwater level data was obtained by measuring dug wells from 36 points and measuring 13 points of spring locations. Volcanic sedimentary rocks and volcanic breccia dominate the study area. Three (3) rock units can be distinguished, namely (1) the Andesite tuff breccia – pumice unit is located in the southern part of the study area, precisely in the reservoir area, and (2) the Andesite tuff breccia unit dominates located in the southern part of the study area. The study area’s eastern, western, and northern parts and (3) alluvial deposit units located in the study area covered the andesite volcanic breccia. The aquifer consists of volcanic sedimentary rock and volcanic breccia with a sandy bottom. The 2D interpretation of the dam area shows that the sandy volcanic breccia unit has a resistivity value between 5 ohms - 25 ohms in the form of lapilli tuff sand interspersed with fine tuff, located at a depth of 8 meters below the surface. The pattern of the direction of groundwater flow indicates that the movement of groundwater follows the shape of the topography that flows from the hilly area west-northwest of Santong Village to the southeastern river valley of Pandanduri Village; geological and geomorphological conditions affect this groundwater flow pattern.

Identification of geotourism potential for hot spring tourism development in Karangan Sub-District, East Kutai Distric, East Kalimantan Province

Abstract East Kutai is a district in East Kalimantan Province that possesses a diverse range of stunning geological heritage, distributed throughout the region, each with its own unique allure. In the Karangan District of East Kutai Regency, there are villages that possess alluring geotourism potential in the form of hot springs. Specifically, these hot springs are situated in Batu Lepoq Village and Pangadan Village, and they exhibit promising opportunities for further development. The objective of this research is to assess the state of geotourism in the study region, analyse the appraisal of geotourism potential, and provide recommendations for the development of geology-based tourist in the Karangan sub-district based on the conducted investigation. The study used the geotourism box, Kubalikova quantification analysis (2013), and Geological Survey Centre (2017) as methods. Additionally, interviews are conducted and analysed using SWOT analysis to generate recommendations. According to Kubalikova’s study in 2013, the Batu Lepoq Hot Springs location has a geotourism potential of 58%, indicating a moderate level of geotourism potential. On the other hand, the hot springs and Ampanas Caves have a geotourism potential of 67%, indicating a high level of geotourism potential. These assessments were based on an evaluation of the geological heritage resources [1]. The Batu Lepoq Hot Springs exhibit moderate geotourism potential in terms of scientific value, high geotourism potential in terms of educational value, medium geotourism potential in terms of tourism value, and low geotourism potential in terms of degradation risk. Ampanas Hot Springs exhibits significant geotourism potential due to its scientific and educational value, moderate potential for tourism, and relatively low danger of degradation. Both locations fulfil the requirements for development and management by necessitating increased promotion through various tourism events to attract the community. Additionally, efforts should be made to preserve the natural aesthetics of the surroundings, repair and maintain access roads, install street lights along these roads, and refurbish the pool. Furthermore, it is advisable to construct additional facilities such as toilets, gazebos, and maintenance areas, as well as build new structure.

Remote sensing and geospatial approach: Optimizing groundwater exploration in semi-arid region, Nepal

Groundwater is the fundamental component of the hydrological system that acts as a major factor in comprehensions of the physical processes in both the land surface and the atmosphere. Determining groundwater, which directly affects the agricultural productivity of semi-arid mountainous regions, is crucial. Mountain ecosystems, once abundant with flowing water, now face immense pressure from a changing climate, evident in the drying of springs and the diminishing flow of groundwater. Ensuring a steady flow of water, fair access to it, and responsible use are the cornerstones of a secure future for mountain communities. This study aims to assess the groundwater potential zones using remote sensing and a geospatial approach in the Mustang Valley's rural municipalities (Thasang and Gharapjhong). Nine factors were assigned to assess the groundwater potential map: slope, drainage density, lineament density, geology, soil, land use/land cover, rainfall, aspect, and soil moisture. The Bayesian weights of evidence model was used to delineate the groundwater potential zone. The study categorized groundwater potential across the region, creating five zones: very high, high, moderate, low, and very low. These zones covered 0.6 %, 12.4 %, 51.2 %, 35.5 %, and 0.3 % of the study area. The accuracy of the groundwater potential map was assessed by comparing its predictions with the actual locations of springs, using the area under the curve metric. The receiver operating characteristics curve analysis yielded an area under the curve of 0.7226, indicating a 72.26 % accuracy in predicting the presence of groundwater. The findings of this paper contribute to a better understanding of groundwater potential zones, which can support policymakers and planners for hydrological, meteorological, and crop planning applications in this climatically vulnerable region.

Distribution and Characteristics of Springs in Two Neighboring Areas of Different Morphogenic Relief Type—Example of SW Medvednica Mountain (Central Croatia)

Hydrogeological characteristics of certain areas are the most important factor in the distribution and hydrological characteristics of springs. Nevertheless, geomorphological, i.e., morphometrical characteristics can also play an important role in their distribution and/or can serve as spatial indicators of spring positions. This study compares the distribution of springs, their hydrological and morphometric characteristics in two neighboring areas of different morphogenic relief types in the Medvednica mountain (central Croatia), as well as their relationship with known faults. Results show that most of the springs in both areas researched have discharges between 0.01 L/s and 0.1 L/s. Nevertheless, in the fluviokarst area, there is a higher share of springs with discharges higher than 0.1 L/s. Morphometric characteristics of springs studied (altitude, slope, relative relief, curvature and Topographic Wetness Index (TWI)) have shown certain differences that are connected to the hydrogeological characteristics of the area. Results indicate that spring locations in the fluviodenudation relief area are more connected to the geomorphological processes caused by surface and shallow underground water runoff, while in the fluviokarst relief, that connection is less pronounced. Research has also shown that spring distribution in both areas is connected to faults, with somewhat higher concurrence in the fluviodenudation relief.

Relationship Between Tectonic Lineaments and Springs North of Avanos (Central Anatolia, Turkey).

The study area covers Avanos-Ozkonak and its surroundings north of Nevsehir province. An attempt was made to determine the relationship between tectonic lineaments and springs in the area. It was found that there is a close relationship between the location of springs and tectonic lineaments. In recent years, lineaments have been used in mineral exploration studies and geothermal areas. Remote sensing methods have also been used in this study. The relationship between tectonic lineaments (faults and fractures) and spring formations obtained from field studies and satellite-based studies was evaluated. Metamorphic rocks belonging to the Kirsehir massif and Paleocene-Middle Eocene aged units were subjected to polyphase deformation. As a result of these deformations, faults and cracks were formed. This situation has given aquifer properties to the rocks. At the same time, many springs were formed by faults and cracks. This study determined the relationship between 342 springs identified during field works and tectonic lineaments. Approximately 89% of the springs identified in the field were found to be located on the tectonic lineaments obtained from the satellite imagery. Some springs discharged from discontinuities on the formation boundaries.

Micro-Zonation of hot spring manifestation site at Umbul Niti, South Lampung based on microtremor

In 2021, an intriguing event unfolded at Umbul Niti village when a resident’s well drilling endeavor unexpectedly yielded to a hot spring, thus transforming the site into a small local tourist attraction that captivates visitors and enhances local economies. However, it is crucial to prioritize the safety of visitors and infrastructure, considering the geological implications of hot springs are related to unstable weak zones that would be severely damaged when an earthquake strikes. Weak zones often exhibit heightened susceptibility to seismic events. Using Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) analysis of micro-tremor data that was recorded for 40 minutes at 25 locations, the Amplification (A 0) and Natural Frequency (f 0) were obtained; then the Seismic Vulnerability Index (Kg ) were calculated. The study area has a dominant frequency of around 4.74 - 9.7 Hz indicating the dominance of hard Tertiary Type I soil from Lampung Formation (QTI). Kg value ranges from 0.08 - 3.57 interpreted as mostly low hazard level. However, in the NW - SE direction the value indicates a high Kg value which means a relatively high hazard level, passing through the hot spring location. Thus, the area at the NW-SE zone might require more specific treatment.

PENGGUNAAN SINAR INFRA MERAH UNTUK DETEKSI PANAS BUMI DAERAH SANGKANHURIP, KUNINGAN, JAWA BARAT

Geothermal resources can be explored with aerial photographs followed by surveys and analysis of geological, geochemical and geophysical data as well as shallow drilling. This research was conducted to determine the potential of geothermal resources using a camera capable of capturing infrared rays from objects and photo targets.Geothermal exploration is generally carried out with an initial survey using remote imagery and aerial photography techniques. Taking photos using a tool equipped with a Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), namely a camera equipped with Forward Looking InfraRed (FLIR).The initial survey in this study was conducted at five locations of geothermal springs in the Sangkanhurip area, Kuningan, West Java. From these five locations using FLIR cameras detected geothermal resources with hot spring temperatures between 30 to 40 degrees Celsius.To find out the types of rocks that exist, a geological survey was carried out to make a geological map. The data and information obtained are then analyzed to obtain a map that displays geology with surface temperature data in the study area.This map can be utilized by companies interested in exploring and producing geothermal energy for use as a source of energy for Geothermal Power Generation (PLTP). Further analysis can be carried out with the Geochemical Method for predicting subsurface temperature. This discovery fulfills the research objective of detecting geothermal resources using infrared rays.

Analysis of the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the population of the Mokambo chiefdom on the thermal waters of Kaswa/Mahagi (Ituri, D.R. Congo)

Since ancestral times, farmers have used the thermal waters of Kaswa/Mahagi for hygienic and sanitary practices. The present study is aimed at evaluating the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the indigenous people with regards to these waters. It was carried out from 15th January to 12th April 2022 and focused on a sample of 323 adult people obtained using the Schwartz formula. The descriptive study shows that almost all of the farmers knew the location of the thermal springs had an indigenous name which meant their hyperthermia or their therapeutic virtue. 68.89% of respondents suggested volcanic or geothermal origin of the heat of these waters, the information being transmitted mainly from parents to members of their families. The practices highlighted are frequenting thermal waters for curiosity, natural hot baths, for the relief of muscular fatigue and dermatoses including wounds and scabies according to 41.13% and 39.18% of respondents respectively. The attitude highlighted is the belief in divine and ancestral power transmitted through these waters accompanied by rituals at the hot springs. Certain knowledge, attitudes and practices were dependent on the sex, age and occupation of users. These results constitute essential basic information for future multidisciplinary research with a view to enlightening the population.

Adsorption’s regularities of radionuclides on adsorbents from solutions

The object of research: The object of research is the uranium isotopes were found in the soil of the locations of numerous thermal and cold springs in the Kalbajar region of Azerbaijan in the same proportions as in natural uranium deposits.
 Investigated problem: Uranium isotopes were transferred from soil samples to solutions. İnvestigated problem of scientific work is study of regularities of adsorption of uranium isotopes from solutions on the surfaces of various adsorbents.
 The main scientific results: It is defined high adsorption properties of DOWEX HCR granular elastomer, activated carbon and expanded clay on the result of researches. The activation’s energy of desorption of uranium isotopes from the surface of adsorbents were determined. Relatively low values (22.1–26.3 kJ/mol) of the activation’s energy of desorption of uranium isotopes from the surface of adsorbents indicate the absence of the chemical nature of sorption and the presence of only weak van der Waals forces between the absorbed isotopes and the surface of the adsorbents.
 The area of practical use of the research results: The regularities of adsorption of uran isotopes on adsorbent masses from aqueous solutions can be used as an original cleaning method of the drain water of the physical stage of crude oil refining or other radiochemical processes to the norms for waste water.
 Innovative technological product: It was determined based on the research, that the concentration of radon in the waters of most springs of the “Istisu” deposit is below the regulatory permissible value (60 Bq/l), which indicates the suitability of these spring waters for use in medical treatment procedures.
 Scope of the innovative technological product: It is planned to resume (prevented more than 40 years ago due to global regional problems) the production of the original trademark – “Istisu” medicinal water, with the concentration of radon below the standard value. Considering the two-fold decrease in radon concentration in water over four days, the waters of the individual sources examined, with a 100-fold high radon content, after a certain time (several months) can also be used for use in medical procedures, which allows their transportation to large distances

Maximizing geothermal prospects: Unveiling Paraná Basin’s potential through advanced GIS and Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)

Geothermal energy is now clearly an important option for the Brazilian energy grid due to the demand for renewable energy sources. The northern and central regions of the Paraná Basin (Brazil) were identified as prospects for additional research into the region’s geothermal energy potential in this context by prior geothermal studies. A thorough investigation based on geological, geophysical, and thermal data is necessary to identify regions with a high potential for geothermal energy. When used by various authors to execute these tasks, the Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approach built on Geospatial Information Systems (GIS) has shown considerable promise. The weights of the following parameters-rock type, fault proximity, heat flow, magnetic anomaly, and gravimetric anomaly-were determined in this study using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach, which was incorporated into the MCDA. Five favorability maps were created using the data pertaining to these criteria after they had been processed, standardized, and classed. From ”very low” to ”very high” levels, there were five classes for each selected parameter. From them, we created a map of the geothermal potential based on the list of criteria and the weights assigned to each. In order to verify the findings, we compared the locations of hot springs and aquifers considered indicators of geothermal activity with those of the places with higher potential. Using only one data source, the results showed that four regions had a high index of geothermal favorability, one of which had been previously identified as promising. As a result, the first map produced in the research area using the MCDA-GIS technique is shown in this paper. The strategy proposes a novel way to direct future research to deepen and thoroughly explore these four promising areas.

Locust-Inspired Jumping Mechanism Design and Improvement Based on Takeoff Stability

Abstract Locusts keep their bodies moving in a straight line during the takeoff and maintain the body stable during the whole jumping with small pitching motions, ensuring both kinematic and dynamic stability to reach their intended destinations. Inspired by locusts’ jumping performance, the Stephenson II six-bar jumping mechanism is adopted to mimic the kinematic stability of locusts’ takeoff and a dynamic model is developed to analyze the impacts of the torsional spring location, the spring stiffness, and the location of the equivalent body bar centroid on the jumping performance. Furthermore, a revised eight-bar jumping mechanism is proposed to solve the difficulty in realizing dynamic stability using the six-bar mechanism, as the moments of momentum of each component around the overall centroid are positive and contribute together to the counterclockwise rotation of the jumping. The dynamic modeling shows that the mass of the equivalent tarsus bar plays an important role in realizing the dynamic stability for the eight-bar jumping mechanism. Finally, two kinds of jumping robots are designed, fabricated and tested with jumping performance recorded by high-speed cameras, which validates the impacts of the mass of the equivalent tarsus bar on the jumping stability in the eight-bar jumping mechanism.

Competition for acoustic space in a temperate-forest bird community.

Animals that communicate by acoustic signaling share a common acoustic environment. Birds are particularly vocal examples, using a wide repertoire of broadcast signals for mate attraction and territorial defense. However, interference caused by sounds that overlap in frequency and time can disrupt signal detection and reduce reproductive success. Here, we investigated competition avoidance mechanisms used by the bird community inhabiting a primeval lowland temperate forest in Białowieża, Eastern Poland. We recorded the dawn chorus at 84 locations in early and late spring and calculated dissimilarity indices of the broadcast signals to examine how species with greater song similarities use spatial and temporal partitioning to avoid competition for acoustic space throughout the breeding season. The bird community changed its use of acoustic space throughout the day and season. Birds did not use spatial partitioning of signal space when we looked at recording locations over the whole study period, but they did in a seasonal context, with species more acoustically different than expected by chance recorded at the same point in the same part of the season. Our results also indicate that daily temporal niche partitioning may only occur at certain times before sunrise, with no evidence of large-scale temporal partitioning between species vocalizing during the same 1-min recordings in daytime. These results contribute toward our understanding of the evolution of bird communication and highlight the strategies employed by different species to improve their signal transmission.

Analysis of Trace Mineral Elements and Microorganisms in Two Hot Springs in Jazan Region of Saudi Arabia

Thermal springs have hydrothermal or volcanic activity, which causes the water to boil up and dissolve any metal that may be present there. It helps in recovery to reduce stress, promote sleep, boost blood circulation, relieve pain and heal skin problems. However, they consist of some heavy and trace metals and some non-metals, such as Mg, Mo, Na, As, Hg, Cd, Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Co, Ti, Cr and Pb are present. These hot springs are also known to exhibit natural microbiota, which is helpful in maintaining the public health and preventing consumer outbreaks with the advancement of research, microbiological monitoring of hot spring water can be done by utilizing high throughput sequencing. Taking these facts in concern, the present work, hot spring samples were collected from different locations of Al-Harth and Alarda hot springs, Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. The samples collected were analyzed for trace minerals and microbiological activity. These samples were found to exhibit the temperature range from 60 to 70 ºC and an average pH of 6.5 to 8.5. Almost all the samples had shown the presence of trace elements with electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 0.02 to 0.045 dms and 27 to 43 mg/L, respectively. Scattergun metagenomic analysis was performed to determine the microbiological content. The preliminary study reports the microbiome (bacteria, archea and viruses) of alarath hot spring water employing whole-genome high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics. Bacterial species detected were members of the phyla 64% Proteobacteria, 20% Actinobacteria, 6.3% unclassified, 2.2% Deinococcus thermus, 1.4 Firmcutes and 1.6% others. Fecal indicator bacteria, i.e. Escherichia coli or enterococci, were not detected in any samples examined in this study. Both archaeal DNA (0.4%) and viral DNA (0.009%) were found.

Assessment of spring water quality of Khandbari Municipality in Sankhuwasabha District, Eastern Nepal.

The study was carried out in the Khandbari Municipality, Sankhuwasabha District, Eastern Nepal to document the spring location and assess the water quality of the spring water for drinking and irrigation purposes. A total of 85 springs were mapped, which are located from 274 to 2176 m in altitude. Spring water samples were collected from 33 springs in the pre-monsoon (November, 2021) and 31 springs in the post-monsoon (March, 2022). Correlation matrices, t-test, principal component analysis (PCA), Piper diagram, Gibbs diagram, water quality index (WQI), United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram, and Wilcox diagram were applied for evaluating the spring water. All the physicochemical parameters were within the Nepalese National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS) and drinking water quality guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) except for pH in the pre-monsoon and iron in the post-monsoon season. The main contributors to the groundwater are Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness, which exhibit significant correlations with electrical conductivity (EC) similar to TDS, suggesting their common source of origin. Based on the WQI, spring water is excellent in the post-monsoon and excellent and good in the pre-monsoon season. Furthermore, the spring water is excellent for irrigation purposes except for thepercent sodium in the post-monsoon and the magnesium ratio in the pre-monsoon season. Gibbs diagram illustrates that spring water is mainly governed by rock and precipitation dominance in some springs. The PCA indicates that anthropogenic activities (mixing of human waste and agricultural run-off in the spring water) are the main causes of contamination. Piper trilinear diagram demonstrates carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering as major processes for controlling the spring water chemistry. The study reveals that 62.5% of spring water was contaminated with microbes. For benthic macroinvertebrates, 18 springs were sampled, where nine orders and 17 families were recorded in the pre-monsoon and six orders and ten families in the post-monsoon season. The main influencing variables for macroinvertebrate assemblages are elevation, discharge, NO3-, and NH3.

Delineation of Spring Potential Zones using Geospatial Techniques: Arunachal Pradesh, India

In the current climate change scenario, natural spring in the region is drying or vanishing, increasing water scarcity. So, to protect this vital resource, spring rejuvenation and protection activities are needed. Thus, the region spring potential zones (SPZ) must be identified to execute the project successfully. The current study used remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) techniques to determine an SPZ based on multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) and an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The SPZ map was created using eight spring-influencing parameters and showed that the medium potential zone had the highest area (55.6%), followed by high (24.3%), poor (18.804%), and very high (1.3%). The AUC validation score was 0.714, indicating good prediction accuracy. The study recommended implementing artificial rainwater harvesting structures and protection measures to rejuvenate springs for long-term sustainable water supply in very high to medium potential zones, representing 63.73% and 29.67% of the identified spring locations, respectively.

Spatial mapping of water spring potential using four data mining models

Abstract Population growth and overexploitation of water resources pose ongoing pressure on groundwater resources. This study compares the capability of four data mining methods, namely, boosted regression tree (BRT), random forest (RF), multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS), and support vector machine (SVM), for water spring potential mapping (WSPM) in Al Kark Governorate, east of the Dead Sea, Jordan. Overall, 200 spring locations and 13 predictor variables were considered for model building and validation. The four models were calibrated and trained on 70% of the spring locations (i.e., 140 locations) and their predictive accuracy was evaluated on the remaining 30% of the locations (i.e., 60 locations). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCC) was employed as the performance measure for the evaluation of the accuracy of the constructed models. Results of model accuracy assessment based on the AUROCC revealed that the performance of the RF model (AUROCC = 0.748) was better than that of any other model (AUROCC SVM = 0.732, AUROCC MARS = 0.727, and AUROCC BRT = 0.689).

Real‐Time Monitoring and Postprocessing of Thermal Infrared Video Images for Sampling and Mapping Groundwater Discharge

AbstractGroundwater discharge along channels can affect stream discharge, chemistry, and ecological communities. Although the spatial distribution of groundwater springs along wide rivers can be investigated by areal thermal infrared (TIR) remote sensing, this technique is difficult to apply to mapping at a high spatial resolution and under riparian tree canopies. We present a real‐time monitoring and postprocessing method of ground‐based TIR video for determining groundwater discharge sampling points and mapping the surface water temperature. We applied this method to mapping two headwater streams in Hokkaido, Japan, in the summer. The first site was a 1.3‐km‐long reach underlain by Pleistocene andesite lava. Almost all of the springs were colder and had a different chemistry compared to that of the stream water, which supports the usefulness of TIR monitoring for determining groundwater discharge zones. Video postprocessing showed that cold groundwater springs were spaced every ∼100 m, and their distribution did not follow the topography. At the second site, cold and warm springs were underlain by Holocene volcanic ash. The cold springs mainly seeped from hyporheic and riparian zones downstream, while warm springs were at the footslope. Some cold springs had much higher solute concentrations than the stream and warm springs, which suggests that the water temperature is useful for inferring sources of groundwater discharge. At this site, the video postprocessing could map not only the locations of the cold springs but also the spatial heterogeneity of the stream temperature associated with groundwater inputs.

Improvement of the design of the plow-subsoiler-fertilizer to increase soil fertility

The use of intensive technologies for the cultivation of agricultural crops provides for the application of fertilizers in the process of tillage. This reduces the compaction of the soil, increases its fertility and the quality of the crop. The purpose of these studies is to develop a universal working tool that allows you to combine several technological operations in one pass of the unit. The authors have developed an original design of a plow-subsoiler-fertilizer. This combined working body includes a reversible plow and a vibratory subsoiler with fertilizer ducts. This solution allows you to combine the application of fertilizers when plowing the field, loosening the subsoil layer and mixing the soil. As a result of the work, the dependences of the geometric dimensions of the structure on the traction resistance to movement in the soil were obtained. To implement the developed idea into a real design, the main parameters of the plow-subsoiler-fertilizer are determined. Particular attention is paid to the calculation of the spring mechanism that ensures the vibration of the subsoiler. The optimal number and location of belleville springs in the block and shock absorber were selected, at which the subsoiler will perform self-oscillations with a given amplitude.